(in English): The aim of this thesis is to provide an introduction into the topic of specialized texts in relation to Czech and German, or to be more precise, into the topic of translating business administrative texts into a foreign language. The theoretical part begins with an introduction of the research results hitherto achieved in the area of specialized texts and the translation thereof. After that, we deal with business administrative texts and their translation. Within these first two parts, we always first give an introduction into the particular topic giving an historical overview of research formulated in our three languages of main interest - English, German and Czech, with, Spanish being mentioned to a much lesser extent. We address the issue of translation into non-mother tongues and translation associated computer technologies in relation to the text we analyze in the analytical part of the thesis. There, we analyze a typical type of business-administrative text - annual reports. We compare the results with the theory knowledge. The analysis of the interview led in the company that provided the texts for the analysis serves as supplementary information. Finally we sum up the hitherto carried out research and correlate it with the results of our translatological analysis.

I dagens samhälle är i stort sett alla texter multimodala. Forskning visar att elever har svårt med läsförståelse när det gäller texter med flera modaliteter. Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att ta reda på vad lärare har för strategier när de tillsammans med elever läser texter bestående av flera modaliteter där text samt illustrationer, tabeller, symboler och grafer kombineras, samt om de läser texterna på olika sätt beroende på om de fått kompetensutveckling/utbildning eller inte.  Undersökningen bygger på gruppintervjuer med totalt fem verksamma klasslärare i årskurs 4–6 med lärarutbildning och minst tio års erfarenhet. Tre av lärarna har dessutom fått kompetensutveckling inom området multimodala texter.  Resultatet visar att lärare har specifika strategier när de läser multimodala texter tillsammans med eleverna och att dessa grundas på tradition, tidigare erfarenhet samt kunskaper som lärarna fått genom kompetensutveckling. Det framgår också att de lärare som inte fått kompetensutveckling saknar de kunskaper som krävs för att på ett bra sätt undervisa i hur man läser multimodala texter. / Nowadays, almost all texts are multimodal. Research show that pupils have a hard time understanding texts with several modalities. The aim of this thesis is to figure out teachers’ strategies in reading multimodal texts which consists texts combined with illustrations, charts, symbols and graphs, and examine if they are reading multimodal texts differently depending whether they have completed in-service courses or not.  The analysis is based on group interviews with teachers from five different classes teaching 4th to 6th grade. All teachers have a teachers-degree and they have at least ten years of experience. Three of them have taken part in in-service courses within the area of multimodal texts.  The results show that it appears that teachers have strategies while reading multimodal texts with their pupils and those strategies are founded in tradition, experience and knowledge obtained through in-service courses. It also appears that teachers who do not have completed in-service courses, lack the skills needed to teach in how to read multimodal texts.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de apresentar uma nova tecnologia de software especialista, denominada Inteligência Práxis (IP), para a gestão da análise do conteúdo de textos de dissertações, relatórios e indicadores da produção. Este software demonstra através de gráficos lineares e da nuvem de palavras, o foco do texto em análise. Ele também permite a visualização do conteúdo, a partir das palavras contidas no texto e transportadas para um dicionário de dados criado pelas evidências relacionadas, organizando e apresentando para análise do pesquisador o conteúdo proposto como base do conhecimento (Corpus). O software foi implementado em linguagem de programação Delphi, Versão 7 e para armazenamento de dados foi utilizado o banco de dados Absolute Database. A metodologia utilizada para a análise dos dados foi a Metodologia Delphi e a Lógica Fuzzy. Esta tecnologia traz uma inovação na análise do conteúdo dos textos consultados, demonstrando a imagem consolidada do foco do corpus, a partir do dicionário de evidências contidas e pontualmente relacionadas. O mapeamento produzido e a interpretação dos diversos indicadores conduzem a um maior grau de acerto na análise do conteúdo contido no documento, inferindo um melhor entendimento das diversas demandas envolvidas, desveladas pela análise, na expectativa do melhor resultado possível. Assim, pode-se concluir, que a ferramenta desenvolvida atendeu aos objetivos propostos com eficiência e agilidade. / The objective of this study was to present a new specialized software technology, called Intelligence Práxis (IP), for the management of content analysis of dissertations, reports and production indicators. This software demonstrates through linear graphs and the word cloud, the focus of the text under analysis. It also allows the visualization of the content, from the words contained in the text and transported to a data dictionary created by the related evidences, organizing and presenting to the researcher the proposed content as the basis of knowledge (Corpus). The software was implemented in Delphi programming language version 7 and for data storage the Absolute Database was used. The methodology used for the data analysis was the Delphi Methodology and the Fuzzy Logic. This technology brings an innovation in the analysis of the content of the texts consulted, demonstrating the consolidated image of the corpus focus, from the dictionary of contained and punctually related evidences. The mapping produced and the interpretation of the various indicators lead to a greater degree of accuracy in the analysis of the content contained in the document, inferring a better understanding of the diverse demands involved, revealed by the analysis, in the expectation of the best possible result. Thus, it can be concluded that the tool developed met the proposed objectives with efficiency and agility.

Esta dissertação analisa comparativamente textos cabo-verdianos de autoria masculina e feminina à luz do tema Literatura e representação social das mulheres em Cabo Verde, com o objetivo de demonstrar como constroem a historicidade das mulheres naquele contexto, com base na abordagem de gênero e numa hermenêutica do cotidiano feminino. Diante do exposto, centramos as leituras nas personagens femininas das narrativas, especialmente as protagonistas, no intuito de acompanhar suas trajetórias de objetos a sujeitos históricos, tendo em conta a complexidade do fenômeno da emancipação feminina em Cabo Verde e a entrada um pouco tardia, todavia decisiva, de produções de mulheres no cânone literário. Buscamos demonstrar, em nossa pesquisa, como a escritura literária masculina de António Aurélio Gonçalves, Baltasar Lopes, Manuel Ferreira, Oswaldo Osório, Teobaldo Virgínio e Virgílio Pires apreende e apresenta realidades femininas, sobretudo por meio da exposição, ao passo que as escrituras literárias femininas de Camila Mont-Rond, Dina Salústio, Fátima Bettencourt, Ivone Aída e Maria Margarida Mascarenhas revelam subjetividades femininas que lançam novos olhares e novos recortes que dialogam o universo representado pela ótica masculina. / This dissertation analyses comparatively Cape Verdean texts of masculine and feminine authorship by the light of the subject Literature and social representation of the women in Cape Verde, with the objective to demonstrate how they build the historicity of women in that context, based on the approach gender and a hermeneutics of everyday women. Given the above, the readings have focused on female characters of the narratives, especially the protagonists in order to follow their paths of objects to historical subjects taking into account the complexity of the phenomenon of female emancipation in Cape Verde and coming a little late, but decisive , productions of women in the literary canon. We demonstrate in our research, such as male literary writings of António Aurélio Gonçalves, Baltasar Lopes, Manuel Ferreira, Oswaldo Osório Pires Teobaldo Virgínio and Virgílio Pires learns and presents women\'s realities, especially through the exhibition, while the female literary writings of Camila Mont-Rond, Dina Salústio, Fátima Bettencourt, Ivone Aída and Maria Margarida Mascarenhas and reveal female subjectivities that cast new visions and new cuts that dialogue the universe represented by the male perspective.

O discurso empresarial institucional tem se mostrado bastante eficiente em sua tarefa legitimadora, consolidando novas formas de ver o mundo e atuar nele. O discurso empresarial institucional, aparentemente objetivo e homogêneo, constrói a si mesmo através de um bem articulado jogo polifônico, em que a voz de um locutor (L) - que representa a voz institucional - \"orquestra\" as demais vozes que surgem nos tetos de modo a abafar as que se opõem à direção argumentativa que L pretende impor. Tal direção argumentativa dá-se necessariamente no sentido de afirmar determinada ideologia. Considerando a importância que o discurso empresarial institucional assume nos dias de hoje, ao consolidar-se como um dos principais aliados de um capitalismo renovado, em que os discursos neoliberal, da privatização, globalização, qualidade e preservação do meio ambiente formam a base do pensamento econômico moderno, torna-se necessário compreender melhor sua dinâmica de produção, o que inclui desnudar as bases ideológicas que o sustentam. Desta forma, a partir de conceitos da pragmática, em particular da semântica argumentativa de Oswald Ducrot, são analisados neste trabalho textos institucionais de certa empresa privada para se verificar como as diferentes vozes se articulam e como desta articulação se legitima uma ideologia que cria, mantém e difunde significações. / Institutional business discourse has proved efficient in its legitimatory task of consolidating new worldviews and forms of acting in the world. In its apparent objectivity and homogeneity, institutional business discourse develops in a well articulated polyphonic game. In this game, the voice of a locator (L) - which represents the institutional voice - \"orchestrates\" the other voices that occur in the text in an attempt to erase those voices which move in an opposite direction relative to the argumentative orientation of the discourse. The argumentative direction of the discourse necessarily leads to the affirmation of a particular ideology. Institutional business discourse plays an important role nowadays, as one of the main allies of a renewed capitalism, which finds its basis in modern economic thinking informed by neoliberal discourse, the discourse of privatization, that of globalization, and those of standards of quality and preservation of the natural environment. Thus, it becomes necessary to better understand the conditions of its production, which presupposes unmasking the ideological basis that underlies institutional business discourse. On the basis of concepts derived from studies in the field of pragmatics, particularly those from Oswald Ducrot’s argumentative semantics, a number of institutional texts from certain private company were examined, with a view to investigating how the different voices featuring in such texts articulate with one another and by so doing legitimate an ideology that creates, maintains, and spreads particular types of meaning.

Esta dissertação visa apresentar a trajetória e os resultados da análise da atividade oficina de construção colaborativa de textos multimodais em ambiente virtual wiki, ministrada a 52 usuários do Telecentro instalado na Biblioteca Pública Municipal Monteiro Lobato, na cidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados de junho de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009, período de duração das cinco turmas da oficina. Utilizando os preceitos da teoria da atividade (Leontiev, 1978; Engeström, 1997; Nardi, 1996) e principalmente o conceito de contradições apontado pela teoria (Engeström, 1997) procura-se identificar, classificar e problematizar, na análise de dados, as contradições relacionadas a aspectos linguísticos, cognitivos, sociais, culturais e técnicos que surgem entre os elementos que compõem a atividade (sujeito, ferramentas, objeto, regras, comunidade e divisão do trabalho) durante a realização da oficina. A análise das contradições da atividade demonstra, contudo, que professora e alunos não encontraram soluções em todos os casos. Concluiu-se nesta pesquisa que a análise das contradições da atividade foi profícua para a compreensão detalhada das relações entre os componentes da atividade em todos os seus níveis. Também foi compreendido que uma análise dessa importância deve sempre motivar e ser seguida pelo planejamento e implementação de um modelo de reformulação da atividade que incorpore ações de transformação e inovação, que efetivamente levem aos resultados esperados. Embora o escopo desta pesquisa não tenha permitido que isso fosse feito, algumas sugestões de como se poderia tentar fazê-lo em pesquisas futuras são esboçadas e apresentadas no final do trabalho. / This dissertation aims to present the history and the results of the analysis of the activity: workshop for collaborative construction of multimodal texts in a virtual environment wiki, taught to 52 users of the Telecentro located at the Public Municipal Library Monteiro Lobato, in the city of São Paulo. Data were collected from June 2008 to February 2009. Using the precepts of activity theory (Leontiev, 1978; Engeström, 1997; Nardi, 1996) and especially the concept of contradictions, pointed out by that theory (Engeström, 1997), this research seeks to identify, classify and discuss the contradictions related to the linguistic, cognitive, social, cultural and technical aspects arising among the elements of the activity (subject, tools, object, rules, community and division of labor) during the workshop. The analysis done shows however, that teacher and students did not find solutions to all the contradictions that emerged. We conclude that this study\'s analysis of the contradictions of the activity was helpful for the detailed understanding of the relationship among the components of the activity, at all levels. An analysis of this importance should motivate and be followed by planning and implementing of a reformulation model that incorporates actions for change and innovation, and effectively, leading to expected results. Although the scope of this research did not allow it to be done, some suggestions on how one might do so in future research are outlined at the end of this study.

Ce travail vise à démontrer le caractère essentiel du référent de la naissance dans les croyances funéraires de l’Égypte ancienne, ainsi que les modalités de sa mise en œuvre. Les grandes compositions funéraires égyptiennes, depuis les Textes des Pyramides jusqu’aux livres royaux du Nouvel Empire, sont riches d’allusions à une destinée post-mortem envisagée comme une seconde naissance, calquée plus ou moins fidèlement sur le processus biologique de la première. Roi ou particulier, le mort est porté en gestation par une ou plusieurs mères divines, puis est remis au monde dans l’au-delà, son cordon ombilical est coupé, il est lavé, allaité et soigné à l’image d’un nouveau-né. À ces aspects pragmatiques se mêlent de nombreux éléments mythiques, le modèle biologique étant parfois largement réinterprété, ce qui témoigne de l’interpénétration du plan individuel et du domaine cosmique. Grâce à ce procédé cyclique, le défunt accède non seulement à l’autre monde, mais il y est aussi vivant éternellement. / This work aims at demonstrating that referring to birth and its practical modalities is an essential aspect of Ancient Egypt’s funeral beliefs. From the Pyramid Texts to the royal books of New Kingdom, the great funeral writings of Egypt are full of allusions to post mortem fate viewed as a second birth, the latter copying more or less exactly the biological process of the first. Be he king or ordinary man, the dead is carried in gestation by one or several divine mothers and is born again in the other world ; there, his umbilical cord is cut, he is washed, fed and cared for like a new born child. Numerous mythical elements add to the purely practical, however, thus reinventing the biological model and showing the intermingling of both the worldly and cosmic levels. Thanks to this cyclical process, the dead not only reaches the other world but, also, accesses to eternal life.

This thesis investigates how the burial chamber of the 8th Dynasty pyramid of king Qakare Ibi at Saqqara in Egypt (c. 2109-2107 B.C.) was inscribed. It uses a holistic approach to focus on the textual programme and its unusual aspects in comparison to older pyramids. In doing so, it addresses issues of textual transmission and of scribal practice in the process of inscribing the walls of subterranean chambers in pyramids. The aim is to contextualise the texts of Ibi within the Memphite tradition of Pyamid Texts and the development of mortuary literature on different media from the late third millennium BCE Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom in the early second millennium BCE. The first chapter presents the background to this research and information on king Ibi and his pyramid. The second chapter treats research on the arrangement of the texts on the walls of subterranean chambers of royal pyramids of kings and queens and compares the layout of the texts in the pyramid of Ibi with older pyramids. It then discusses in detail one section on the east wall of Ibi, where the order of spells diverges from other transmitted sequences. The unusual combination of spells and the practice of shortening spells is investigated further in the third chapter, where two sections of texts on the south wall are analysed. The fourth chapter explores garbled texts and discusses processes of copying and inscribing the texts onto the walls of pyramids. The fifth chapter analyses the modifications of the writing system in pyramids, especially the mutilation of hieroglyphs, and how this practice relates to the tradition of altering signs in pyramids. Finally, the sixth chapter synthesises the results of the preceding chapters in two sections. The first section summarises the process of inscribing pyramids and contextualises aspects of scribal practices within it. The second section concludes the thesis with a discussion of the features of the textual programme of Ibi and of how it relates to the broader transmission of mortuary literature.

As a lingua franca across the globe, English plays a vital role in international communications. Due to rapid economic, political, and educational globalization, the English language has become a powerful means of communication. Therefore, English education is vital to the development of many countries around the world. Since 1932, the need for a lingua franca in Saudi Arabia developed as the country progressed politically, economically, and educationally. Now, English is important to Saudis’ economic, educational, and career development and success. Vocabulary is a major step in learning any language. By deepening students’ lexical knowledge, they will be able to use English accurately to express themselves. However, teaching words in isolation and through memorization is not highly effective; English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners need to interact with the language and its usage in a more profound way. This can be done by integrating corpora and stylistics analysis in an EFL curriculum. The importance of stylistics analysis to literary texts in the EFL classroom lies in the way that EFL learners will be exposed to authentic language. At the same time they will get insight into how English is structured; and by accessing corpora, which provide a wide range of data for the analysis of stylistics, students will be able to compare the lexical and grammatical patterns in authentic texts. Also, it is important to introduce students to the different levels of English (i.e. semantic, lexis, morphology); this will enlarge EFL learners’ knowledge of English vocabulary and various grammatical patterns. This project offers an innovative perspective on how to teach English for EFL university-level students by using corpora in a lexicalized stylistics approach, which will enable EFL learners to acquire vocabulary by reading literary texts. This provides a rich environment of lexical items and a variety of grammatical patterns. This approach offers EFL learners analytical tools that will improve their linguistic skills as they interact with and analyze authentic examples of English and gain insight about its historical, social and cultural background.

There has, in the last quarter of a century, been an increased interest in the /Xam narratives that form the major part of the nineteenth century archive of materials collected by Lucy Lloyd and Wilhelm Bleek in Cape Town from /Xam informants. This has resulted in a proliferation of writing about the Bleek and Lloyd collection and its contents. The critical examination of some of this body of writing forms part of the project of this thesis. The other aim of the thesis is to provide a close reading of certain of the /Xam texts themselves. This thesis is based on the view that the first of these projects has only been attempted in a cursory and indirect fashion and that the second, namely the close reading of/Xam texts, has not yet been undertaken on a scale that parallels the range and complexity of the materials or which exhausts the interpretative possibilities they offer. This thesis aims to fill some of these gaps in the literature without claiming that a comprehensive or definitive study is possible in so wide and rich a field. Postmodern and postcolonial theory has emphasised the discursive and ideological nature of the language of both hermeneutics and literature. In my consideration of the /Xam texts and the writing that has been produced in relation to them, I attempt to consistently foreground the historicity and textuality of my own practice and the practices of the materials with which I am working. In this regard I question, especially, two assumptions about the /Xam narratives: that they are primarily aetiological and that their chief character, /Kaggen, the Mantis, is a trickster. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.