Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to conduct a systematic literature review in the domain of permission marketing to provide a comprehensive future research agenda and policy recommendations. Design/methodology/approach: This research paper worked with a systematic literature review as a method, where articles will be selected, screened, reviewed, and synthesized. In total, the review included 61 studies. This study developed a detailed future research agenda in the form of the TCCM framework that can be followed to further explore the domain. Findings: Consistent throughout the literature has been that certain underlying factors have a crucial influence on the domain of permission marketing. Those factors include trust, transparency, control, and privacy concerns affecting the consent giving which then affects the permission marketing. Ultimately, these aspects led to considering the field from an ethical perspective and thus, guided the development of policy recommendations including ethical considerations where the perspectives of consumers and company were highlighted. Research limitations/implications: The conceptual model developed within this research paper was solely developed based on the gathered synthesized literature due to the time frame limitations. Future researchers are encouraged to validate the findings empirically. Furthermore, the researchers have developed a detailed future research agenda in the form of the TCCM framework that can be followed to further explore the domain. Practical implications: Reviewing the literature has led to the conclusion that policymaking is in need of some additions and improvements. Thus, the paper provides policy-making implications for practitioners from both an organizational standpoint, as well as a governmental one. Originality: The originality of this thesis is that it conducts a systematic summary and analysis of accessible field knowledge in order to provide a comprehensive overview of permission marketing antecedents, which was priorly lacking in the domain. Through the lenses of a systematic literature review, the outcomes of the thesis provide guidance as to the unique value proposition. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, this research is the only one that incorporates the method of systematic literature review within the domain and time frame of 15-01-2022 to 15-04-2022. Keywords: Permission Marketing, Privacy Concerns, Ethical Marketing, Trust, Transparency, Control, Consent, Personal Data Paper type: Systematic Literature review (SLR)

Den traditionella svenska idrottsmodellen lutar sig tungt åt det ideella engagemanget. Särskilt inom barn och ungdomsidrott, där det vanligen är föräldrar och eldsjälar ser till att idrottsföreningen håller sig flytande. I Sverige finns det drygt en halv miljon ledare inom idrottsrörelsen, var av majoriteten är ideella, vilket formar en idrott tänkt för alla (RF:s Stadgar 2021). Idrott är, och har blivit mycket mer än bara rörelseglädje. Idrott åstadkommer känslor och engagemang, och inte minst, pengar. Problematiken infaller när den ideella föreningen förvaltar lika mycket kapital som ett mellanstort svenskt företag, där de ska balansera ideellt engagemang med en elitprestation. Den enkla lösningen på problemet är en avlönad styrelse vars uppdrag är att administrera föreningen, samtidigt tillgodose balansen mellan ideella- och kommersiella intressenter. Hur balansfördelningen faktiskt ska ske råder det delande meningar om.  En del argumenterar för hur idrotten skulle må bra av fler kommersiella aktörer och det kapital det medför. Medan andra diskuterar vilka negativa konsekvenser det skulle kunna anbringa föreningen och idrotten som helhet. Efter genomförda intervjuer med två elitföreningar samt en granskning av deras verksamhetsberättelser samt årsredovisning tycks det finnas ett recept för hur en balans ska kunna uppstå. Ledningen behöver medlemmarnas förtroende och beslut bör ske transparent med föreningens intressenter för att bygga upp ett positivt förtroendekapital. Därefter kan ett engagemang kring föreningens varumärke utvecklas med en autentisk publikupplevelse. Kommersiella intressenter ska vara välinformerade kring föreningens ekonomiska situation. Idrottsklubbarna beskriv sina kommersiella intressenter som samarbetspartners där det sker ett internt utbyte. Beroende på föreningens storlek har de möjlighet att skapa ett internt företagsnätverk, vilket gynnar kommersiella intressenter. Bland annat genom att knyta företagskontakter samt att de associeras med ett starkt varumärke. / The traditional Swedish sports model leans heavily on non-profit involvement, especially in children and youth sports, where parents and enthusiasts usually make sure that the sports association stays afloat. There are just over half a million leaders in the sports movement in Sweden, each of the majority non-profit, which shapes a sport intended for everyone (RF: s Stadgar 2021). Sport has become much more than just the joy of movement. Sport evokes emotions and commitment, and not least money. The problem arises when the non-profit association manages as much capital as a medium-sized Swedish company, where they must balance non-profit involvement with elite performance. The simple solution to the problem is a paid board whose task is to administer the association while satisfying the balance between non-profit and commercial stakeholders. There are divided opinions on how the balance distribution should take place. Some argue that the sport would feel benefit from more commercial players and the capital it brings. In comparison, others discuss what negative consequences it could have on the association and sports. After conducting interviews at two elite associations and reviewing their annual, there seems to be a recipe for how to achieve a balance. The management needs the members' trust, and decisions should be made transparently with the association's stakeholders to build a positive trust capital. After that, a commitment to the association's brand can be developed with an authentic experience. Commercial stakeholders must be well informed about the association's financial situation. The sports clubs describe their commercial stakeholders as partners where there is an internal exchange. Depending on the association's size, they can create an internal corporate network, which benefits commercial stakeholders—among other things, making corporate contacts and associating them with a strong brand. Something that benefits both parties.

Abstract  Background The Covid-19 pandemic caused numerous restrictions to the public and businesses, forcing various industries to operate within the limitations of the pandemic. Although businesses have experienced crises before, the Covid-19 crisis was an unpredictable and unavoidable crisis. In Sweden, the event industry was heavily impacted by the restrictions and required businesses to adapt their operations to the changing environment. This research will examine the consequences of the crisis focusing on organizations operating within the conference, congress, event, and restaurant (CCER) industry, and how they responded to these consequences.   Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how decision-makers managed the Covid-19 pandemic, the process of adapting their organization to survive in an unpredictable and changing environment, and how their work processes changed to be able to operate within the limits of the pandemic.   Method and Data This research is a qualitative study with an exploratory approach using an abductive research method. Semi-structured interviews were held with eight participants from seven different medium-sized organizations within Sweden.   Conclusion The findings from this research suggests a need for adaptation, creativity, digitalization, increased communication and collaboration both internally and externally, as well as a restructuring of the organization. This implies the need for changed work processes, alternative business operations, as well as openness and a creative mindset.

Sustainability reporting is something that has gained much ground lately, and there is no sign of it decreasing. The purpose of a sustainability report is to disclose the non-financial information between a company and its stakeholders. To present a sustainability report is mandatory for larger companies, many smaller companies do also provide its stakeholder with one voluntarily. In the last decade there has been a steadily increasing trend when it comes to being environmentally friendly. More companies need to take responsibility for their actions in the world, in order for it to sustain and last longer. There have been some scandals throughout the years when it comes to sustainability reporting which has made a negative impact on the reliability of the reports. Previous research and literature have shown that there are a lot of uncertainties when it comes to what exactly transparency means and how it can be interpreted from different perspectives and situations. The purpose with this study is to collect information and analyze the interpret transparency of a sustainability report from an investors perspective. The information collected can then be addressed to answer the research question “How is the transparency in a sustainability report perceived by an investor?.” The thesis is using a qualitative methodology consisting of semi-structured interviews and has an inductive research approach. The theories connected to the conceptual framework in this thesis is signaling theory and legitimacy theory. The semi-structured interview was made with people who own stocks in a company that presents a sustainability report, also called investors. Twelve investors were interviewed and provided good information to create a comprehensive answer for the research question. The result of this study shows that the investors do not think a sustainability report is transparent enough. They believe that companies do not show the whole truth in a sustainability report. The information is not fully complete, one hundred percent truthful, as objective as it can be/not angled, and the information is used in other purposes rather than just disclose non-financial information. These answers do not match up with a general definition of transparency which then means that a sustainability report is not interpreted as transparent by the investors participating in this particular study. The investors do also believe that one general definition of transparency or area specific definition would be better. They do also advocate for more external interference of the reports.

Projektet omfattar ett förslag till ett nytt krematorium på norra begravningsplatsen i Solna norr om Stockholm. I syfte att väcka debatt och utbilda almännheten vill projektet belysa krematoriets funktion i samhället genom en total insyn i verksamheten från den almänna gång och cykelbana som går utmed begravningsplatsens nuvarande staket. Med ugångspunkten att det allt mer sekulariserade samhälle vi lever i idag har distansen till döden blivit allt för påtaglig och utan en myndighet eller statsreligion som tar upp ämnet blir det nya krematoriets uppgift också en annan. Gemensamt för våra krematorium idag är en gestaltning som försöker uppnå en lågmäld andlighet utan tydlig koppling till någon religion. Det bidrar i min mening till en alldaglig monumentalitet och ytterligare distans mellan det mest naturliga som finns, livet och döden. Här visas hela processen från begravningsbilarnas avlastning, förvaring av kistorn i kylrum, förbränningsprecessen, hanteringen av aska och urnor. Med ett betydligt mer monumentalt och slutet yttre mot begravningsplatsen behåller anhöriga den värdighet som fortfarande i stor mån efterfrågas och ger byggnaden en tvåsidighet som spelar mot varandra i ett annorlunda uttryck. / This project contains a proposal for a new crematorium on the north cemetary (Norra begravningsplatsen) north of Stockholm city in Solna. Its purpose is to encurage to debate and enducate the public in what function a crematorium has in the society with a complete insight in the cremation process from the pedestrian and bicycle path that stretches along the cemetarys fence today. With the standpoint that this more and more secular society has a increasing distance to death and no authority or state religion that brings up the topic, the new crematorium also has a new function. Common for our crematories today is a configuration that tries to achieve a discrete spirituality with no clear connection to any religion. From my point of view that results in a ordinary monumentality and even greater distance between the most natural thats is, life and death. Here is the whole process shown, from the hurse´s unloading, storage of coffins in cold rooms, the incineration, to handling of the ashes and urns. With a considerably more monumental face towards the cemetary, the relatives will keep the dignity thats still is demanded in great extent which also gives the building a duality that interacts with eachother in a different expression.

This thesis explores the transparency in public procurement processes in Sweden. The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the procurement process in the case of framework agreements on consultancy services and the focus is on exploring perceptions on the procurement process from both suppliers and procurers. The thesis contributes with findings to a research area that is not well studied, and where there is a need for more research. Previous research has focused on evaluating the regulations rather than the process. The results suggest that the specific procurement process studied is perceived to work well and being transparent. There might be information asymmetries present in the process which could potentially threaten the transparency. To further improve the procurement process both suppliers and procures would like to see more room for dialogue and less focus on following the regulations to the letter.

Background: The high degree of digitalization in today's society allows for the possibility totrack material and equipment on construction sites, offering a deeper understanding andpotentially optimizing their efficiency. With the help of tracking, one can optimize the usewhile also make demands on suppliers on the type of material and equipment you as acustomer want and be able to control, this in a fast and safe way. At present, there is notracking solution for dirt that allows companies and individuals to control how the handlingtakes place and where the dirt originally comes from. This creates problems as it ischallenging to analyze and optimize the use of dirt due to the fact that it is not possible totrack digitally, and one do not get the same understanding of how dirt is handled. The marketthereby demands a solution that allows tracking of dirt in as fast, easy, and safe way.  Purpose: To understand who users and stakeholders are and to develop a solution that helpsusers and stakeholders to track, store, send and receive data and dirt of interest. This is tosimplify the tracking of relevant dirt and data while also improving the efficiency ofcompanies in terms of data flow and create security and reliability between users andstakeholders when it comes to buying, transporting, and selling dirt Method: The research method used in this thesis is based on Blessing and Chakrabarti'sDesign Research Method (DRM) while the main solution method is based on DesignThinking from the ME310 course at Stanford University.  Result: The result presents a solution that allows tracking of dirt on and off construction sitesand other relevant areas that suiting the users which are considered to be individuals andcompanies primarily connected to the sale, purchase and transportation of dirt. The solutionfacilitates tracking while minimizing paperwork as the solution offers to save all data in oneplace that everyone connected to the dirt can take part in. This means that the solution isuniversal and can be used between companies, while authorities and customers can accessinformation to check that companies that handle dirt follow the laws, rules, and requirementsplaced on them. Conclusions: This thesis proves the possibility for the development and use of a system totrack dirt and its properties in a fast, simple, and safe way while facilitating for the userregarding paperwork and optimization of how work should be. This in combination with thecompanies transparency and traceability increases, which means that customers andauthorities can take greater responsibility in ensuring that companies comply with the rules,laws, and requirements imposed on them. / Bakgrund: I dagens digitala samhälle så har spårning av material och utrustning, inte minstpå byggarbetsplatser, blivit till stor nytta då man kan få en bättre förståelse över hur materialoch utrustning ska användas på ett så effektivt sätt som möjligt. Man kan med hjälp avspårning optimera användningen medans man även kan ställa krav på leverantörer på vilkentyp av material och utrusningen man som kund vill ha och kunna kontrollera detta på ettsnabbt och säkert sätt. I dagsläget finns det inte en spårningslösning för dirt som tillåter attföretag och privatpersoner kan kontroller hur hanteringen sker och var dirt ursprungligenkommer ifrån. Detta skapar problem då det är svårt att analysera och optimera användningenav dirt på grund av att det inte går att spåra digitalt och man får inte samma förståelse för hurdirt hanteras. Marknaden efterfrågar därmed en lösning som tillåter spårning av dirt på ett såsnabbt, lätt och säkert sätt som möjligt.  Syfte: Förstå vem som är användare samt intressenter och att utveckla en lösning som hjälperanvändare och intressenter att spåra, lagra, skicka och ta emot data om dirt av intresse. Dettaför att förenkla spårning av relevant dirt samt data och samtidigt förbättra effektiviteten hosföretag när det gäller dataflöde och skapa säkerhet och tillförlitlighet mellan användare ochintressenter när det gäller att köpa, transportera och sälja dirt.  Metod: Forskningsmetoden som använts i detta arbete är baserad på Blessing ochChakrabartis Design Research Metod (DRM) samtidigt som den huvudsakligalösningsmetoden är baserad på Design Thinking från kursen ME310 på Stanford University. Resultat: Resultatet presenterar en lösning som tillåter spårning av dirt på och utanförbyggarbetsplatser och andra relevanta områden som passar användaren som anses varpersoner och företag främst kopplade till försäljning, köp och transport av dirt. Lösningenunderlättar spåningen samtidigt som den minimerar pappersarbete då lösningen erbjuder attspara all data på ett ställe som alla som är kopplade till dirt kan ta del av. Detta medför attlösningen är universal och kan användas mellan företag medans myndigheter och kunder kanta del av information för att kontroller att företag som hanterar dirt följer dem lagar, regleroch krav som ställs på dem.  Slutsatser: Detta arbete visar på att det går att utveckla och använda system för att spåra dirtoch dess egenskaper på ett snabbt, enkel och säkert sätt samtidigt som man underlättar föranvändaren gällande pappersarbete och optimering av hur arbete bör utföras. Detta ikombination med att företagens transparens och spårbarhet ökar vilket medför att kunder ochmyndigheter kan ta ett större ansvar i att kontroller att företag följer dem regler, lagar ochkrav som ställs på dem.

Motivation and Approach This thesis seeks to address the alienated urban experience facilitated by Government architecture within the CBD that has become the norm, namely exclusionary “objects as architecture”. The study will seek to counter public exclusion and establish interdepartmental connectivity thus aiding cohesion within Government as well as between Government and the public. Architectural Intention - Definition through Transparency Exploration will happen by redefining views of the public realm through the creation of an architectural experience that tackles legibility within both the public and private domains, thus engaging all users as valued actors in the spatial milieu. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

The digitalization of our world is happening at a rapid pace. In the last few years there has been an avalanche of new technologies that could benefit businesses, such as; artificial intelligence, internet of things and blockchain. To explain blockchain in short one can say that it is a ledger that cannot be changed and the information that is stored on the ledger will be there forever, with the information being stored in a decentralized manner and everyone with the right permissions get access to the same data at the same time. The information networks that build our society today are largely central, big institutions keep information stored centrally in massive data centers. On the contrary, blockchain enables distribution of the information to a myriad of smaller data storages, providing security of the data in the decentralization. Blockchain and its implementation in trade finance and international payments is something that is explored in this thesis, as well as the barriers that impede a large-scale implementation of blockchain in the financial sector in Sweden.  Every year trade finance accounts for approximately 17 trillion USD worldwide, this is a process that is still paper intense and slow. The use case for blockchain has been realized within this sector as there are operating trade finance platforms based on blockchain or distributed ledger technology, but how does blockchain really improve this sector? During this degree project this has been one of the questions asked and the answer is clear, blockchain will bring efficiency and transparency to trade finance. International payments is also an area that has been researched during this project as it is right now a costly and slow process, the use case for blockchain or distributed ledger technology has been realized in this sector as well, but the implementation seems to be further away. The main reasons why international payments are seen as a use case for blockchain is the same as the aforementioned - efficiency and transparency.  Sweden has yet to see a large-scale implementation of blockchain, some of the barriers found are the challenges of collaboration and agreeing on governance, as well as doubts about the technology from the broad mass as it has yet to be proven efficient and reliable in a large-scale, long term setting. Additionally there are already functioning payment infrastructure in use in Sweden and the cost of implementing blockchain is thus far outweighing the benefits for implementing it.

Att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport är det idag många bolag som gör, dels på grund av lagstiftning (Direktiv 2014/95/EU), dels för att det efterfrågas av bolagens intressenter (Hadjipetri Glantz, 2020). Genom hållbarhetsrapporter kan bolagen redogöra för sitt ansvar gällande miljömässiga-, sociala- och ekonomiska aspekter. Utöver de lagstadgade krav som återges i Årsredovisningslagen (1995:1554) 6 kap 12 § finns det frivilliga standarder bolagen kan implementera vid upprättning av rapporter, varav GRI tillhandahåller sådana standarder. Denna studie utgår från den nya skattestandarden, GRI 207: Tax 2019, vilken innehåller fyra upplysningar om skatt. Ökad transparens kring information om skatt kan minska risken att företagen blir misstänkliggjorda, varpå företagets och dess intressenters potentiella anseenderisk minskar.Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att studera investerares upplevda användbarhet av ökad transparens kring skatterelaterad information i hållbarhetsrapporter som den nya standarden GRI 207: Tax 2019 innebär. Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer samt dokument som datakälla vilken stärker de uttalanden som respondenterna gav vid intervjuerna. Respondenterna i denna studie utgörs utav tre av Sveriges sex AP-fonder vilka besitter den kunskap och erfarenhet som behövs för att besvara studiens frågeställning på ett tillfredsställande sätt.Studiens slutsatser tyder på att användbarheten av de fyra upplysningarna i GRI 207: Tax 2019 skiljer sig åt. Den första upplysningen, 207-1, om skattestrategi upplevs användbar om bolag är förknippade med någon form av skatterelaterad risk eftersom rapporteringen bidrar till att minska riskerna. Den andra upplysningen, 207-2, om styrning, kontroll och riskhantering är betydelsefull för AP-fonderna eftersom den dels sätter ramarna för hantering av skatt, dels kan användas som stöd i de situationer skatt har adresserats som en utmaning eller risk. Intressentdialog och land-för-land-rapportering som 207-3 och 207-4 behandlar anses som överflödiga, irrelevanta och ohanterbara varpå respondenterna inte upplever dessa användbara. Ökad transparens om skatt är enligt respondenterna positivt genom att det minskar risker samt bidrar till att bolag i mindre utsträckning agerar opassande i förhållande till skatt. Däremot påvisar studiens resultat att ökad transparens kan leda till informationsöverbelastning. / Many companies today create a sustainability report, partly because of legislation (Directive 2014/95 / EU), and partly because it is in demand by the companies' stakeholders (Hadjipetri Glantz, 2020). Through sustainability reports, companies can account for their responsibilities regarding environmental, social and economic aspects. In addition to the statutory requirements set out in the Annual Accounts Act (1995: 1554), Chapter 6, Section 12, there are voluntary standards that companies can implement when preparing reports, of which GRI provides such standards. This study is based on the new tax standard, GRI 207: Tax 2019, which contains four disclosures on tax. Increased transparency regarding information about tax can reduce the risk of companies becoming suspicious, whereupon the companies' and its stakeholders' potential reputational risk decreases.The main purpose of this thesis is to study investors' perceived usefulness of increased transparency regarding tax-related information in sustainability reports that the new standard GRI 207: Tax 2019 entails. The study is based on a qualitative method in the form of semistructured interviews and document analysis which strengthens the statements made by the respondents at the interviews. The respondents in this study consist of three of Sweden's six AP funds which possess the knowledge and experience that are required to answer the study's question in a satisfactory manner.The study's conclusions indicate that the usefulness of the four disclosures in GRI 207: Tax 2019 differs. The first disclosure, 207-1, about tax strategy is perceived as useful if the company is associated with some form of tax-related risk as the reporting helps to reduce the risks. The second disclosure, 207-2, on governance, control and risk management is important for the AP funds because it sets the framework for tax management and can be used as support in situations where tax has been addressed as a challenge or risk. Stakeholder dialogue and country-bycountry reporting included in 207-3 and 207-4 are considered redundant, irrelevant and unmanageable, whereupon the respondents do not find them useful. According to the respondents, increased transparency about tax is positive because it reduces risks and contributes to companies acting to a lesser extent in relation to tax. On the other hand, the results of the study show that increased transparency can lead to information overload.