Donating to charity is a phenomenon found in cultures and religions worldwide. Studies have examined how to attract donors, get them to engage, and eventually make a donation. But what happens after? The post-donation part of the process is less explored and often lacking in transparency toward the donor; where did the donation go, and how can the donors make sure it reaches the intended beneficiaries? This study investigated how post-donation transparency can enhance the user experience of donating money by identifying the donor’s needs and desires post-donation and fulfilling them in a design proposal. The Double Diamond model of design and its four phases were chosen to achieve this. In the first two phases, Discover and Define, the problem space was explored and defined through a literature study and initial interviews. The interview data was analyzed through the Affinity Diagram method resulting in two ”How might we”-questions. The needs and desires of users were also identified at this stage. A brainstorming session based on the ”How might we”-questions initiated the following, and last phases Develop and Deliver. Prototypes of different levels of fidelity were then created and tested on both users and experts before finally landing in a design proposal. Results showed that the elements added for creating post-donation transparency were appreciated by users and experts alike. A high score from a UMUX-LITE usability test suggested that the prototype was usable, elements in the prototype were pointed out for achieving transparency, and all participants expressed positive feelings after using the prototype. Therefore, the prototype was concluded to have achieved post-donation transparency within the frames of this study. Further studies are recommended as the final prototype was never tested on users. The hope is that more tests would give a better understanding of how user needs and desires could be achieved post-donation. / Att donera till välgörenhet är ett fenomen som hittas i kulturer och religioner över hela världen. Studier har undersökt hur man kan rekrytera donatorer, få dem att engagera sig och så småningom göra en donation. Men vad händer sen? Tiden efter donation är mindre utforskad och saknar ofta transparens gentemotgivaren; vart tog donationen vägen och hur kan givarna ta reda på om pengarna når fram? Denna studie har undersökt hur transparens i processen efter genomförd donation kan förbättra användarupplevelsen av att donera pengar genom att identifiera givares behov och önskemål och uppfylla dem i ett designförslag. Metoden Double Diamond med dess fyra faser valdes för att uppnå detta. I de två första faserna Discover och Define utforskades och definierades problemområdet genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer. Intervjudatan analyserades med Affinity Diagram-metoden vilket slutligen landade i två ”How might we”-frågor. Användarnas behov och önskemål identifierades också i det här stadiet. En brainstorming-session baserad på ”How might we”-frågorna initierade de två sista faserna Develop och Deliver. Prototyper med olika detaljnivå skapades sedan och testades på både användare och experter innan ett designförslag slutligen kunde tas fram. Resultaten visade att de element som adderats för att skapa transparens efter donation uppskattades av både användare och experter. En hög poäng från ett UMUX-LITE användbarhetstest antydde att prototypen var användbar, element i prototypen pekades ut för att inge en känsla av transparens och alla deltagare uttryckte positiva känslor efter att ha använt prototypen. Därför ansågs prototypen att ha uppnått transparens efter genomförd donation inom ramarna för denna studie. Ytterligare studier bör genomföras då den slutliga prototypen aldrig testades på användare. Förhoppningarna är att fler tester skulle ge en bättre förståelse för hur användarnas behov och önskemål skulle kunna förverkligas i processen efter en genomförd donation.

This study investigates how affiliation with the Law of Jante influences the relationship between trust and transparency towards certain entities and green skepticism. Although the Law of Jante has been studied in relation to trust and transparency, its impact on sustainability policies and green skepticism has not been explored. With upcoming sustainability regulations that will impact the hospitality sector, it is important to understand how cultural phenomena may or may not influence perceptions of trust and transparency and the effects on green skepticism in current reporting policies to understand and plan how to increase dialogue and improve education on sustainability-related topics

Svenska myndigheter agerar utifrån regeringsuppdrag och har i uppgift att informera och influera samhället för allmänhetens bästa (Fredriksson & Pallas, 2018). Myndigheternas sätt att kommunicera ut viktig information till allmänheten har till följd av New Public Management lett till att den offentliga sektorn genomgår en form av kommersialisering (Raftopoulou & Hogg, 2010). De potentiella konsekvenserna kopplade till kommersialiseringen av myndigheternas externa kommunikation undersöks utifrån mottagarens perspektiv och uppfattning. Där potentiella konsekvenser bland annat anses vara risken att budskap går förlorade på grund av hur myndigheternas kommunikation presenteras till följd av användande av strategier inspirerade från kommersiella företags sätt att utforma reklam. Motivationen för studiens fokus ligger i parallellen mellan kommersialiseringens utveckling och att svenska myndigheter kräver högt förtroende och nära samarbete för att lyckas med sina uppdrag (Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap [MSB], u.å.). Men också att myndigheternas kommunikation, arbete och förtroende har visat sig avgörande för att hantera olika samhällssituationer som krig och pandemier (Hyland-Wood m.fl., 2021). Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur kommersialiseringen av svenska myndigheters externa kommunikation uppfattas av dess mottagare. Detta genomförs med hjälp av kvalitativa intervjuer med tio personer som via ett variationsurval tillsammans representerar allmänhetens uppfattning. Studien använder teorier inom Strategisk kommunikation, Public Sector Communication [PSC], Branding theory och Reception research. Målet med studien är att bidra med ökad kunskap kring hur nutida publikens upplevelse av transparens och förtroende ser ut i relation till PSC. Resultatet visar att studiens respondenter i viss mån har svårt att urskilja vad som är kommersiell reklam och information från myndigheter till följd av att stimulusmaterialet kan missuppfattas som kommersiell reklam. Det finns därmed också en tendens till att myndigheternas information riskerar att förgås i bruset av kommersialiseringen till följd av allmänhetens benägenhet att “skrolla” förbi reklam på sociala medier och liknande. Förtroendet för myndigheter är generellt högt bland respondenterna vilket stämmer överens med den allmänna grundläggande respekten svenska medborgare har för den offentliga sektorn. Däremot kan det försämras beroende på myndigheternas val av plattform för sin externa kommunikation och ifall det de gör passar överens med deras image. Studien visar att inkluderande av arbete för att utforma samhällsviktig information på ett mottagligt sätt är viktigt där privata sektorns strategier har visat sig inneha aspekter som är bra att inkludera i myndigheternas externa kommunikation för att bibehålla förtroendet från allmänheten. Men däremot anta försiktighet relaterat till dess potentiella konsekvenser. / Swedish authorities act based on government assignments and have the task of informing and influencing society for the benefit of the public (Fredriksson & Pallas, 2018). As a result of New Public Management, the way authorities communicate important information to the public has led to a form of commercialization of the public sector (Raftopoulou & Hogg, 2010). Potential consequences of the commercialization of authorities' external communication are examined from the perspective and perception of the recipients. Potential consequences include the risk of messages being lost due to how authorities' communication is presented as a result of using strategies inspired by commercial companies' advertising techniques. The motivation for the focus of the study lies in the parallel between the development of commercialization and the fact that Swedish authorities require high trust and close collaboration to succeed in their missions (Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap [MSB], n.d.), but also that the authorities' communication, work, and trust have proven crucial in handling various societal situations such as war and pandemics (Hyland-Wood et al., 2021). The purpose of the study is to examine how the commercialization of Swedish authorities' external communication is perceived by its recipients. This is done through qualitative interviews with ten individuals who, through a variety selection, collectively represent the public's perception. The study draws on theories within Strategic Communication, Public Sector Communication [PSC], Branding Theory, and Reception Research. The goal of the study is to contribute to increased knowledge about the contemporary audience's experience of transparency and trust in relation to PSC. The results show that the study's respondents to some extent have difficulty distinguishing between commercial advertising and information from authorities due to the fact that the stimulus material can be misconstrued as commercial advertising. There is thus also a tendency for the authorities' information to be lost in the noise of commercialization due to the public's inclination to “scroll” past advertisements on social media and similar platforms. Trust in authorities is generally high among the respondents, which corresponds to the general basic respect Swedish citizens have for the public sector. However, it can be undermined depending on the authorities' choice of platform for their external communication and whether their actions align with their image. The study also shows that including efforts to present socially important information in a receptive manner is important, where strategies from the private sector have been found to have aspects that are beneficial to include in the authorities' external communication in order to maintain public trust. However, caution should be exercised regarding its potential consequences.

This master thesis investigates the potential downsides of transparency in crisis communication. Reputation and transparency studies focus primarily on external perspectives and academia lacks observations from internal perspectives. Crises like data breaches cause exponentially more damage each year and threaten intangible assets like reputation.  The authors conducted a quantitative survey research in which social media users were presented with background information about a fictional social media company, information about their relations with the company, and a short newspaper article investigating a data breach before being presented with the vignette, a press release. Participants were asked to rate the reputation of the company in several steps. In total 457 responses were collected.  The findings support the positive correlation between transparent crisis responses and reputation recovery. No evidence of negative consequences on internal reputation due to transparency was found. Crisis responses, even if not entirely transparent, can still positively affect reputation if perceived as appropriate. The research contributes insights into the impact of transparency on reputation and highlights its value as a key element in crisis communication and reputation management strategies, particularly for organizations in the social media industry facing data breaches.

In this era of environmental upheaval, this study sought clarity on the matter of green purchasing behavior. How the fashion industry’s specific impact on the environment has affected consumers' attitude towards companies and their collections. It was identified that customers have been requesting sustainable products from their retailers more and more and yet, a conscious willingness to help on the part of the consumer did not necessarily equate to purchasing more sustainable products.  The empirical part of the study was based on a quantitative research approach. The findings and data collection were obtained through an online questionnaire, generating responses from 40 individuals. Deductive reasoning was selected in this thesis as a scientific approach. The research has been done from the consumer's perspective. Furthermore, the collected data that created the hypothesis was analyzed and gathered from existing theories.  The conclusion of this research demonstrated that consumers did possess a willingness to be more conscious of their own climate change footprint by adapting green purchasing intentions such as buying less new clothes at present than 5 years ago. The findings indicated that consumer awareness did not necessarily result in a change in their green buying behavior. Finally, it was found that an unchanged position in consumers' green buying behavior would have been due to a lack of sustainable fashion alternatives readily available. The authors believe that further research is needed to shed light on the divide between consumers' attitude and actual purchasing behavior.

Le rendu en temps réel repose sur des compromis entre la performance et le réalisme. Un de ces compromis est de représenter des matériaux plus minces tels que les tissus comme étant infiniment minces pour économiser mémoire et temps de rendu. Par contre, cette perte de dimension prive la surface de propriétés essentielles à certains effets visuels. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons une méthode pour simuler les effets de l’épaisseur sur des surfaces semi-transparentes en utilisant des textures composées de texels opaques et transparents. Nous analysons les trous formés par les texels transparents et nous conservons de l’information sur les contours des trous dans une structure hiérarchique compatible avec la méthode de filtrage de textures par MIP map. Nous dérivons des équations représentant la proportion de lumière passant dans un trou avec des murs intérieurs en fonction de l’angle incident des rayons de lumière. Nous combinons ces équations avec l’information conservée pour calculer un terme de transparence à différents niveaux de détail en temps réel. / Real-time rendering is built upon compromises between performance and realism. One such compromise is to represent thinner materials like textile as infinitely thin in order to save on memory and rendering time. However, this loss of dimension robs the surface of properties key to some visual effects. In this thesis, we present a method to simulate the effects of thickness on semi-transparent surfaces using textures consisting of opaque and transparent texels. We analyze holes formed by transparent texels and store information about the contours of the holes in a hierarchical structure compatible with the filtering method of MIP mapping. We derive equations representing the proportion of light passing through a hole as a function of the incident angle of light. The proportions of texel top, texel side wall, and hole are computed accurately. We combine these equations with the information stored to compute a transparency term at different levels of detail in real time.

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Background: In recent years, unfair and unsafe working conditions have been reported, raising concerns among stakeholders and end-users. The demand for fashion brands to take further responsibility for social sustainability and transparency has increased. Providing complete transparency can be one solution to these issues, and traceability validation systems can be used to achieve complete transparency, covering the supply chain's social aspects. A research gap was found linking the concepts of transparency, traceability, the social aspects of sustainability, including integrity and security of the supply chain actors, and validation systems. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore traceability validation systems within the TA supply chain from a social perspective, specifically the integrity and security of SCAs. Methodology: An exploratory case study was conducted, including in-depth interviews with eleven respondents representing different supply chain actors and experts in the textile and apparel industry. Data were also collected through a survey and questions over email. Focus Company: The focus company for this study, PaperTale, is a start-up company that offers a blockchain-based traceability solution that enables textile and apparel companies to track and trace their supply chain via an application. Through the PaperTale app, the end-user can receive information about the garment by scanning the NFC tag or QR code attached to the garment. The PaperTale system is an example of what is defined as a traceability validation system in this study. Findings & Analysis: In general, the experiences of the respondent that has been involved in the PaperTale app was good. Some reluctance has been encountered while sharing information that can be connected to cultural aspects and lack of incentives. Overall, the impact on the different supply chain actors is good and includes making more profit for both brands and suppliers and incentivising the workers. However, the imbalance of profit and time distribution was brought up. To provide security and reliance to the supply chain actors while sharing information to a traceability validation system, the respondent emphasised the importance of union protection, legislation, and third-party validation. Lastly, most respondents are optimistic about using a third party to validate the transparency and traceability data added to the traceability validation system. Implications & Suggestions for Future Research: The contribution of this study is an increased understanding of the social aspects of transparency and traceability on a general level. Furthermore, it contributes to a deeper description and understanding of how traceability validation systems can affect and impact textile and apparel supply chain actors. The study also highlights opportunities and challenges with the system that provides direction in research. Traceability validation systems are a somewhat new topic. Many questions remain regarding who has the highest responsibility for entering data and how the system can be used on a large scale

Using transparency is an important technique for modelling partial coverage in computer graphics and is used for a variety of effects such as hair, fur, glass, smoke and particle effects. Replacing the per object sorting as the dominant algorithm used in real time 3D engines with anew algorithm with less rendering artifacts could let artists use more transparency and effects in their scenes. This thesis evaluates two algorithms as a possible replacement to the per object sorting algorithm, the per pixel linked list and the weighted blended order-independent transparency (WBOIT) in a visual comparison and a performance evaluation. The results shows that neither of the algorithms are suitable as replacement as a unified and general transparency algorithm but there are cases where the algorithms can be used as a replacement. The per pixel linked list has good visual quality but lacks in performance and can be used in limited scope such as hair renderings. The WBOIT algorithm has good performance but the approximation used can give noticeable errors in color when there is a large difference in depth between transparent objects. / I datorgrafik är transparens en viktig teknik för att efterlikna partiell blockering och används i ett flertal områden, så som rendering av hår, päls, glas, rök och partikeleffekter. Om det går att ersätta per objekt-sortering som den mest använda algoritmen i realtidsmotorer för 3D med en ny algoritm med färre renderingsfel blir det möjligt för 3D-designersatt använda mer genomskinlighet och effekter i sina scener. I den här rapporten utvärderas och jämförs två algoritmer, per pixel linked lists och weighted blended order-independent transparency mot per objektsortering i en visuell- och prestandautvärdering. Implementeringen är gjort i spelmotorn Stingray. Resultaten visar att ingen av algoritmerna är en värdig kandidat föratt användas som en universell och generell transparensalgoritm men det finns tillfällen där deras styrkor kan användas. Per pixel linked lists håller en hög visuell kvalité men har inte tillräckligt bra prestanda och kan därför endast användas för mindre områden, så som hårrendering. Weighted blended order-independent transparency har istället bra prestanda men kan skapa påtagliga visuella fel när det är stora skillnader i djup mellan objekt.