Ph.D. / The aim of this study is to analyse the effects of international capital movements on emerging market economies within a progressively integrating international financial system. The approach followed is to incorporate several subject areas necessary to understand the dynamics of capital flows. These include the trends, composition and characteristics of capital flows, financial issues relevant to developing countries, the role and importance of financial institutions in allocating capital, the behaviour of investors, modern financial innovations, financial crises, policy implications and the role of governments ...

D.Comm. (Economic and Management Sciences) / The objective of this thesis was to examine the dynamics of Mexico's external economic relations during the period 1968-1995. Since the early seventies, the workings of the international monetary system has been governed Illore by implicit rules and conventions based on sound market principles than rules as were the case under the fixed exchange rate system of Bretton Woods. These "rules of the game" dictated that if a country wanted to be part of the global village and reap the benefits thereof, such a country should adhere to market forces and administer its monetary-fiscal policy in such a way as to ensure that the delicate balance between the domestic and international economic environment is maintained. In the event of a deviation from these rules, a country, in this instance Mexico, would fmd itself in a .position where it is heavily penalised for not playing according to the rules of the game. Starting in 1976, the Mexican economy was characterised by ongoing exchange rate crises, which seemed to be a recurring phenomenon repeating itself more or less every six years. Time and again a misalignment in Mexico's monetary-fiscal policy led to a build-up of pressures and tensions in the external accounts of the country, especially the balance of payments and eventually disruption of the economic growth process and relations with the external world. The Mexican economy was time and again subject to a rapidly growing current account deficit, rising external foreign debt, a rising overall fiscal deficit fuelled by - xiii - expansionary government expenditure policies and the slavish adherence to a fixed exchange rate regime. The growing fiscal deficit was in all instances financed by either increased short-term, highly volatile portfolio capital, or a depletion of the country's gold and foreign reserve holdings. The discovery of large oil reserves in 1978 lessened the need for structural adjustment and the following of more prudent policy measures. Rising domestic inflation and the fixed exchange rate gave rise to an ongoing real appreciation of the peso, which undermined the competitiveness of the domestic economy and distorted the balance between domestic savings and consumption. The appreciation of the peso and the high import propensity of the domestic households led to sharp increases in imports and rather static export earnings. The vulnerability of the domestic economy was exacerbated by developments in the country's external environment. These exogenous shocks took the form of either a decline in the international oil-prices and/or a more hostile international financing environment characterised by higher .interest rates and stricter borrowing requirements. The combination of domestic financial tensions and negative developments in the country's external environment were often, especially in 1994, accompanied by domestic political upheavals. . Time and again the apparent unsustainable domestic and external disparities and the heavy reliance on speculative foreign funding led to a change in investor views of the future of the Mexican peso. Capital flights and continued speculation eventually led to a situation where the authorities could no longer manage to maintain the parity of the peso. The market subsequently forced a devaluation and/or depreciation of the peso. The exchange rate crises of 1976, 1982, 1986-87 and 1994 appear to have been the result of a monetary-fiscal policy stance in which the government played a relatively central role. The role of the government and its hold over the Bank of Mexico led to a situation where the Mexican economy was out of touch with developments in its external economic and financial environment. Interesting though, is the way in which the government, especially the Salinas administration, refused to follow a more marketoriented macroeconomic policy with reference to the exchange rate regime and monetary-fiscal policy in general. As the events that led to the collapse of the peso in - XIV - 1994 unfolded, it became evident that the overvalued peso was maintained solely for non-economic reasons. The manner in which the new Zedillo administration reacted to the sharp depreciation of the peso in 1994and 1995 greatly influenced the further deterioration of the peso and Mexico's international position. The main objective of the international assistance provided to Mexico by the United States, the International Monetary Fun~ and other international institutions during the course of 1995 was to underpin the continued deterioration of the peso and the overall well-being of the Mexican economy. Although the Mexican authorities are bound by the conditions tied to the foreign fmancial assistance provided and are at this stage following a more market-oriented, less regulated economic policy, it remains to be seen whether the authorities will in future adhere more closely to the rules of the game of the international monetary system as embodied in the conventions dictated by the global village market.

D.Comm. / The objective of this thesis was to examine the dynamics of Mexico's external economic relations during the period 1968-1995. Since the early seventies, the workings of the international monetary system has been governed more by implicit rules and conventions based on sound market principles than rules as were the case under the fixed exchange rate system of Bretton Woods. These "rules of the game" dictated that if a country wanted to be part of the global village and reap the benefits thereof, such a country should adhere to market forces and administer its monetary-fiscal policy in such a way as to ensure that the delicate balance between the domestic and international economic environment is maintained. In the event of a deviation from these rules, a country, in this instance Mexico, would find itself in a position where it is heavily penalised for not playing according to the rules of the game. Starting in 1976, the Mexican economy was characterised by ongoing exchange rate crises, which seemed to be a recurring phenomenon repeating itself more or less every six years. Time and again a misalignment in Mexico's monetary-fiscal policy led to a build-up of pressures and tensions in the external accounts of the country, especially the balance of payments and eventually disruption of the economic growth process and relations with the external world.

Typescript. / Bibliography: leaves 184-197. / Microfiche. / viii, 197 leaves ill

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves[129]-135).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1989. / Cover title. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 392-410).

There are two leading perspectives on trade and economic development: the classical view based on the ideas of free trade and comparative advantage, which regards the international division of labor through free trade as supporting economic development; and the dependency theory view regards the international division of labor as an obstacle to the economic development of the now underdeveloped countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate hypotheses advanced by dependency theory, and, more particularly, by Galtung's Structural Theory of Imperialism. According to Galtung's theory, the world is divided into center and periphery countries, themselves divided into center and periphery sectors. The distinction between center and periphery is based on differences among nations in trade partner concentration, export commodity concentration, vertical trade, and quality of life. A periphery country is said to have most of its trade with one center country, while a center country IS free to trade with many partners. A periphery country tends to export a small number of primary products, while a center country has a greater diversity of exports, which are principally manufactured goods. These factors reflect a dependence of the periphery on the center and produce a gap in the quality of life between the two. The synchronic properties of the center-periphery relationship are tested for 127 countries for the years 1962, 1970, and 1980 with bivariate correlation calculations among ten variables: 1- Trade Partner Concentration (EPC), 2- Total Trade Linkages (TTL), 3- Import Partner Concentration (IPC), 4- Export Commodity Concentration (ECC), 5- Import Commodity Concentration (ICC), 6- Vertical Trade (VT), 7- Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), 8- Percent share of GOP in Agriculture (AGR/GDP), 9- GNP per capita (GNP), and 10- Export Dependency (ED). The diachronic properties of the world system at the regional and global levels are investigated by: 1- developing export trade hierarchies to identify center and associated periphery countries; 2- comparing regional and global averages for the national variables; 3- conducting decomposition analysis of export/import activity to assess diversities within and among regions; and 4- calculating system-wide variables, Global Polarization (GP) and Global Concentration (GC), based also on import/export data. At the national level, all hypothesized relationships among the ten variables are confirmed (are statistically significant at the .05 level), except for all relationships involving ICC and some relationships involving ED. The ICC results support the contention of Michaely that import and export commodity concentrations are positively correlated, in contradiction to assertions made by Leontief. All correlations between TPC, ECC, VT, and POLl agree with the propositions of dependency theory. At the regional level, the study reveals the continued existence of differences between the industrialized region and the other regions of the world, despite improvements for some regions in some variables (e.g., EPC, VT, and POLl). Regions are more homogeneous with respect to member countries than the world is with respect to regions. At the global level five major hierarchies (United States, United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Soviet Union) are identified. From 1962 to 1980, the United States' hierarchy grew, mostly at the expense of that of the United Kingdom. Japan's hierarchy, nonexistent in 1962, emerged strongly by 1980. The systemic variables, GP and GC showed moderate to high, but constant, levels. No clear trend is apparent over this study period for the world system as a whole. While global averages and averages for the non-industrialized regions show changes in many variables in the direction of reduced world system differentiation, the systemic variables and the results of the decomposition analysis show constancy over time. However, an increased differentiation is suggested by GNP I capita data. In summary, although systemic changes over time are complex and individual countries may show ascent or decline, the general pattern of differentiation between center and periphery, as proposed by Galtung and others, holds true for the post World War II period.

by Lau Chun Fai. / Thesis (MPhil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115). / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- TRADE CONNECTIONS ACROSS THE STRAIT / Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Indirect exports from Taiwan to the Mainland via Hong Kong --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Indirect exports from the Mainland to Taiwan via Hong Kong --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Hong Kong's transshipment of Taiwan origin to the Mainland --- p.14 / Chapter 2.5 --- Hong Kong's transshipments of the Mainland origin to Taiwan --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6 --- Comparison between transshipment and re-export --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- THE ECONOMICS OF TRADE BETWEEN MAINLAND AND TAIWAN / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Comparative advantage of Taiwan and the Mainland --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- The revealed comparative advantage as from the trade between Taiwan and the Mainland --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4 --- Some paradoxes --- p.45 / Chapter 3.5 --- Potential trade pattern --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Trade diversion potential --- p.52 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- CONSEQUENCES ON DOMESTIC PRODUCTIONS / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- Evaluating industrial impacts: the methodology --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data source --- p.62 / Chapter 4.4 --- Industrial impacts upon Mainland China --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5 --- Industrial impacts upon Taiwan --- p.72 / Chapter 4.6 --- Policy evaluation --- p.84 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.88 / APPENDICES --- p.91 / REFERENCE --- p.112

Chung, Lok Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 254-271). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract / --- p.i / Acknowledgments/ --- p.iii / Table of Content / --- p.iv / List of Tables / --- p.ix / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Theoretical background --- p.2 / Chapter 2. --- Research questions --- p.6 / Chapter 3. --- Explanatory Variables and Hypothesis: --- p.7 / Chapter 4. --- Main Findings --- p.9 / Chapter 5. --- Research methodology --- p.10 / Chapter 6. --- Research significance --- p.11 / Chapter 7. --- Structure of the thesis --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter One: --- Literature Review --- p.15 / Chapter 1. --- Debate between ideas and interests in International Relations --- p.16 / Chapter 1.1. --- Conceptualization --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2. --- How idea affects policy: three pathways? --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3. --- Interest matter? --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4. --- How is it formed? --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5. --- End of idealism and rationalism debate? --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- Debate between epistemic community with other communities --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1. --- How expert group works --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Uncertainty --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Cause and effect relationships --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Define self-interests --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Formulate policy --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2. --- Difference between epistemic community with other groups --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3. --- How to affect policy --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4. --- Transnational Advocacy Network --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- What is network --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- What is transnationalism --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- What is transnational advocacy network? --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.4. --- How Transnational Advocacy Network works? --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.5. --- What conditions do advocacy networks have influence? --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Application to the North Korea case --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- North Korea Economy: General Review and Trend Development --- p.50 / Chapter 1. --- History of North Korea --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- Overview: From 50s to 2002 --- p.52 / Chapter 1.1. --- Economic Philosophy: Juche --- p.53 / Chapter 1.2. --- 70-80s --- p.55 / Chapter 1.3. --- After the Cold War --- p.56 / Chapter 1.4. --- Famine: 1995 --- p.58 / Chapter 1.5. --- 2002 Reform --- p.58 / Chapter 1.5.1. --- Prices rising and increase in wages based on performance --- p.60 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Enhancement of self-management of enterprises --- p.61 / Chapter 1.5.3. --- Devaluation of exchange rate --- p.62 / Chapter 1.5.4. --- Farm reform --- p.62 / Chapter 1.5.5. --- Attracting foreign direct investment --- p.63 / Chapter 3. --- North Korean Economy in 2005-2007 --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1 --- Lack of substantial changes --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Slow down the rapid change --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Focus on security/nuclear issue --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Adverse feedback from the July Reform --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2. --- Detrimental Economic Situation --- p.70 / Chapter 4. --- Conclusion --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- EU-DPRK Relations: From Governmental to Non-Governmental … --- p.73 / Chapter 1. --- EU-Asia Relations: In general --- p.73 / Chapter 2. --- EU-DPRK: Historical review --- p.76 / Chapter 2.1. --- Cold War Era --- p.76 / Chapter 2.2. --- Post Cold War era --- p.78 / Chapter 2.3. --- After 9-11 --- p.80 / Chapter 3. --- EU-DPRK Relations: Governmental Level --- p.82 / Chapter 3.1. --- EU Perspective --- p.82 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Motives --- p.82 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Strategy: Quiet and Engagement diplomacy --- p.83 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Political perspective --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.3.1. --- Political dialogue --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.3.2. --- Diplomatic recognition --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.3.3. --- Nuclear and security problem --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Economic perspective --- p.89 / Chapter 3.1.4.1. --- Trade --- p.89 / Chapter 3.1.4.2. --- Economic Assistance --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.4.3. --- Food aid --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.4.4. --- Technological Transfer --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2. --- DPRK Perspective --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Motives --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Strategy: Pragmatic but gradually open --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Pragmatic policy --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Open Policy --- p.100 / Chapter 4. --- EU-DPRK relations: Non-Governmental Level --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1. --- NGOs and North Korea --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2. --- Humanitarian NGOs in North Korea --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Period: 1995-1998 --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Period: 1998 -1999 --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Period: 1998 to present --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3. --- Debate among European NGOs: Hard-landing vs. Change through Rapproachment? --- p.111 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Pushing the envelope: new forms of political advocacy generated by NGOs: analysis on the two EU-DPRK Workshops organized by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation --- p.116 / Chapter 1. --- FNF and the expert group generated by it --- p.117 / Chapter 1.1. --- Shared Normative and Principled Belief --- p.119 / Chapter 1.2. --- Shared Causal Belief --- p.122 / Chapter 1.3. --- Shared Notions of Validity --- p.125 / Chapter 1.4. --- A Common Policy Enterprise --- p.126 / Chapter 2. --- "Experts groups in FNF matters: How did the ideas developed, transferred and influenced the policymakers in North Korea" --- p.128 / Chapter 2.1. --- Transnational actor characteristics --- p.131 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Participants of the expert group --- p.131 / Chapter 2.1.1.1. --- Workshop in 2004 --- p.132 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Consensus among community members --- p.134 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Density among members --- p.136 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Resources of FNF --- p.137 / Chapter 2.2. --- The specific need of policy suggestion from North Korea --- p.140 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- The existence of uncertainty --- p.141 / Chapter 2.3. --- Communication Process --- p.145 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Networking Building --- p.145 / Chapter 2.3.1.1. --- Seminar --- p.145 / Chapter 2.3.1.2. --- Study Tour/ Training seminar --- p.147 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Channels --- p.149 / Chapter 2.3.2.1. --- Conference --- p.149 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Presentation --- p.151 / Chapter 2.3.2.3. --- General Discussion and working groups --- p.152 / Chapter 2.3.2.4. --- Field Visit --- p.154 / Chapter 2.3.2.5. --- Lunch/Coffee Break and Dinner --- p.155 / Chapter 2.4. --- Institutionalization of advice --- p.155 / Chapter 2.5. --- Communication strategies --- p.158 / Chapter 2.6. --- Policies recommendation and ideas shared during the two conferences --- p.160 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Workshop on Economic Reforms and the Development of Economic Relations between the EU and the DPRK (31 August to 4 September 2004) --- p.160 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- Second Workshop on Economic Reform and the Development of Economic Relations between the EU and the DPRK (12-14 October 2005) --- p.171 / Chapter 3. --- Conclusion --- p.188 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- The Distinctive Path of North Korean Reform and the Policy Impacts of the Expert Group --- p.190 / Chapter 1. --- Similarities between North Korea and Central and Eastern Europe --- p.190 / Chapter 2. --- From ideas to policy: What are policy impacts from the expert group to the North Korea economic reform? --- p.195 / Chapter 2.1 --- IT and software development --- p.195 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Case one: Nosotek --- p.196 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Case two: Pyongyang International Technology and Infrastructure Exhibition (PITIE) 2006 --- p.198 / Chapter 2.2. --- The strengthening of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs)in mining industry --- p.200 / Chapter 2.3. --- Policies to attract FDI --- p.204 / Chapter 2.4. --- Legal development --- p.205 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Case one: Pyongyang Law Office --- p.206 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Case two: Birindelli & Associati --- p.207 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- "Law on the Assessment of Environmental Effects in North Korea (Mar. 10, 2006)" --- p.208 / Chapter 2.5. --- Trade fairs --- p.210 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- The Pyongyang Autumn International Trade Fair (PAITT) 2006-2008 --- p.211 / Chapter 3. --- Conclusion --- p.212 / Conclusion: --- p.214 / Chapter 1. --- Research Implications --- p.215 / Chapter 1.1. --- Revisit the debate between scholarship and policy-making in Political Science --- p.215 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Bridge-Building Perspective --- p.216 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Independence Perspective --- p.218 / Chapter 1.2. --- Revisit of the theory of epistemic community and transnational advocacy network --- p.221 / Chapter 1.3. --- Re-examine the debate between shock therapy and gradualism --- p.223 / Chapter 1.4. --- Re-evaluate the importance of EU on North Korea --- p.225 / Chapter 2. --- Conclusion --- p.227 / Appendix 1: Participants of the two EU-DPRK Workshops --- p.229 / Appendix 2: Debate between shock therapy and gradualism approach in economic transformation --- p.240 / Chapter 1. --- Shock therapy --- p.241 / Chapter 1.1. --- Agent analysis --- p.242 / Chapter 1.2. --- Programs analysis --- p.243 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Price liberalization --- p.243 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Privatization --- p.243 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Institutional design --- p.244 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Monetary policy --- p.245 / Chapter 1.2.5. --- Fiscal Policy --- p.245 / Chapter 1.2.6. --- International trade --- p.246 / Chapter 1.3. --- Ideas analysis --- p.247 / Chapter 2. --- Gradualism --- p.249 / Chapter 2.1. --- Agent analysis --- p.250 / Chapter 2.2. --- Progress analysis --- p.251 / Bibliography --- p.254

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences / Department of Government and Public Administration