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Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-08-22T14:47:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caio Almeida do Amaral - 2018.pdf: 2497519 bytes, checksum: d470b37da770a83def743da83e13d2e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-23T10:26:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caio Almeida do Amaral - 2018.pdf: 2497519 bytes, checksum: d470b37da770a83def743da83e13d2e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:26:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Caio Almeida do Amaral - 2018.pdf: 2497519 bytes, checksum: d470b37da770a83def743da83e13d2e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-07 / This study aims to identify determinants of crime, analyzing social indicators that indicate the movement and the tendency of violence and proposing eficiente actions of the State in a particularly critical area of our society, Public Security. To do this, he proposed to solve the following research problem: "How to construct a model of evaluation of social indicators, using a technique of Big Data, using Public Safety as an anchor, associated to the themes Education; Work and Income; Social Inequality and Urbanization, Development and Infrastructure, in order to identify the driving causes of crime?". The choice of this theme is justified insofar as the result of this study may be able to provide an orientation that identifies spatial and temporal patterns of certain types of crime in order to anticipate the occurrence of events. To do so, the following steps were followed: identification of the main indicators related to Public Safety and, based on Education, Work and Income; Social inequality; and Urbanization, Development and Infrastructure; selection of statistical methods for the study (Principal Component Analysis - PCA and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis - HCA); data collection of the 246 municipalities of the State of Goiás; a statistical analysis of the indicators identified; and the proposal of a Predictive Modeling of Social Indicators, containing a Agenda Setting, separating the social areas in which public programs must be elaborated, identified from the correlations of the indicators. The results indicated that through statistical tools it is possible to propose a model for identifying social indicators that influence the increment of crime, since crime tends to be generated by multiple factors, and its combat should require a proactive position of diagnosis of the variables social movements. / Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar determinantes da criminalidade, analisando indicadores sociais que indicam o movimento e a tendência da violência e propondo ações eficientes do Estado numa área hoje particularmente crítica da sociedade, a Segurança Pública. Para isso, se propôs a resolver o seguinte problema de pesquisa: “Como construir uma modelagem de avaliação de indicadores sociais, a partir de uma técnica de Big Data, utilizando a Segurança Pública como âncora, associada aos temas Educação; Trabalho e Renda; Desigualdade Social e Urbanização, Desenvolvimento e Infraestrutura, de forma a identificar as causas propulsoras da criminalidade?”. A escolha deste tema justifica-se na medida em que o resultado deste estudo pode ser capaz de fornecer uma orientação que identifica padrões espaciais de determinados tipos de delitos a fim de poder antecipar a ocorrência dos eventos. Para tanto, foram seguidos os seguintes passos: identificação dos principais indicadores relacionados à Segurança Pública e, a partir dos temas Educação, Trabalho e Renda; Desigualdade Social; e Urbanização, Desenvolvimento e Infraestrutura; seleção dos métodos estatísticos para o estudo (Análise de Componentes Principais – PCA e Análise Hierárquica de Cluster – HCA); coleta dos dados dos 246 municípios do Estado de Goiás; realização de uma análise estatística dos indicadores identificados; e, proposta de uma Modelagem Preditiva de Indicadores Sociais, contendo uma Agenda Setting, separando as áreas sociais em que devem ser elaborados programas públicos, identificadas a partir das correlações dos indicadores. Os resultados indicaram que por meio de ferramentas estatísticas é possível propor uma modelagem para identificação de indicadores sociais que impactam a criminalidade, visto que o crime tende a ser gerado por múltiplos fatores, e seu combate deve exigir uma posição proativa de diagnóstico das variáveis sociais motivadoras.

The main objective of this diploma thesis is to compare the cost effectiveness of an imprisonment and a fine. Firstly, the thesis explores the theoretical view of economics, economic calculation, and the view of criminology and penology. Further, the thesis quantifies costs of the most important factors: the cost of realization of punishment, the cost of limitation of economic activity of individuals, the cost of change of health, and a cost of effect on prevention and protection. Lastly, the thesis gives suggestion on convinience of various types of punishment for different types of offences.

<p>This dissertation consists of three chapters on economic topics related to crime and early childhood. In the first chapter, I explore the effect of a criminal justice policy on crime. The second chapter examines the relationship between gender nonconformity in childhood and life outcomes. In the third chapter, I study the relationship between access to local mental health care for children and juvenile crime.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>In my first chapter, I study the causal impact of post-release supervision on recidivism and new crime. Prior to 2011, inmates who committed lower-level offenses in North Carolina were not subject to post-release supervision. The North Carolina \textit{Justice Reinvestment Act} changed policy to require nine months of post-release supervision. Leveraging a discrete policy effective date in a regression discontinuity in time model and using administrative data from the North Carolina Department of Public Safety, I explore the effects of this legislative change on criminal outcomes. Evidence indicates that post-release supervision decreases property and violent crimes, but these changes do not persist beyond the supervision period. Results suggest that supervision leads to more individuals returning to prison at a faster rate due to technical, not criminal, violations; however, requiring lower-level offenders to undergo post-release supervision is a cost-effective program.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>The second chapter of this dissertation is coauthored with Torsten Santavirta and Miguel Sarzosa. We study the role of childhood gender conformity in determining gender gaps. We present a conceptual framework that uses gender norms to explain why some women make less profitable choices than comparable men. Using unique longitudinal survey and register data, we show that gender-nonconforming girls have substantially better education and labor market outcomes than gender-conforming girls. In contrast, gender-nonconforming boys perform substantially worse at school, sort into lower-paying occupations, earn less, and have a greater incidence of mental health disorders and substance abuse during adulthood than gender-conforming boys. Our analyses suggest that such divergence develops from an early age. </p> <p><br></p> <p>In my last chapter, I explore the relationship between mental health care for children and juvenile crime. Using data with information on facilities that specifically treat children, I exploit the county-level variation in the number of mental health treatment facilities for minors in a two-way fixed-effects model to explore the relationship between access to mental health care in a given year and juvenile crime the following year. I find that outpatient and inpatient mental health facilities for children have heterogeneous effects on juvenile crime.</p>

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-11T18:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrodefreitasferreira.pdf: 4885587 bytes, checksum: 00f43590d0a4fdd642bfeae221602a02 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T15:32:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrodefreitasferreira.pdf: 4885587 bytes, checksum: 00f43590d0a4fdd642bfeae221602a02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T15:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sandrodefreitasferreira.pdf: 4885587 bytes, checksum: 00f43590d0a4fdd642bfeae221602a02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As medidas de crimes no Brasil, particularmente violentos e fatais, têm se mantido e crescido, desde os anos de 1980, acima de dez homicídios por cem mil habitantes; limite mínimo recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A essa “poluição” social, costuma-se responder com aumento do esforço de combate e controle do aparato policial-judicial. Todavia, as autoridades estatais não conseguem monitorar ubiquamente as atividades ilegítimas sob sua jurisdição. Portanto, não podem prescindir de outros controladores. Embora sejam menos eficazes quanto aos crimes, porém mais difusos territorialmente, os controladores sociais podem atuar, como efeito dissuasório primário, mediante a socialização de crenças positivas de adesão a normas sociais e leis, de crenças negativas para sua violação e a administração de sanções. As políticas criminais, especialmente aquelas que envolvem mudanças legislativas penais não podem ignorar os efeitos que outras mudanças legislativas têm sobre as estruturas de incentivos que regem as atividades desses controladores primários. Pressupondo-se que os processos decisórios criminal e transgressivo têm natureza comum (envolvendo punição penal e social, respectivamente); que a decisão individual de entrada na atividade criminal requer informação útil e que, na ausência de mercados ilícitos organizados, recorre-se a outros canais de informação, tal como as experiências transgressivas e criminais pessoais e alheias; a densidade transgressivo-criminal poderia carregar informação sobre o custo moral dessa entrada na “indústria” proscrita. O objetivo desta Tese é avaliar o efeito qualitativo da dissuasão social como barreira primária às escolhas ilegítimas individuais. Uma vez que os níveis de transgressões podem indiretamente sinalizar o nível dessa dissuasão primária, desenvolveu-se uma estratégia metodológica que pudesse mensura-la. Além de uma avaliação preliminar da distribuição territorial e da evolução temporal de algumas transgressões, nas áreas mínimas comparáveis (AMCs) brasileiras nos anos de 1991 a 2010, executam-se Análises de Agrupamentos e Discriminante para identificar grupos de AMCs em níveis de transgressividade-criminalidade; extraem-se os fatores transgressivos comuns (definidos como “transgressividade por incapacitação”, “transgressividade familiar-religiosa” e “transgressividade educativa adulta”) da amostra do grupos de AMCs com maiores níveis de transgressões e crimes e com maiores populações, por Análise Fatorial; e averiguam-se, via Análise Comparativa Qualitativa, as relações entre esses fatores e as taxas de homicídio, como medida mais robusta do nível de criminalidade. Além da identificação de grupos de níveis alto, intermediário e baixo de transgressões e crimes, e desses três fatores, as evidências sugerem que alta transgressividade familiar-religiosa (equivalentemente, baixa coatividade familiar-religiosa) associa-se consistentemente alta taxa de homicídio; inclusive, quando combinada com alta dissuasão estatal. / Measures of crimes in Brazil, particularly violent and fatal, have been maintained and increased, since the 1980s, over ten homicides per hundred thousand inhabitants; minimum threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. To this social "pollution", it is usually answered with increased effort to combat and control the police-judicial apparatus. However, state authorities are unable to monitor illegitimate activities under their jurisdiction. Therefore, they cannot do without other controllers. Although they are less effective in crimes, but more territorially diffused, social controllers can act as a primary deterrent by socializing positive beliefs of adherence to social norms and laws, from negative beliefs to their violation and the administration of sanctions. Criminal policies, especially those involving criminal law changes, cannot ignore the effects of other legislative changes on the incentive structures governing the activities of these primary controllers. Assuming that criminal and transgressive decision-making processes have a common nature (involving criminal and social punishment, respectively); that individual decision to enter criminal activity requires useful information and that, in the absence of organized illicit markets, other information channels are used, such as personal and extraneous criminal and transgressive experiences; Transgressive-criminal density could carry information about the moral cost of such entry into proscribed industry. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the qualitative effect of social deterrence as a primary barrier to individual illegitimate choices. Since the levels of transgression can indirectly signal the level of this primary deterrence, a methodological strategy was developed that could measure it. In addition to a preliminary evaluation of the territorial distribution and the temporal evolution of some transgressions, in the brazilian comparable minimum areas (AMCs) from 1991 to 2010, Clusters and Discriminant Analysis are carried out to identify groups of AMCs at levels of transgressivitycriminality; the common transgressive factors (defined as "transgressivity by incapacitation", "family-religious transgressiveness" and "adult educational transgressiveness") are extracted from the sample of AMC groups with higher levels of transgressions and crimes and with larger populations by Factor Analysis; and, through Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the relationships between these factors and homicide rates are ascertained as a more robust measure of the level of crime. In addition to the identification of groups of high, intermediate and low levels of transgressions and crimes, and of these three factors, the evidence suggests that high family-religious transgressiveness (equivalently, low family-religious deterrence) is consistently associated with a high homicide rate; even when combined with high state deterrence.

Betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds ist in Deutschland Statistiken zufolge für jährliche Kapitalverluste im mittleren dreistelligen Millionenbereich verantwortlich. Der Gesetzgeber hat sich in der Vergangenheit wiederholt dem Problem angenommen und eine Vielzahl von zivil-, straf- und öffentlich-rechtlichen Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung des Anlegerschutzes auf den Weg gebracht, die mit dem Inkrafttreten des Kapitalanlagegesetzbuchs (KAGB) im Jahr 2013 ihren bisherigen Höhepunkt erreicht haben. Die Zweckdienlichkeit dieser Maßnahmen wird von Kritikern indes bezweifelt, darüber hinaus scheint sich in jüngerer Zeit ein neuartiges Phänomen des „sanktionslosen Betrugs“ auf dem Kapitalmarkt zu etablieren, bei dem es den Tätern gelingt entweder ohne, oder ohne nennenswerte Sanktionen – insbesondere in strafrechtlicher Hinsicht – davonzukommen. Als Beispiele seien hier die Debi Select Fonds aus Landshut sowie die POC-Fonds aus Berlin genannt, bei denen die im Hintergrund agierenden „Strippenzieher“ trotz millionenschwerer Anlegerschädigung weder in zivil- noch in strafrechtlicher Hinsicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden konnten. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der systematischen Erkundung dieses Phänomens, indem sie die Themenkomplexe „(sanktionslose) betrügerische geschlossene Fonds“ und „Anlegerschutz“ aus ökonomischer und rechtlicher Perspektive theoretisch analysiert und hieraus Verbesserungsvorschläge ableitet, die anschließend durch eine explorativ-empirische Expertenbefragung abgesichert und ergänzt werden. Konkret beantwortet die Arbeit folgende zentrale Forschungsfrage: „Was ist betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds und warum ist dies zum Teil sanktionslos?“ sowie vier ergänzende Forschungsfragen: (1) „Wie sieht die Anatomie betrügerischer geschlossener Fonds aus?“ (2) „Was sind die Ursachen und Anreizstrukturen, die betrügerisches Verhalten bei geschlossenen Fonds begünstigen?“ (3) „Welche Maßnahmen eignen sich zur Abwehr bzw. zur Eindämmung des betrügerischen Verhaltens bei geschlossenen Fonds?“ (4) „Bieten die zivil-, straf- und öffentlich-rechtlichen Maßnahmen des Gesetzgebers, insbesondere das KAGB einen ausreichenden Schutz vor betrügerischen geschlossenen Fonds?“ / Fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds is, according to statistics, responsible for annual capital losses in the mid-triple-digit millions. Legislators have repeatedly addressed the problem in the past and initiated a large number of civil, criminal and public-law measures to improve investor protection, which reached their peak in 2013 with the entry into force of the so-called “Kapitalanlagegesetzbuch” (KAGB). The usefulness of these measures are doubted by critics, moreover it appears that a new phenomenon of 'unsanctioned fraud' on the capital market appears to be established recently, where the perpetrators succeed either without or without significant sanctions, especially in criminal matters. Examples include the Debi Select funds from Landshut and the POC funds from Berlin, in which the 'stripping pullers' operating in the background could be held accountable neither in civil nor in criminal law despite millions in damage to investors. The present work is devoted to the systematic investigation of this phenomenon by theoretically analyzing the topics '(non-sanctioned) fraudulent closed-end funds' and 'investor protection' from an economic and legal perspective and deriving recommendations for improvement, which are then confirmed and supplemented by an explorative-empirical expert survey become. Specifically, the paper answers the following central research question: 'What is fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds and why is this partially sanctionless?' And four complementary research questions: (1) 'What is the anatomy of fraudulent closed-end funds?' (2) 'What are the causes and incentive structures that favor fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds? (3)'What measures are appropriate for the prevention or the containment of fraudulent behavior in closed-end funds?' (4) 'Do civil, criminal and public legislative measures, in particular the KAGB, provide sufficient protection against fraudulent closed-end funds?'