Orientador: Ivany Ferraz Marques Valio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T03:19:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abrao_MarluciMundin_D.pdf: 2033158 bytes, checksum: 02bd87759812f0f20bce7ff1ed06a9d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-26T12:10:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 2911662 bytes, checksum: c8db5f3925a90d53be3488cdf5a1a663 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-12-26T12:11:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 2911662 bytes, checksum: c8db5f3925a90d53be3488cdf5a1a663 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-26T12:11:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcos Paulo dos Santos - 2016.pdf: 2911662 bytes, checksum: c8db5f3925a90d53be3488cdf5a1a663 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The rice phenology and development are events controlled by environmental and genetic factors, and the yield potential of the crop is defined for your interaction. This study aimed to determine the environmental impacts of sites and sowing period on the morphophysiological characteristics and grain yield of contrasting lowland rice genotypes. The experiments were done in two environments, tropical, in Goianira-GO, and subtropical, Pelotas-RS, and Cachoeirinha-RS during the months of october, november, and december. The cultivars evaluated were BRS Catiana, BRS Jaçanã, BRS Pampa, BRS 7 Taim and Irga 424. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RBD), with four repetitions, being as factor genotype, sowing dates and sites. It was evaluated phenological development, biomass accumulation and assimilated partition, radiation use efficiency (EUR) and grain yield. In both environments, cultivars did not showed sensibility to photoperiod. The demand of degrees-day accumulated for flowering decreased for late sowing in Goianira-GO. In Cachoeirinha-RS, this trend was observed, however in a lower scale. The EUR decreased for november sowing in Goianira-GO, while in Cachoeirinha-RS there was no variation in the EUR for sowing dates from october to november. The assimilated partition do not differed among cultivars. For the subtropical environment, highest yields were observed for the period of sowing october to december. Already, in the tropical environment, occured yield decrease for sowing in november. It is probably correlated to lower values of minimum temperature accumulated during the reproductive phase. Higher accumulation of degrees-day and solar radiation in the reproductive stage and grain filling contribute to the achievement of high grain yields in the production environments in Brazil. Thus, the agroclimatic zoning has to indicate the sowing dates that optimize the accumulation degrees-day and solar radiation in these phases. / A fenologia e o desenvolvimento da planta de arroz são eventos controlados por condições ambientais e fatores genéticos, sendo o potencial produtivo da cultura definido pela sua interação. Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar os impactos ambientais de locais de cultivos e do período de semeadura nas características morfofisiológicas e na produtividade de grãos de genótipos contrastantes de arroz irrigado. Os experimentos foram realizados em dois ambientes, tropical, em Goianira-GO, e subtropical, Pelotas-RS e Cachoeirinha-RS durante os meses de outubro, novembro e dezembro. As cultivares avaliadas foram BRS Catiana, BRS Jaçanã, BRS Pampa, BRS 7 Taim e Irga 424. Os ensaios foram implantados em delineamento de blocos completos casualizados (DBC), com quatros repetições, tendo como fatores os genótipos, épocas e locais de semeadura. Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento fenológico, acúmulo de biomassa e partição de assimilados, eficiência no uso da radiação (EUR) e a produtividade de grãos. Em ambos os ambientes, as cultivares não foram sensíveis ao fotoperíodo. A demanda de graus-dia acumulados para o florescimento decresceu para as semeaduras tardias em Goianira-GO. Em Cachoeirinha-RS, essa dinâmica também foi observada, porém em menor escala. A EUR decresceu na semeadura em novembro em Goianira-GO, enquanto que em Cachoeirinha-RS não houve variação na EUR no período outubro-dezembro. A partição de assimilados não diferiu entre cultivares. Para o ambiente subtropical foram obtidas altas produtividades para as semeaduras de outubro a dezembro. Já, no ambiente tropical, ocorreu queda de produtividade na semeadura em novembro. Essa redução provavelmente está correlacionada aos menores acúmulos de temperatura mínima na fase reprodutiva. Maiores acúmulos de graus-dia e de radiação solar na fase reprodutiva e de enchimento de grãos contribuem para o alcance de altas produtividades de grãos nos ambientes de produção de arroz no Brasil. Assim, o zoneamento agroclimático deve buscar indicar períodos de semeadura que otimizem o acúmulo de graus-dia e radiação solar nessas fases.

Decisões tomadas no planejamento da implantação florestal, como a densidade do plantio e o material genético, alteram a disponibilidade de recursos naturais tais como nutrientes, água e luz e consequentemente afetam a assimilação do carbono, que está diretamente relacionada ao crescimento da planta. Ainda são escassas as informações de como e quanto a densidade de plantio e o material genético afetam a fixação de carbono pelas ávores. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os padrões de fixação e alocação de carbono em plantações clonais de Eucalyptus sp. em duas densidades de plantio (3x2 m e 3x4 m), em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico T ípico A moderado. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga-SP - ESALQ/USP, com três materiais clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla: AEC 0144, AEC 224 e COP 1404. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo composto por três clones de eucalipto em dois espaçamentos, com 6 repetições para cada tratamento. Durante o intervalo de um ano (dos 40 aos 52 meses de idade) foram determinados a Produtividade Primária Líquida da Parte Aérea (ANPP: incremento da biomassa aérea somada ao folhedo), a Respiração Autotrófica da Parte Aérea (Rp: respiração das folhas e do tronco com base com base na ANPP, assumindo um valor constante de eficiência de uso do carbono (CUE) de 0,53 (GIARDINA et al., 2003)), o Fluxo de Carbono Abaixo do Solo (TBCF: produção e respiração das raízes grossas e finas, exsudatos das raízes e produção de substratos usados por micorrizas) e a Produtividade Primária Bruta (GPP: somatório dos fluxos de carbono) para os seis tratamentos avaliados. A maior produtividade encontrada para o clone AEC 0144 no espaçamento 3x2 m foi resultado de uma maior GPP (5997,45 g C m-2 ano-1), maior partição de carbono para incremento de tronco (30%) e menor partição da GPP para TBCF (34%). A ANPP variou de 1453,99 g C m-2 ano-1 (Clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x2 m) a 2288,78 g C m-2 ano-1 (Clone AEC 0144 no espaçamento 3x2 m), sendo os maiores fluxos encontrados para os clones AEC 0144 em ambos espaçamentos e para o clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x4 m. A variação encontrada nos valores de respiração da parte aérea seguiram o mesmo padrão dos resultados da ANPP. O TBCF foi significadamente superior para os clones AEC 0144 e AEC 224 no espaçamento 3x2 m com 2056,36 g C m-2 ano-1 e 1903,83 g C m-2 ano-1, respectivamente; e para o clone COP 1404 no espaçamento 3x4 m (1927,43 g C m-2 ano-1). Houve correlação positiva do TBCF com a GPP, mas não com a ANPP. / Decisions not planned for forest deployment, such as planting density and genetic material, alter the availability of natural resources such as nutrients, water and light and consequently affect the assimilation of carbon, which is directed to plant growth. They are still scarce as information on how and how much planting density and genetic material for a fixation of carbon by trees. The objective of this work was to evaluate the carbon allocation patterns in clonal plantations of Eucalyptus sp. in two planting densities (3x2 m and 3x4 m), in a typical Typic A moderate Dystrophic Red Latosol. The study was developed at the Experimental Station of Forest Sciences of Itatinga-SP - ESALQ / USP, with three clonal materials of Eucalyptus urophylla: AEC 0144, AEC 224 and COP 1404. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a factorial scheme 3 x 2, being composed of three clones of eucalyptus in two spacings, with 6 replicates for each treatment. During the one-year interval (from 40 to 52 months of age) was determined Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP: increase of the aerial biomass added to the litterfall), Aboveground Autotrophic Respiration (Rp: leaf respiration and (CUE) of 0.53 (GIARDINA et al., 2003)), Total Belowground Carbon Flux (TBCF: production and respiration of the roots) and Gross Primary Productivity (GPP: sum of the carbon fluxes) for the six treatments evaluated. The higher productivity found for the clone AEC 0144 in the 3x2 m spacing resulted from a higher GPP (5997.45 g C m-2 year-1), larger carbon partition for trunk increment (30%) and smaller partition from GPP for TBCF (34%). The ANPP ranged from 1453.99 g C m-2 year-1 (Clone COP 1404 in spacing 3x2 m) to 2288.78 g C m-2 year-1 (Clone AEC 0144 in 3x2 m spacing) Found for clones AEC 0144 in both spacings and COP 1404 in 3x4 m spacing. The variation found in aboveground autotrophic respiration values followed the same pattern of ANPP results. The TBCF was significantly higher for clones AEC 0144 and AEC 224 at 3x2 m spacing with 2056.36 m-2 year-1 and 1903.83 m-2 year-1, respectively; and for clone COP 1404 in 3x4 m spacing (1927.43 m-2 year-1). There was a positive correlation between TBCF and GPP, but not with ANPP.

Conhecer o uso da água pelas árvores é fundamental para entender as interações entre o ambiente e as florestas e compreender seu crescimento por meio do entendimento dos processos que o governa. Objetivou-se com o trabalho determinar as taxas de transpiração, o crescimento e a eficiência do uso da água de árvores de Eucalyptus, por meio do método de Granier, em parcelas com e sem irrigação, além de compará-lo ao modelo de Penman-Monteith para estimativa da transpiração. O experimento foi realizado em um plantio de clone de Eucalyptus, instalado em março de 2001, no município de Eunápolis, BA. Para determinação da transpiração, foi avaliado o fluxo xilemático no período de agosto a dezembro de 2005, por meio de sondas instaladas no tronco das árvores. Para avaliação do crescimento das plantas, estimouse o incremento de biomassa nos tratamentos a cada quatro meses, enquanto que a eficiência do uso da água (EUA) foi obtida pela razão entre o incremento de biomassa e quantidade de água transpirada no período. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a variação da umidade no perfil do solo pelo sistema TDR nos dois tratamentos. Foi necessário calibrar o método de Granier, pois se observou que a equação original subestimou significativamente o uso de água. A densidade mensal do fluxo de seiva variou de 16,4 a 35,5 cm³ cm-2 hora-1, sem diferir entre os tratamentos. Enquanto a transpiração média das árvores irrigadas foi igual ou superior às não irrigadas, atingindo valores da ordem de 68 a 79 L arv-1 dia-1, o incremento de biomassa foi superior no tratamento irrigado (16 kg planta-1) em relação ao não irrigado (10 kg planta-1), ou seja, o eucalipto não apresentou consumo de luxo de água, pois a água a mais transpirada pela árvores irrigadas foi efetivamente usada para auxiliar a fixação de carbono no tronco. A EUA não diferiu entre os tratamentos, com média de 1,0 g L-1. Observou-se que, independentemente do tratamento, árvores com maior biomassa inicial apresentaram EUA superior às árvores de menor porte durante o período do estudo. Obteve-se uma relação não linear entre condutância da copa e déficit de pressão de vapor, indicando que o eucalipto apresenta um controle estomático que limita a transpiração. Quando avaliado na escala mensal, o modelo de Penman-Monteith estimou com precisão a transpiração do eucalipto. / Estimating the water use by trees is fundamental to understand the interactions between environment and plants and to know more about the processes that governs it. This work aimed to determine the transpiration rates, the growth and the water use efficiency of clonal Eucalyptus trees, using the Granier method, with or without irrigation, besides comparing it to the Penman-Monteith model for estimating transpiration. The experiment was accomplished in a Eucalyptus clonal plantation installed in March of 2001, in Eunapolis city, State of Bahia, Brazil. For determination of transpiration, the sap flow was evaluated in the period of August to December of 2005, using probes installed in the trees stems. To evaluate tree growth the biomass increment was considered in the treatments every four months, while the water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained by the ratio between the biomass increment and amount of water transpired in the period. Additionally, the variation of humidity was evaluated in the soil profile by the TDR system in both treatments. It was necessary to calibrate the Granier method because it was observed that the original equation underestimated the water use. The monthly sap flow density ranged from 16,4 to 35,5 cm³ cm-2 hour-1 and not differing between treatments. While the average transpiration of the irrigated trees was equal or superior to the no irrigated ones, with values varying from 68 to 79 L day-1 per tree, the biomass increment was superior in the irrigated treatment (16 kg tree-1) in relation to the no irrigated (10 kg tree-1). This results points that the Eucalyptus did not present luxury consumption of water, because the additional water transpired by the irrigated trees was used to allocate more carbon to the stem. The WUE did not differ between treatments, with average of 1,0 g L-1. It was observed that, independently of the treatment, trees with larger initial biomass presented highest WUE in relation to the smaller trees during the studied period. It was obtained a no linear relationship between canopy conductance and vapor pressure deficit, indicating that Eucalyptus presents a strong stomatal control that limit the transpiration. When used at monthly scale, Penman-Monteith model evaluated the transpiration of the Eucalyptus accurately.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar características de uso da luz para explicar a distribuição diferencial das espécies tolerantes à dessecação homeoclorófila Anemia flexuosa e peciloclorófila Pleurostima purpurea em ambientes sombreados e expostos, respectivamente, de comunidades vegetais de afloramentos rochosos. A cultivar Oryza sativa IAC 202 foi incluída para comparações. Durante um ciclo completo de desidratação - dessecação - reidratação foram avaliados parâmetros fotossintéticos de trocas gasosas e fluorescência da clorofila a, associados ao conteúdo relativo de água (CRA) e de pigmentos fotossintéticos de plantas intactas sob temperatura e umidade relativa do ar constantes de 25°C e de 55%, respectivamente. As plantas foram submetidas à diferentes densidades de fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos (DFFF de 0, 100 e 400 ?mol fótons m-2s-1) nas fases de desidratação e dessecação, dependendo da espécie. O. sativa foi avaliada somente durante as fases de desidratação e dessecação sob condições ambientais variáveis de casa de vegetação. A diminuição da assimilação líquida de CO2 (A) foi acompanhada pelo aumento da dissipação de calor avaliada pelos coeficientes de extinção nãofotoquímica (qN e NPQ) nas três espécies. Após cessação de A, a eficiência quântica efetiva (?PSII e Fv\"/Fm\"), a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) e o coeficiente de extinção fotoquímica (qP) foram mantidos relativamente altos em P.purpurea, mas cessaram simultaneamente com A em A.flexuosa. Em O.sativa, ?PSII, ETR e qP diminuíram substancialmente após a cessação de A, mas Fv\"/Fm\" foi mantido. A eficiência quântica potencial (Fv/Fm) foi a última variável a diminuir nas três espécies durante a desidratação. Após a reidratação de P.purpurea e A.flexuosa foi observado inicialmente o estabelecimento da respiração e em seguida um balanço levemente positivo de CO2, quando os valores de Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP e Fv/Fm de P.purpurea recuperaram quase totalmente, enquanto qN e NPQ diminuíram. A.flexuosa apresentou uma recuperação apenas parcial de Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP e Fv/Fm quando o balanço de CO2 se tornou levemente positivo, tendo sido a recuperação ainda menor para o tratamento de desidratação no escuro associado à dessecação na luz. A.flexuosa tolerou a perda de 88% do CRA. O enrolamento foliar durante a desidratação é uma forma de proteção contra a luz no estado dessecado de A.flexuosa. Mesmo no estado dessecado ocorrem processos de interação dos fotossistemas II com a luz em A.flexuosa. P.purpurea baseia sua proteção contra a luz na ativação de processos de dissipação de calor, vias de consumo de elétrons diferentes do ciclo redutivo do CO2 e, em última instância, na perda de clorofilas. Plantas dessecadas de P.purpurea permanecem viáveis no estado desidratado por pelo menos 42 dias. P.purpurea tolerou a perda de 94% do CRA. A recuperação do turgor da parte aérea de P.purpurea ocorre necessariamente pela absorção de água pelas raízes durante a reidratação. Foi evidenciada uma aclimatação de A.flexuosa quando desidratada sob condição de luz. Os resultados não foram conclusivos em relação à sustentação da hipótese, considerando que as diferenças de recuperação observadas para A.flexuosa nos diferentes tratamentos luminosos, em geral, não foram significativas. / The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of light use that could explain the differential distribution of homoiochlorophyllous and poikilochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plants Anemia flexuosa and Pleurostima purpurea, respectively, in shaded and exposed microsites of rock outcrop plant communities. Oryza sativa IAC 202 was included in the study for comparisons. Leaf gas exchanges, fluorescence chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigment content were evaluated in intact plants under constant temperature and relative humidity of 25°C and 55%, respectively, during a complete cycle of dehydration - desiccation - rehydration. The plants were exposed to different photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD of 0, 100 and 400 ?mol photons m-2s-1) during dehydration and desiccation phases, according to species. O.sativa was evaluated only during dehydration and desiccation phases under variable environmental conditions in a greenhouse. In all species, the decrease in CO2 net assimilation (A) was accompanied by increased heat dissipation assessed by nonphotochemical quenching coefficients (qN and NPQ). The effective quantum yield (?PSII and Fv\"/Fm\"), electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) were kept relatively high after A cessation in P.purpurea, but in A.flexuosa ceased simultaneously with A. In O.sativa, ?PSII, ETR and qP decreased substantially after A cessation, but Fv\"/Fm\" was maintained. The potential quantum yield (Fv/Fm) was the last variable to decrease during dehydration in all species. After rehydration, the establishment of respiration was observed initially in P.purpurea and A.flexuosa. Then, a slightly positive CO2 balance was associated with the almost total recovery of Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP and Fv/Fm in P.purpurea, while qN and NPQ decreased. A.flexuosa showed only a partial recovery of Fv\"/Fm\", ?PSII, ETR, qP and Fv/Fm when the CO2 balance became slightly positive, and recovery was even lower for the treatment of dehydration in dark associated to desiccation in light. A.FLEXUOSA TOLERATES A LOSS OF 88% OF RWC. Leaf curling during dehydration is also a form of light protection in the dried state in A.flexuosa. Interactions between photosystem II and light occur even in the dried state of A.flexuosa. P.purpurea bases its protection against light activating heat dissipation process, ways of electron consumption different of reductive CO2 cycle and, in last instance, chlorophyll loss. P.purpurea remains viable in dried state for at least for 42 days, and tolerates a loss of 94% of RWC. The shoot rehydration in P.purpurea occurs necessarily by roots water uptake. A.flexuosa showed an acclimation when dried under light conditions. The results were not conclusive regarding the hypothesis, since differences in recovery observed for this species in the different light treatments, in general, were not significant.

Orientador: Rafael Silva Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:59:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eller_CleitonBreder_M.pdf: 21288842 bytes, checksum: a40ec901911bfd6ea80a8976e0a4dd1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Florestas nebulares são ecossistemas importantes devido a sua alta biodiversidade, alta taxa de endemismo e funções ecossistêmicas. Plantas de florestas nebulares são constantemente expostas a eventos de neblina, entretanto as consequências ecofisiológicas dessa interação entre vegetação e neblina ainda não estão completamente elucidadas. Em nosso estudo pretendemos investigar como eventos de neblina influenciam as relações hídricas de Drimys brasiliensis, mediante a avaliação das respostas do fluxo de seiva do xilema das plantas em condições de campo e casa de vegetação. Nós também avaliamos as consequências ecofisiológicas da neblina sob condições de escassez de água no solo em experimentos com plantas em casa de vegetação. D. brasiliensis apresentou reversões no fluxo de seiva de alta magnitude (de até 26% da taxa transpiratória diurna máxima) no tronco e na raiz durante eventos de neblina. A frequência e magnitude dos fluxos reversos foram influenciadas pelo conteúdo volumétrico de água no solo. Durante o experimento em casa de vegetação, nebulizações noturnas mantiveram a água no solo e o potencial hídrico das plantas constantes ao longo do experimento mesmo sem irrigação no solo. As plantas nebulizadas também apresentaram maiores taxas de assimilação de carbono, condutância estomática e sobrevivência do que plantas que não foram nebulizadas, embora não tenhamos observado diferenças em taxas de crescimento entre os tratamentos. Nossos resultados sugerem que eventos de neblina são importantes para manutenção do desempenho ecofisiológico e sobrevivência de D. brasiliensis durante períodos de seca. Essa importância pode ser atribuída à capacidade de D. brasiliensis de usar a água da neblina não apenas para reidratar seus tecidos, mas também redistribuindo a água para a rizosfera. Esse processo de redistribuição pode ser importante em ecossistemas frequentemente expostos à neblina, porém mais estudos são necessários para avaliar sua ocorrência em outras espécies, assim como suas consequências ecológicas / Abstract: Cloud forests are considered important ecosystems due to its high biodiversity, endemism levels and ecosystem functions. Cloud forests vegetation is often subjected to fog, however the physiological processes that determines how the vegetation interacts with the fog are still not clearly understood. In this study we investigate how fog events can affect the water relations of Drimys brasiliensis, focusing on the xylem sap flow dynamics in plants at field and greenhouse conditions. We also evaluate the ecophysiological importance of fog during drought periods with greenhouse experiments. D. brasiliensis showed high magnitude reversals of sap flow (up to 26% of the maximum diurnal sap flow rate) on the roots and stem during fog events. The frequency and magnitude of reversals were influenced by the soil volumetric water content. During the greenhouse experiment overnight nebulizations led to maintenance in the soil volumetric water content and plant water status. The fogged plants also showed higher assimilation rates, stomatal conductance and survivability than plants that were not subjected to fog, however we didn't found any difference in the growth rates between the treatments. Our result suggests that fog is important to the maintenance of ecophysiological performance and survival of D. brasiliensis during drought periods. This importance may be attributed to D. brasiliensis capacity to use fog water to rehydrate its tissues and also redistribute the water all the way to the rizosphere. This hydraulic redistribution process can be important in ecosystems subjected to frequent fog events; however more studies are necessary to evaluate the occurrence of this process in other species and its ecological consequences / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Le manguier (Mangifera indica L.), cinquième production fruitière mondiale, est une espèce à production irrégulière. L’irrégularité de production a des retombées économiques marquées pour tous les acteurs de la filière fruitière. Il apparait donc important de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui déclenchent et entretiennent ce phénomène d’irrégularité de production. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter un regard nouveau sur l’irrégularité de production du manguier en mobilisant le concept des coûts de la reproduction. Cette étude est effectuée à plusieurs échelles spatiales, unité de croissance (UC), branche charpentière, arbre, et de manière dynamique sur quatre cultivars. Les résultats montrent un effet négatif, ou coût, de la reproduction sur la croissance végétative au cycle suivant, avec des comportements contrastés des cultivars en lien avec leur irrégularité de production. En particulier, un effort reproducteur important diminue la probabilité de débourrement végétatif des UCs porteuses. Le second objectif est d’étudier, chez deux cultivars et à l’échelle de l’UC, les modifications anatomiques et hydrauliques liées à la croissance du fruit, et des mécanismes trophiques et hormonaux contribuant à cet effet négatif de la reproduction sur le débourrement végétatif. Les résultats montrent que la reproduction entraîne une différenciation du cambium de l’UC porteuse principalement en phloème. Les inflorescences et les fruits diffusent de l’auxine qui inhibe le démarrage végétatif des UCs reproductrices. Les fruits en croissance mobilisent les réserves en amidon de l’UC porteuse. Les faibles teneurs en amidon de ces UCs pendant et après la récolte contribuent à réduire leur probabilité de débourrement végétatif, et/ou à le retarder lorsqu’il a lieu. Les résultats diffèrent entre les deux cultivars, et l’implication de ces mécanismes dans l’irrégularité de production est discutée. Nos résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les facteurs qui entretiennent l’irrégularité ou l’alternance de production de différents cultivars de manguiers. De façon appliquée, ils suggèrent que des techniques de taille adaptées à chaque cultivar et nature d’UC pourraient permettre d’obtenir une production plus régulière chaque année. / The mango tree (Mangifera indica), the fifth fruit crop production in the world, is characterized by an irregular bearing pattern. Irregular bearing is responsible for economic difficulties for producers and for all actors along the fruit industry chain. A better understanding of mechanisms which trigger and maintain irregular bearing is therefore necessary. The first objective of this study is to provide a new perspective on irregular bearing of the mango tree using a concept developed in ecology and evolutionary biology, the costs of reproduction. The experiment was carried out dynamically at several spatial scales, growth unit (GU), scaffold branch, tree, and on four cultivars. Results show a negative effect, or cost, of reproduction on vegetative growth during the following cycle, with cultivar-specific behaviors related to their bearing pattern. In particular, an important reproductive effort reduces the probability of vegetative burst of the bearing GUs. The second objective is to study, for two cultivars and at the GU scale, the anatomical changes of the bearing axis during fruit growth, and hormonal and trophic mechanisms involved in the negative effects of reproduction on vegetative bud outgrowth. Results show that reproduction leads to cambium differentiation mainly in phloem, favoring nutrients and water supply to the fruit. Inflorescences and growing fruits release auxin, contributing to vegetative bud burst inhibition on fruiting GUs. Growing fruits mobilize starch reserves of bearing GUs. Their low starch content at and after harvest contributes to decrease their probability of vegetative burst, and/or delay it when it occurs. The results reveal a strong cultivar effect, and the involvement of these mechanisms in irregular bearing is discussed. Our results allow to better understand the factors maintaining irregular or alternate bearing of different mango cultivars. From a practical perspective, they suggest that pruning techniques adapted to each cultivar and GU fate may contribute to more regular production each year.

Understanding the mechanisms and adaptations that allow only certain species to thrive in the potentially stressful foredune environment requires a knowledge of the basic ecophysiology of foredune species. Ecophysiological measurements were conducted on the foredune pioneer species Arctotheca populifolia (Berg.) Norl., Ipomoea pes-caprae(L.) R. Br. and Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl. and showed significant differences among species with respect to the physiology associated with biomass production, water and nutrient relations. Differences related to CO₂ assimilation included differences in photosynthetic and respiratory rates, susceptibility to light stress and leaf and stem non-structural carbohydrate concentrations. These resulted in differences in primary production rates of shoots. Mechanisms leading to the differences in CO₂ assimilation among species included differences in stomatal behaviour, carboxylation efficiencies, efficiencies of utilisation of incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and rates of ribulose-1,6-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration. Correlated with differences in photosynthetic capacity were differences in chlorophyll contents but not differences in leaf nitrogen content. Differences in interspecific stomatal behaviour resulted in significantly different transpiration rates which in combination with differences in assimilation rates resulted in differences in water-use efficiency. The absolute amounts of water transpired, although significantly different among species, were moderate to high in comparison with species from other ecosystems and were typical of mesophytes. Transpiration rates in combination with plant hydraulic conductances and soil water availability resulted in leaf water potentials that were not very negative and none of the investigated species showed evidence of osmotic adjustment. The volume of water transpired by each of the species per unit land surface area was estimated from the relationship between abiotic factors and plant water loss. These relationships varied among species and had varying degrees of predictability as a result of differences in stomatal behaviour between the three species. The water requirements of A. populifolia and S. plumieri were adequately met by the water supplied by rainfall and the water stored in the dune sands. It was therefore not necessary to invoke the utilisation of ground water or the process of internal dew formation to supply sufficient water to meet the requirements. However, I. pes-caprae despite its lower transpiration rates and due to its higher biomass, lost greater volumes of water per unit dune surface area than either A. populifolia or S. plumieri. This resulted in periods of potential water limitation for I. pes-caprae. Incident light was the most important determinant of leaf photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation and transpiration, particularly as a linear relationship between incident PPFD and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) could be demonstrated. Whole plant photosynthetic production by S. plumieri was shown to be light limited as a result of mutual shading despite high incident and reflected PPFD occurring in the foredune environment. The leaf hair-layer of A. populifolia was shown to be important in reducing transmitted UV and hence reducing photoinhibition but it also caused reduced transpiration rates because of the thicker boundary layer and thus increased leaf temperatures. The nutrient content of above-ground plant parts of the investigated species were typical of higher plants despite the low nutrient content measured for the dune soils. With the possible exception of nitrogen the nutrient demand created by above-ground production was adequately met by the supply of nutrients either from sand-water or from aquifer-water transpired by the plants. Differences in the volumes of water transpired, and hence the quantity of nutrients potentially taken up via the transpiration stream, resulted in interspecific differences in above-ground plant macronutrient content. The reallocation patterns of nutrients differed both between the various nutrients measured and interspecifically. Standing biomass and the density of plants per unit land area was low in comparison to that of other ecosystems and was different among investigated species. This may be important in maintaining the adequate supply of resources (water, nutrients and light). As a result of the interspecific differences in biomass when production was expressed per unit land surface area the resultant productivity was not dissimilar among species. Productivity was high when comparisons were made with species from other ecosystems. No single resource (water, nutrients or light) could be identified as the controlling factor in the foredune environment and a combination of both resource stress and environmental disturbance are likely to be involved. Physiology, production, growth and growth characteristics conveyed certain adaptive advantages to these species in respect to both resource stress and environmental disturbance. Interspecific differences in these adaptations can be used to offer explanations for the observed microhabitat preferences of the three investigated species. Furthermore features common to all three species offer some explanations as to why these species and not others are able to inhabit the foredunes.

L’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau (WUE), rapport entre la biomasse produite et l’eau consommée, est un trait essentiel à étudier en agronomie pour améliorer la production des cultures soumises à la sécheresse. Cependant, mesurer l’eau consommée par un couvert végétal est difficile à réaliser. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse est de répondre à trois principales questions : (i) peut-on déterminer WUE en utilisant la discrimination isotopique du carbone (CID) facile à mesurer? (ii) comment l’analyse de la variabilité de WUE et CID peut contribuer à sélectionner des génotypes de tournesol soumis à la sécheresse? (iii) et les variations de WUE peuvent-elles être révélées par les variations de relations hydriques? Quatre expériences ont été conduites en serre pendant deux années : (i) avec deux scenario de sécheresse, l’une progressive, l’autre stable, et (ii) avec cinq niveaux de contenu en eau du sol stables. Les principaux traits mesurés sont WUE, CID et d’autres traits représentant les relations hydriques tels que le contrôle de la transpiration (FTSWt), la capacité d’extraction de l’eau (TTSW) et la tolérance à la déshydratation (OA). Une forte corrélation négative a été mise en évidence entre WUE et CID. Une large variabilité a également été observée pour FTSWt, TTSW et OA. Ces résultats permettent de connaitre le contrôle génétique de WUE et CID, ainsi que des traits associés, lesquels n’ont jamais été relatés dans la littérature. De plus, l’analyse QTL pour FTSWt n’a pas non plus été réalisée, chez aucune plante. Des QTL pour WUE et CID ont été identifiés pour différents scenario de sécheresse. Les QTL pour CID sont considérés comme ‘constitutifs’, parce qu’ils sont détectés dans les différents scenarios. Les QTL pour CID co-localisent avec ceux pour WUE, pour la biomasse et pour la transpiration cumulée. Des co-localisations de QTL ont également été observées entre FTSWt et TTSW, entre TTSW et WUE-CID-Biomasse, et entre FTSWt-TTSW et Biomasse. Cette étude met en évidence que WUE est physiologiquement et génétiquement associée à CID. De plus, CID représente un excellent substitue à la mesure de WUE et permet d’améliorer l’efficience d’utilisation de l’eau par sélection assistée par marqueurs. / Water use efficiency (WUE), measured as the ratio of plant biomass to water consumption, is an essential agronomical trait for enhancing crop production under drought. Measuring water consumption is logistically difficult, especially in field conditions. The general objective of the present Thesis is to respond to three main questions: (i) can WUE be determined by using carbon isotope discrimination (CID), easy to measure?, (ii) how WUE and CID variation analysis can contribute to the genotypic selection of sunflower subjected to drought?, and (iii) can WUE variation be revealed by the variation of plant-water relation traits. Four experiments were carried out in greenhouse across two different years: (i) on two drought scenarios, progressive soil drying and stable water-stress, and (ii) on five levels of soil water content. The main traits that have been measured include WUE, CID, as well as plant-water relation traits, i.e. control of transpiration (FTSWt), water extraction capacity (TTSW), and dehydration tolerance (OA). A highly significant negative correlation was observed between WUE and CID, and a wide phenotypic variability was observed for both WUE and CID. A wide variability was also observed for FTSWt, TTSW and OA. The results provide new insight into the genetic control of WUE and CID related-traits, which, unlike to other crops, genetic control of WUE, CID, and TTSW in sunflower have never been reported in the literature. Further, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for FTSWt was never reported in any plant species. The QTL for WUE and CID were identified across different drought scenarios. The QTL for CID is considered as a ‘‘constitutive’’ QTL, because it is consistently detected across different drought scenarios. The QTL for CID co-localized with the QTL for WUE, biomass and cumulative water transpired. Co-localization was also observed between the QTL for FTSWt and TTSW, between the QTL for TTSW and WUE-CID-biomass, as well as between the QTL for FTSWt-TTSW and biomass. This study highlights that WUE is physiologically and genetically associated with CID. CID is an excellent surrogate for WUE measurement, and can be used to improve WUE by using marker-assisted selection (MAS) to achieve the ultimate goal of plant breeding at genomic level.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-27T12:03:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_SilviaPereira..pdf: 1700069 bytes, checksum: de95e5af421e528465694aadb5cdee58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-27T12:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação_SilviaPereira..pdf: 1700069 bytes, checksum: de95e5af421e528465694aadb5cdee58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / CAPES / Adaptações e mecanismos de tolerância à seca são fatores fundamentais para a sobrevivência das espécies vegetais de clima árido ou semiárido. É devido a adaptações como área foliar, profundidade de raízes, manutenção do status hídrico, espessura da cutícula e densidade estomática que tais espécies obtêm sucesso neste ambiente. Contudo, diante das mudanças climáticas há a necessidade de avaliação da eficiência desses mecanismos diante de uma condição ainda mais limitante. Dessa forma, nosso objetivo foi analisar os principais mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerância a seca de Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J.Presl., uma espécie lenhosa e sempre verde de uma floresta tropical sazonalmente seca, avaliando de que forma a cera epicuticular (CE) das folhas dessa espécie são eficientes diante das condições do seminário em diferentes épocas do ano. O trabalho foi realizado em três períodos (julho de 2014, dezembro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015), ao longo de um dia em uma área de Caatinga, utilizando folhas intactas e com parte da CE removida mecanicamente. Foi calculado o balanço hídrico do solo e mensurado o potencial hídrico foliar, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a, bioquímica e anatomia foliar. Foi observado que C. flexuosa reduz seu potencial hídrico foliar nos horários mais quentes, sendo uma espécie anisohídrica, capaz de manter sua condutância estomática mesmo diante de um balanço hídrico negativo do solo em todos os períodos de avaliação. A concentração da CE foi maior no mês de fevereiro e seu principal componente foram as cadeias de n-alcanos, compostos muito eficientes em manter a impermeabilidade da cutícula e proteger as folhas. O desempenho fotossintético não mostrou alterações ao longo do dia em folhas que tiveram a CE removida, além da manutenção do metabolismo bioquímico, com poucas variações nos diferentes períodos avaliados. Diante disso, C. flexuosa possui eficientes mecanismos de adaptação à seca, podendo suportar ambientes ainda mais limitantes, como o previsto para as próximas décadas devido às mudanças climáticas. / Adaptations and drought tolerance mechanisms are key factors for the survival of plant species in arid or semi-arid climate. It is due to adaptations such as leaf area, depth of roots, maintenance of water status, cuticle thickness and stomatal density these species succeed in this environment. However, given the climate change there is a need of efficiency evaluation of these mechanisms before a further limiting condition. Therefore, our objective was to analyze the main physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance of Cynophalla flexuosa (L.) J.Presl., a woody and evergreen specie in a seasonally dry tropical forest, assessing how the leaves epicuticular wax (EW) of this species are efficient before the semiarid conditions in different seasons. The study was conducted in three periods (July 2014, December 2014 and February 2015), throughout the one day in an area of Caatinga, using intact leaves and the EW removed mechanically. We calculated the the hydric balance of the soil and measured leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, biochemistry and leaf anatomy. It was observed that C. flexuosa reduces its leaf water potential at the hottest times, one anisohydric species, able to maintain its stomatal conductance in the face of a negative soil water balance in all evaluation periods, which reduced its xylem potential. The concentration of EW was higher in the month of February and its main component was n-alkane chains, very efficient compounds in maintaining a waterproof cuticle and protect the leaves. The photosynthetic performance showed no change throughout the day in leaves that had the EW removed, as well as maintenance the biochemical metabolism, with few variations in different periods. Therefore, C. flexuosa has efficient mechanisms of adaptation to drought and can withstand even more limiting environments, as predicted in the coming decades due to climate change.