abstract: Constructed treatment wetlands (CTW) have been a cost-efficient technological solution to treat different types of wastewater but may also be sources of emitters of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Thus, my objective for this dissertation was to investigate CH4 and N2O fluxes via multiple pathways from the Tres Rios CTW located in Phoenix, AZ, USA. I measured gas fluxes from the CTW along a whole-system gradient (from inflow to outflow) and a within-marsh gradient (shoreline, middle, and open water sites). I found higher diffusive CH4 release in the summer compared to spring and winter seasons. Along the whole-system gradient, I found greater CH4 and N2O emission fluxes near the inflow compared to near the outflow. Within the vegetated marsh, I found greater CH4 emission fluxes at the vegetated marsh subsites compared to the open water. In contrast, N2O emissions were greater at the marsh-open water locations compared to interior marsh. To study the plant-mediated pathway, I constructed small gas chambers fitted to Typha spp. leaves. I found plant-mediated CH4 fluxes were greater near the outflow than near the inflow and that CH4 fluxes were higher from lower sections of plants compared to higher sections. Overall, Typha spp. emitted a mean annual daily flux rate of 358.23 mg CH4 m-2 d-1. Third, using a 30-day mesocosm experiment I studied the effects of three different drydown treatments (2, 7, 14 days) on the fluxes of CH4 and N2O from flooded CTW soils. I found that CH4 fluxes were not significantly affected by soil drydown events. Soils that were dry for 7 days shifted from being N2O sources to sinks upon inundation. As a result, the 7-day drydown soils were sinks while the 14-day drydown soils showed significant N2O release. My results emphasize the importance of studying ecological processes in CTWs to improve their design and management strategies so we can better mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

abstract: Adaptation and transformation have emerged as a key themes for human-environment research, especially in the context of rapid social-ecological changes. The 2008 global financial crisis constitutes a major driver of change with social-ecological ramifications that have yet to be fully explored. Using Greece, the poster child of the euro-crisis as a case-study, this dissertation examines how adaptive capacity is mobilized and even enhanced in times of crisis, paying particular attention to the role played by natural capital. To do so, I focus on the back-to-land trend whereby urbanites seek to engage in food production post-crisis (2008-onwards). In-depth qualitative analysis of back-to-landers’ motivations, experiences, and challenges is integrated with quantitative data about household demographics, incomes and assets, and land management characteristics. The dissertation is organized in three main result papers (chapters). The first seeks to understand why people turn to the land in times of crisis, and the role played by agency. The second analyzes the various assets that people mobilize in order to go back to the land, paying particular attention to the different mobilities necessary for their livelihood transformation. The third examines environmental safety nets in terms of material and non-material benefits that ecosystems provide to people. This research contributes to a wider social-ecological scholarship that seeks to understand how people adapt and transform when confronted with crises, focusing on how land and associated ecosystem services contribute to the resilience of these households, and the role played by agency in this process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2018

A expansão da fronteira agrícola leva à perda e à fragmentação do habitat natural, sendo estas as principais causas da perda de biodiversidade e de suas funções ecossistêmicas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar de que maneira as modificações na paisagem e na complexidade estrutural da vegetação se relacionam à diversidade funcional (DF) de aves em paisagens agrícolas. Foram realizados levantamentos em 20 fragmentos de floresta secundária, utilizando-se o método de ponto de escuta, totalizando 95 pontos amostrados por 10 minutos cada em três campanhas mensais. Foi calculada a riqueza funcional (FRic) das assembleias e a abundância de 14 grupos funcionais (GF), as quais por sua vez foram relacionadas à quatro atributos de estrutura e dinâmica da paisagem (conectividade, área total, proporção de área core e idade dos fragmentos) que compõem a abordagem de Potencial de Prestação de Serviços Ecossistêmicos (PPSE) proposta por Ferraz et al. (2014) para atribuir valores desse potencial a fragmentos em paisagens agrícolas. A FRic e abundância de GF foram relacionadas também à complexidade estrutural dos fragmentos (CEF), aqui estimada através da riqueza, densidade e área basal de indivíduos arbóreos registrados em parcelas de 900m2 em 12 dos 20 fragmentos estudados. Tais parâmetros de CEF foram submetidos a uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), a partir da qual foram utilizadas as quatro primeiras componentes para as análises. As relações entre a DF de aves e atributos da paisagem e de CEF foram avaliadas por meio da seleção de Modelos Lineares Generalizados (GLM) e Modelos Aditivos Generalizados (GAM), utilizando-se para tal o Critério de Informação de Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc), onde modelos com ΔAICc 0,1 foram considerados os mais plausíveis. FRic relacionou-se positivamente e de modo não linear à combinação de área e conectividade, onde fragmentos com tamanhos inferiores a 60-70 hectares e com distâncias superiores a 170 metros tiveram grande redução em seus valores. A presença de um sub-bosque desenvolvido também foi um fator importante para a promoção de uma maior FRic. GFs responderam diferentemente aos atributos de paisagem e de CEF, sendo que grupos de nectarívoros, granívoros, frugívoros e onívoros tolerantes à perturbação apresentaram, em sua maioria, relação negativa, enquanto frugívoros e insetívoros menos tolerantes e associados a microhabitats específicos responderam positivamente. Ainda, a maior parte dos GFs responderam à CEF e não aos atributos de paisagem, mostrando que parâmetros mais específicos das assembleias devem ser avaliados em uma escala ambiental também mais refinada. Tais resultados podem servir como diretrizes em políticas públicas para a manutenção de paisagens agrícolas funcionalmente diversas no que diz respeito às funções promovidas pela avifauna. Além disso, sugere-se que a abordagem de PPSE considere apenas área total e conectividade para ser utilizada também como um indicador da DF de aves em paisagens agrícolas. / The expansion of agricultural frontier leads to fragmentation and habitat loss, which are the main causes of biodiversity loss and its ecosystem functions. Therefore, the main goal of this work was evaluate how changes in landscape attributes and structural compexity of vegetation promoted by this expansion affect functional diversity (DF) of birds in agricultural landscapes. For this, surveys were carried out on 20 fragments of secondary forest, using the point-count method, totaling 95 points sampled for 10 minutes each in three monthly visits. Functional Richness (FRic) of recorded assemblages and the abundance of 14 functional groups (GF) were calculated, which in turn were related to four attributes of landscape structure and dynamics (connectivity, total area, core area ratio and age of fragments) that compose the Ecosystem Services Provisioning Potential (PPSE) approach proposed by Ferraz et al. (2014) to attribute values of this potential to fragments immersed in agricultural landscapes. In addition to these attributes, Fric and abundance of GF were also related to the structural complexity of the fragments (CEF), estimated here by richness, density and basal area of arboreal individuals recorded in 900m2 plots in 12 of the 20 fragments studied. These CEF parameters were summarized in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), from which the first four components were used in analysis. The relationship between the DF of birds and landscape and CEF attributes were evaluated through Generalized Linear Models (GLM) and Generalized Admixtive Models (GAM) models\' selection, using Akaike Information Criterion corrected for small samples (AICc), where models with ΔAICc 0.1 were considered the most plausible. FRic was positively and non-linearly related to the combination of area and connectivity, where fragments smaller than 60-70 hectares and distances greater than 170 meters had a great reduction in its values. A well-developed understory was also an important factor in achieving greater values of FRic. GFs responded differently to landscape and CEF attributes, with groups of nectarivores, granivores, frugivores and omnivores tolerant to the disturbance presenting a negative relationship, whereas frugivores and insectivores less tolerant and associated to specific microhabitats responded positively. Nevertheless, most GFs responded to CEF rather than landscape attributes, showing that more specific parameters of assemblages should be evaluated on a more refined environmental scale. Such results can serve as guidelines in public policies for the maintenance of functionally diverse agricultural landscapes with respect to the functions promoted by avifauna. In addition, it is proposed that the PPSE approach consider only total area and connectivity to be used as an indicator of birds\' DF in agricultural landscapes.

La coïncidence des services écosystémiques ainsi que la coïncidence entre 'hotspots' de servicesécosystémiques et 'hotspots' de biodiversité ont suscité un intérêt croissant dans les évaluations desservices écosystémiques. Les seuils utilisés dans ces analyses pour déterminer la présence desservices écosystémiques varient de façon importante mais les effets consécutifs à leur choix n'ontpas été envisagés. Nous proposons ici une analyse de l'effet du choix de ces seuils sur lacoïncidence entre services écosystémiques ainsi que sur la distribution des 'hotspots'. A partir d'uneétude de prairies des Alpes Centrales françaises, nous avons fait varié des seuils appliqués à troisservices écosystémiques (agronomique, de régulation et de valeur esthétique) de façon continue,puis considéré des triplets de valeurs-seuils représentant trois points de vue contrastés associés à despoints de vue d'acteurs. Ces seuils sont interprétés comme une importance accordée par chaqueacteur à chaque service écosystémique.La coïncidence entre services écosystémiques dépend de la détermination de seuils de présence.L'étendue des 'hotspots' de services écosystémiques et leur coïncidence avec les 'hotspots' debiodiversité varient largement selon les points de vue. Les coldspots ne sont jamais superposés avecles zones d'intérêt pour la biodiversité dans cette étude, quel que soit le point de vue envisagé.L'analyse de superposition s'est révélée moins informative que le test de diagnostic de la capacitéindividuelle des services écosystémiques à capturer la distribution des autres services. La valeuragronomique capturait peu les autres services écosystémiques. La biodiversité était bien capturéepar les valeurs esthétiques et de régulation, mais faiblement par les ‘hotspots’ de services.Cette analyse souligne l'importance de considérer les attentes variables des teneurs d'enjeux dans lesévaluations de 'hotspots' de services écosystémiques. / The consequences of land use change and the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity and thefunctioning of ecosystems have received a growing attention since the end of the 20th century.Among other frameworks, some authors have called for an 'ecological intensification' of agriculture,defined as “all the processes of transformation of productive ecosystems towards higher yieldsproduced with reduced forcing of the agro-ecosytems”, with strong emphasis on the better uses ofecosystems functioning and services as inputs to production (Griffon 2009).This study aimed at disentangling the relations between ecosystem processes and ecosystemservices by quantifying the relative contributions of soil, management and plant communities to thevariations of seven relevant ecosystem properties associated with key grassland ecosystem services:above-ground biomass production at first harvest (ABM), fodder digestibility, plant speciesrichness, soil organic matter content (SOM), soil carbon content, total microbial biomass (TMB),and soil bacteria:fungi ratio (BFR), on a permanent grassland-dominated plateau in the French pre-Alps.Soil, management and plant communities showed complementary and confounded effects to thevariations of the set of ecosystem properties, and underpinned the bundling of ecosystem servicesand the tradeoffs among them. The bundling of ecosystem properties highlighted the trade-offbetween digestibility, the B:F ratio, and biomass production on the one hand, and species richnesson the other hand, associated with a gradient in LDMC confirming the relevance of the leafeconomics spectrum theory to analyses of ecosystem service trade-offs. The date of use showedsignificant effects on the variations of the set of ecosystem properties indicating the influence offine management factors on the provision of ecosystem services.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:58:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_v_me_jabo.pdf: 1888989 bytes, checksum: 65cff8d303405177db46baa69842eb27 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Usina Acucareira Corona / O crescimento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, frente à demanda global por energia renovável, provoca preocupações quanto à sua sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer uma visão sistêmica do processo agroindustrial da cana-de-açúcar, do ponto de vista dos ciclos biogeoquímicos com a reciclagem de resíduos e efluentes. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram elaborados modelos conceituais e numéricos, apresentando conceitos de ruptura e regeneração de ciclos, sustentabilidade cruzada, equação de configuração do canavial e coeficiente de uso cultural da terra. Foi elaborado um modelo das vias e de estratégias de uso de resíduos e efluentes para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, nos diversos compartimentos do processo de produção. Fez-se uma abordagem sobre metais pesados. Foram formulados e discutidos alguns indicadores: índice de adubação (IA), índice de retorno (IR) e índice de emissão (IE), que permitiram uma análise da circulação de nutrientes e da sustentabilidade. No cenário analisado para validação do modelo, concluiu-se que as quantidades de potássio, cálcio e magnésio em circulação foram suficientes para a adubação da cultura, enquanto o nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre emitidos foram insuficientes, exigindo adubações complementares. Concluiu-se que a moderna agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar apresenta-se conceitualmente muito favorável à sustentabilidade, e ainda exige melhorias para a efetividade desses conceitos. A verticalização da produção, mesmo em monocultivo, pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de um equilíbrio de manejo favorável à sustentabilidade. / The expansion of the sugarcane culture, up against global demand for renewable energy, provokes concerns as for its sustainability. In this context, the objective of this work was to offer a systemic view of the sugarcane agro-industrial process, from the point of view of the biogeochemical cycles with the effluent and residues recycling. For the development of the work conceptual and numerical models were elaborated, showing concepts of rupture and regeneration of cycles, crossed sustainability, cane field configuration equation and cultural land use coefficient. A model of the logistics and use strategies of effluent and residues for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S was elaborated, in the several compartments of the production process. An approach about heavy metals was made. Some indicators were formulated and discussed: fertilization index (IA), return index (IR) and emission index (IE), which allowed an analysis of the sustainability and nutrients circulation. In the scenario analyzed for the model validation, it was concluded, one concludes that the amount of potassium, calcium and magnesium in circulation were sufficient for the fertilization of the culture, while the nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur emitted were insufficient, requiring complementary fertilizations. It was concluded that the modern sugarcane agro-industry is conceptually very favorable to the sustainability, and still demands improvements for the effectiveness of these concepts. The verticalization of the production, even in monoculture, can contribute to the establishment of a handling balance favorable to the sustainability.

Submitted by KEILA CÁSSIA SANTOS ARAÚJO null (keilacaraujo@hotmail.com) on 2016-06-01T18:21:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KEILA_TESE_DEFINITIVA_PDF.pdf: 42830949 bytes, checksum: 2119cf312f3fac7a768974d4a27c0220 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-02T16:19:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_kcs_dr_rcla.pdf: 42841455 bytes, checksum: a3909dde61766e2dcbd3e6588af62c6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T16:19:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_kcs_dr_rcla.pdf: 42841455 bytes, checksum: a3909dde61766e2dcbd3e6588af62c6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em assentamentos rurais da reforma agrária paulista, localizados no município de Teodoro Sampaio, na porção oeste do estado de São Paulo, região denominada Pontal do Paranapanema. Essa região possui características peculiares, especialmente, devido ao histórico de devastação de florestas, grilagem, concentração de terras e luta de movimentos sociais do campo. Atualmente, a região conta com poucos fragmentos florestais, o pouco que restou da Grande Reserva do Pontal, que se constituem no Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, extensas áreas de monocultura da agroindústria canavieira e com muitos assentamentos rurais. Partindo dessa realidade, objetivou-se compreender e analisar a multifuncionalidade da paisagem rural, nas áreas dos assentamentos rurais, no entorno da unidade de conservação Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo e da usina de cana Alcídia. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, utilizando-se da aplicação de questionários semiestruturados e de entrevistas, dentre outras ferramentas e técnicas metodológicas. Os questionários foram formados por blocos fechados, com questões relacionadas às expressões da multifuncionalidade concernentes à preservação dos recursos naturais e da paisagem rural, à reprodução socioeconômica das famílias, à segurança alimentar e à manutenção do tecido social. Buscou-se compreender, por meio de entrevistas, as percepções e interpretações dos assentados e de outros entrevistados do IPÊ e ITESP a respeito das transformações e impactos na paisagem ao longo de suas vivências, conhecimento e utilização de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis no local, assistência técnica e extensão rural, as relações dos assentados com a unidade de conservação e a usina de cana-de-açúcar, o entendimento sobre as funções e serviços ecossistêmicos provenientes do PEMD, modos de valoração da paisagem, mudanças e permanências no local e ainda questões referentes ao processo de luta pela conquista da terra. Os resultados foram apresentados em gráficos, seguidos das falas dos agricultores e demais entrevistados com os relatos sobre a percepção destes relacionados à paisagem rural. Verificou-se que os assentamentos rurais abrangem as quatro expressões da multifuncionalidade, no tocante à preservação dos recursos naturais, segurança alimentar, reprodução socioeconômica e manutenção do tecido social. No entanto, essas expressões se apresentaram de maneira diferenciada nas áreas avaliadas, sendo mais evidentes e efetivas no entorno do Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo. / The research was conducted in rural settlements of São Paulo agrarian reform, in the municipality of Teodoro Sampaio, in the western portion of the state of São Paulo, Pontal do Paranapanema region called. This region has unique characteristics, especially due to the historical devastation of forests, land grabbing, land concentration and struggle of social movements. Currently, the region has few forest fragments, what little was left of the Grande Reserva do Pontal, which constitute State Park Morro do Diabo, large areas of monoculture of sugar cane industry and many rural settlements. Based on this reality, the objective was to understand and analyze the multifunctionality of the countryside in the areas of rural settlements in the vicinity of the protected area Morro do Diabo State Park and usine of cane Alcídia. To collect data quantitative and qualitative approaches were used, using the application of semi-structured questionnaires and interviews, among other technical research and methodological techniques. Questionnaires were formed by closed blocks with issues related to expressions of multifunctionality concerning the conservation of natural resources and the countryside, socioeconomic reproduction of families, food security and maintaining the social fabric. He sought to understand through interviews perceptions and interpretations of the settlers and others interviewed the IPE and ITESP, about the changes and impacts on the landscape along their experiences, knowledge and use of sustainable agricultural practices in place, technical assistance and rural extension the relations of the settlers to the conservation unit and the sugar cane plant, the understanding of the ecosystem functions and services from PEMD, valuation modes of landscape changes and stays in place and still issues about the process of struggle for land. The results were presented in graphs, followed by speeches of farmers and other respondents to the reports on the perception of these related to the countryside. It was found that the rural settlements cover the four expressions of multifunctionality, concerning the preservation of natural resources, food security, socio-economic reproduction and maintenance of the social fabric. However, these expressions are presented differently in the evaluated areas, being more evident and effective in the vicinity of Morro do Diabo State Park.

Submitted by Aline Ferraz Gringo dos Santos null (aline.ferrazgs@gmail.com) on 2016-09-04T15:57:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_afg_ms_zoo.pdf: 9492830 bytes, checksum: e2b6f1c5cd61392fb8ecf7c20e56cef6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-06T19:13:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_afg_me_bot.pdf: 9492830 bytes, checksum: e2b6f1c5cd61392fb8ecf7c20e56cef6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T19:13:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_afg_me_bot.pdf: 9492830 bytes, checksum: e2b6f1c5cd61392fb8ecf7c20e56cef6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / A urbanização altera a composição e a diversidade das comunidades bióticas, por esse motivo pesquisas ecológicas têm sido realizadas nas cidades com o objetivo de reconhecer seus impactos. As aves, consideradas bioindicadores, têm sido intensamente estudadas em áreas urbanas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a riqueza e a abundância da avifauna na área urbana de Bauru (SP), bem como verificar como diferentes coberturas vegetais podem interferir na comunidade de aves. A avifauna foi amostrada entre dezembro de 2014 e novembro de 2015 em quatro áreas, sendo três condomínios residenciais e um campus universitário. As observações ocorreram mensalmente em cada uma das áreas, sendo uma hora no período matutino e uma hora no período vespertino. O método utilizado foi o transecto linear com duração de 60 minutos, totalizando 96 horas de observação. Em todas as áreas foi realizada a caracterização da cobertura vegetal arbórea como número de espécies e de indivíduos utilizando amostras de vegetação paralelas aos transectos. Foi observado que a riqueza de aves aumentou com a riqueza da vegetação. Além disso, as áreas mais urbanizadas e com menor diversidade vegetal estiveram relacionadas com alta abundancia e poucas espécies de aves. Sugerindo que uma maior riqueza da cobertura arbórea, mesmo em áreas centrais das cidades, pode auxiliar na presença da avifauna. / Urbanization alters the composition and diversity of biotic community, therefore ecological research has been conducted in the cities in order to recognize its impacts. The birds, considered bioindicators, have been intensively studied in urban areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the richness and abundance of avifauna in the urban area of Bauru, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil, as well as verify how different vegetation covers may interfere with the bird community. The avifauna was sampled between December 2014 and November 2015 in four areas: three residential condominiums and a university campus. The observations were monthly held in each of the areas, one hour in the morning and one hour in the afternoon. The method used was linear transect with a duration of 60 minutes, totaling 96 hours of observation. In all areas, it was carried out the characterization of arboreal vegetation cover, as for the number of species and individuals, using parallel vegetation samples to transects. It was observed that the richness of birds increased with the richness of vegetation. In addition, more urbanized areas and with less plant diversity were related to high abundance and a few species of birds. Suggesting that the richness of arboreal covering, even in central areas of cities, may assist in the presence of avifauna.

Les enjeux liés à la conservation des gobies amphidromes à La Réunion, sont de nature écologique mais également socio-économique. Les deux espèces concernées, Sicyopterus lagocephalus et Cotylopus acutipinnis contribuent fortement à la diversité faunistique des rivières, en plus d’être la cible d’une pêche traditionnelle à forte valeur économique et patrimoniale. La pêche des « bichiques » fait localement référence aux deux espèces que l’on capture à l’état de post-larve lorsqu’elles entament leur recrutement dans les rivières. Dans un contexte où l’affaiblissement du recrutement larvaire est manifeste, cette thèse s’attache à décrire les enjeux qui gravitent autour de cette ressource, à travers l’étude de la variabilité du recrutement et de ses répercussions sur le socio-écosystème. Les résultats s’appuient sur la collecte de données écologiques et la réalisation d’une enquête auprès des acteurs de la pêche, entre octobre 2014 et février 2016. L’étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle des traits d’histoire de vie des post-larves au recrutement révèle que les rivières de l’est, pourraient être des « secteurs sources » essentiels au maintien des populations de Gobbidae. L’analyse des entretiens révèle que la pêche depuis qu’elle s’est organisée en filière informelle, a fortement contribué à l’affaiblissement du recrutement et s’enlise désormais dans des conflits pour le partage de l’eau et de la ressource, au détriment de l’environnement et des pratiques traditionnelles. Les services de l’Etat qui ont entamé une démarche de régularisation de l’activité depuis 2012, sont dans un processus de coopération avec les pêcheurs qui se voit menacé par le braconnage. L’analyse croisée des connaissances acquises dans les deux volets de cette thèse, nous a permis de schématiser le socio-écosystème dans lequel s’insère le bichique et de communiquer sur le besoin de gérer les diverses pressions anthropiques à l’échelle des bassins versants, afin de préserver la fourniture durable de services écosystémiques dont dépend l’Homme. / The issues related to the conservation of amphidromous gobies in Reunion Island are ecological but also socio-economic. The two species concerned, Sicyopterus lagocephalus and Cotylopus acutipinnis, contribute greatly to the faunistic diversity of the rivers, in addition to being the target of a traditional fishery of high economic and patrimonial value. The "bichic" fishery locally refers to the two species that are caught at the post-larva stage when they start recruiting in the rivers. In a context where the decline in larval recruitment is evident, this thesis attempts to describe the issues surrounding this resource through the study of recruitment variability and its impact on the socio-ecosystem. The results are based on the collection of ecological data and the completion of a survey of fishery stakeholders between October 2014 and February 2016. The study of the spatial and temporal variability of post-larval life history traits at recruitment reveals that the eastern rivers could be "source sectors" essential to the conservation of Gobbidae populations. The analysis of the interviews reveals that the fishery since it was organized in the informal sector has contributed strongly to the weakening of recruitment and is now stuck in conflicts for the sharing of water and resources, to the detriment of the environment and traditional practices. The State services, which have initiated a process to regularize the activity since 2012, are in a process of cooperation with fishermen who are threatened by poaching. The cross-analysis of the knowledge acquired in the two parts of this thesis allowed us to outline the socio-ecosystem in which the bichic is inserted and to communicate the need to manage the various anthropogenic pressures at the watershed scale, in order to preserve the sustainable supply of ecosystem services on which man depends.

Orientador: Miguel Angelo Mutton / Banca: Ailto Antonio Casagrande / Banca: Rafaella Rossetto / Resumo: O crescimento da cultura da cana-de-açúcar, frente à demanda global por energia renovável, provoca preocupações quanto à sua sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer uma visão sistêmica do processo agroindustrial da cana-de-açúcar, do ponto de vista dos ciclos biogeoquímicos com a reciclagem de resíduos e efluentes. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram elaborados modelos conceituais e numéricos, apresentando conceitos de ruptura e regeneração de ciclos, sustentabilidade cruzada, equação de configuração do canavial e coeficiente de uso cultural da terra. Foi elaborado um modelo das vias e de estratégias de uso de resíduos e efluentes para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, nos diversos compartimentos do processo de produção. Fez-se uma abordagem sobre metais pesados. Foram formulados e discutidos alguns indicadores: índice de adubação (IA), índice de retorno (IR) e índice de emissão (IE), que permitiram uma análise da circulação de nutrientes e da sustentabilidade. No cenário analisado para validação do modelo, concluiu-se que as quantidades de potássio, cálcio e magnésio em circulação foram suficientes para a adubação da cultura, enquanto o nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre emitidos foram insuficientes, exigindo adubações complementares. Concluiu-se que a moderna agroindústria da cana-de-açúcar apresenta-se conceitualmente muito favorável à sustentabilidade, e ainda exige melhorias para a efetividade desses conceitos. A verticalização da produção, mesmo em monocultivo, pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de um equilíbrio de manejo favorável à sustentabilidade. / Abstract: The expansion of the sugarcane culture, up against global demand for renewable energy, provokes concerns as for its sustainability. In this context, the objective of this work was to offer a systemic view of the sugarcane agro-industrial process, from the point of view of the biogeochemical cycles with the effluent and residues recycling. For the development of the work conceptual and numerical models were elaborated, showing concepts of rupture and regeneration of cycles, crossed sustainability, cane field configuration equation and cultural land use coefficient. A model of the logistics and use strategies of effluent and residues for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S was elaborated, in the several compartments of the production process. An approach about heavy metals was made. Some indicators were formulated and discussed: fertilization index (IA), return index (IR) and emission index (IE), which allowed an analysis of the sustainability and nutrients circulation. In the scenario analyzed for the model validation, it was concluded, one concludes that the amount of potassium, calcium and magnesium in circulation were sufficient for the fertilization of the culture, while the nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur emitted were insufficient, requiring complementary fertilizations. It was concluded that the modern sugarcane agro-industry is conceptually very favorable to the sustainability, and still demands improvements for the effectiveness of these concepts. The verticalization of the production, even in monoculture, can contribute to the establishment of a handling balance favorable to the sustainability. / Mestre

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T23:18:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaDeMedeirosPires_DISSERT.pdf: 917109 bytes, checksum: 272238860ade20f735d3f852b26b43ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-18T20:01:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaDeMedeirosPires_DISSERT.pdf: 917109 bytes, checksum: 272238860ade20f735d3f852b26b43ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T20:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NataliaDeMedeirosPires_DISSERT.pdf: 917109 bytes, checksum: 272238860ade20f735d3f852b26b43ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / Beyond its importance in maintaining ecosystems, sharks provide services that play important socioeconomic roles. The rise in their exploitation as a tourism resource in recent years has highlighted economic potential of non-destructive uses of sharks and the extent of economic losses associated to declines in their population. In this work, we present estimates for use value of sharks in Fernando de Noronha Island - the only ecotouristic site offering shark diving experience in the Atlantic coast of South America. Through the Travel Cost Method we estimate the total touristic use value aggregated to Noronha Island by the travel cost was up to USD 312 million annually, of which USD 91.1 million are transferred to the local economy. Interviewing people from five different economic sectors, we show shark-diving contribute with USD 2.5 million per year to Noronha?s economy, representing 19% of the island?s GDP. Shark-diving provides USD 128.5 thousand of income to employed islanders, USD 72.6 thousand to government in taxes and USD 5.3 thousand to fishers due to the increase in fish consumption demanded by shark divers. We discover, though, that fishers who actually are still involved in shark fishing earn more by catching sharks than selling other fish for consumption by shark divers. We conclude, however, that the non-consumptive use of sharks is most likely to benefit large number of people by generating and money flow if compared to the shark fishing, providing economic arguments to promote the conservation of these species.