Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-31T00:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeGerhardtMazzochini_TESE.pdf: 3651293 bytes, checksum: b4d523ac7c4eb9bd986c602bece5e003 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-03T00:00:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeGerhardtMazzochini_TESE.pdf: 3651293 bytes, checksum: b4d523ac7c4eb9bd986c602bece5e003 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T00:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GuilhermeGerhardtMazzochini_TESE.pdf: 3651293 bytes, checksum: b4d523ac7c4eb9bd986c602bece5e003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 / O estudo dos efeitos que a diversidade de esp?cies pode causar nos processos ecossist?micos tem crescido vertiginosamente nas ?ltimas duas d?cadas. Diversos trabalhos experimentais realizados no mundo todo t?m demonstrado que uma maior diversidade de plantas contribui para o aumento da produtividade de ecossistemas terrestres. Al?m disso, esse efeito pode influenciar processos em diversos n?veis tr?ficos, contribuindo assim para a estabilidade dos processos ecossist?micos a longo prazo. Paralelamente com os estudos do efeito da diversidade, muita aten??o tem sido dada para desvendar o papel das caracter?sticas funcionais das esp?cies no funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Isto porque as caracter?sticas funcionais das esp?cies t?m se mostrado importantes "pe?as" no entendimento dos efeitos que esp?cies individuais podem exercer nos ecossistemas e suas respostas ao ambiente. Nesta tese de doutorado eu explorei algumas lacunas de conhecimento dentro dessa ?rea em crescente desenvolvimento conhecida na literatura ecol?gica como "biodiversidade e funcionamento dos ecossistemas". No primeiro cap?tulo, eu busquei evid?ncias para mecanismos que podem explicar a rela??o positiva entre diversidade e funcionamento com foco em cinco mecanismos relacionados ?s intera??es entre plantas, tendo como par?metro de funcionamento a produtividade prim?ria. No segundo cap?tulo, eu utilizei t?cnicas para a estimativa de padr?es de diversidade em escalas biogeogr?ficas e bases de dados de sat?lites com longa dura??o para desvendar se a biodiversidade em escalas macroecol?gicas promove a estabilidade da produtividade dos ambientes terrestres no semi?rido brasileiro. Por fim, o objetivo do terceiro cap?tulo foi entender como a perda da cobertura vegetal origin?ria do uso da terra por comunidades tradicionais no semi?rido brasileiro influenciaria os processos de intera??es entre plantas e o papel das caracter?sticas funcionais das esp?cies nessas intera??es. Acredito que a contribui??o individual de cada cap?tulo preenche lacunas de conhecimento importantes dessa ?rea da Ecologia que ainda se encontra em expans?o.

O meio ambiente caracteriza-se como elemento intrínseco à atividade econômica desenvolvida pelo Agronegócio. Práticas de uso da terra em imóveis rurais têm um grande impacto sobre o meio ambiente e, simultaneamente, dependem dele para manutenção da atividade produtiva. Assim, o imóvel rural deve compatibilizar produção agrícola e preservação do meio ambiente. Nessa via, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho é analisar o mecanismo de regularização de Reserva Legal por meio de Cota de Reserva Ambiental apresentado pelo Código Florestal, sob a perspectiva de compatibilização entre atividade econômica e proteção do meio ambiente em imóveis rurais brasileiros, conforme a teoria do Estado de Direito Ambiental (EDA) em face da sociedade de risco e o disposto na Constituição Federal de 1988 (CF/88). Para tanto, o estudo foi desenvolvido com base no método dedutivo, utilizando-se a pesquisa bibliográfico-documental. Assim, o mecanismo, como controle jurídico do recurso natural floresta (Reserva Legal - RL, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural - RPPN, Unidade de Conservação - UC), deve, para atender os preceitos do EDA e da CF/88, efetivamente resultar na proteção dessas. Todavia, observam-se possíveis desequilíbrios ambientais que podem resultar desse mecanismo. Além disso, evidencia-se uma nova proposta - mercado de ativos ambientais – que almeja, por intermédio de fundamentos próprios do capitalismo, inserir um novo modelo para gerir a problemática ambiental. Com efeito, o caráter inovador se visualiza pela inserção do mercado financeiro no sistema de proteção do meio ambiente. Ademais, o mecanismo, de iniciativa do Estado, procura incentivar a participação dos produtores na garantia de um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado ao prever a remuneração para aquele que preserva as florestas no seu imóvel rural. Ainda, ao não exigir o encerramento da produção, o mecanismo admite o risco como elemento essencial da atividade econômica e procura equilibrá-lo com a proteção ambiental ao prever a compensação em outra propriedade. Contudo, essa compensação merece atenção e requer regulamentação mais específica, a fim de garantir o meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado nos termos constitucionais. Ainda, da análise do disposto no Código Florestal no tocante ao mecanismo de regularização de reserva legal por meio de cota de reserva ambiental depreende-se a possível existência de mercados estaduais de cotas de reserva ambiental no Brasil. Portanto, muitos são os desafios para que tal mecanismo se concretize e reflita na compatibilização entre atividade econômica e proteção do meio ambiente em imóveis rurais brasileiros. Assim, resta aos estados brasileiros, em regulamentação, nos moldes do previsto pela teoria do Estado de Direito Ambiental em face da sociedade de risco e pela Constituição Federal de 1988 nos artigos 170, 186 e 225, estabelecer critérios para que nos imóveis rurais o domínio privado reflita efetivamente em frutos privados e sociais. / The environment is characterized as intrinsic element to economic activity developed by Agribusiness. Land use practices in rural properties have a big impact on the environment and simultaneously depend on it for maintenance of productive activity. Thus, the rural property must reconcile agricultural production and environmental preservation. In this way, the overall aim of this work is to analyze the mechanism of regularization of Legal Reserve through “Cota de Reserva Ambiental – CRA” presented by the Forest Code, from the perspective of compatibility between economic activity and environmental protection in rural properties in Brazil, according to the theory of the Environmental Rule of Law in the face of risk society and the provisions of the Federal Constitution of 1988. Therefore, the study was developed based on the deductive method, using the documentary library research. Thus, the mechanism as legal control of natural resource forest (Legal Reserve, Private Reserve of Natural Heritage, Conservation Unit), must, to meet the precepts of EDA and CF/88 effectively result in the protection of these. However, there are possible environmental imbalances that can result from this mechanism. Moreover, it is clear a new proposal - market environmental assets - which aims, through their own foundations of capitalism, insert a new model for managing environmental issues. Indeed, the innovative character is viewed by financial market integration in the system of protection of the environment. Moreover, the mechanism of state initiative, seeks to encourage the participation of producers in ensuring a ecologically balanced environment when predicts compensation for one who preserves the forests in their rural property. Still, by not requiring the closure of the production, the mechanism allows the risk as an essential element of economic activity and demand balance it with environmental protection by providing for compensation in another property. However, this compensation deserves attention and requires more specific rules in order to ensure a balanced environment in constitutional terms. Still, the analysis of the provisions of the Forest Code regarding the mechanism of regulation of legal reserves through “Cota de Reserva Ambiental” it appears that there may be markets state of CRA in Brazil. So many are the challenges that such a mechanism to be realized and reflected in the consistency between economic activity and environmental protection in rural properties in Brazil. Thus, complies to the Brazilian states, in regulation, according the predicted by the theory of the Environmental Rule of Law in the face of risk society and by the 1988 Federal Constitution in articles 170, 186 and 225, establish criteria for the private domain in the rural area effectively results in private and social benefits.

A restauração florestal é mais do que somente plantar árvores. É necessário que haja o monitoramento do desenvolvimento da floresta no que diz respeito tanto a parâmetros estruturais e florísticos, mas também aos processos ecológicos. Esses processos propiciam as interações entre as espécies e promovem a funcionalidade do sistema, provendo serviços ecossistêmicos. Por isso, é necessário, além de monitorar o crescimento da vegetação, avaliar se o ecossistema está operando da forma como seria esperado. O objetivo desta tese é abordar questões referentes aos processos ecológicos e atributos funcionais em áreas florestais em processo de restauração. No primeiro capítulo, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com o intuito de identificar os processos ecológicos e as variáveis que são medidas em estudos de restauração florestal. Os três capítulos seguintes foram baseados na coleta de dados em três sítios de estudo, situados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram coletados dados em florestas que tiveram intervenções de restauração (com aproximadamente 10 anos de desenvolvimento), bem como em florestas de remanescentes (utilizadas como sistema de referência). Além da amostragem da vegetação arbórea, foram coletados dados de diversos processos ecológicos, relacionados à ciclagem de nutrientes (decomposição, detritivoria e qualidade da serapilheira e do solo), produtividade (biomassa arbórea acima do solo e biomassa de folhas) e recrutamento (regeneração natural), bem como informações sobre atributos foliares, reprodutivos e de crescimento das espécies. Os resultados obtidos para cada um dos capítulos indicaram que: (1) os processos mais comumente avaliados foram aqueles relacionados à ciclagem de nutrientes, seguido por resiliência do ecossistema, produtividade, relações hídricas e interações bióticas; além disso foi identificado que os resultados positivos das ações de restauração nos processos ecológicos aumentam a medida que os sítios se tornam mais antigos; (2) áreas em restauração ainda diferem de suas respectivas florestas de referência para quase todas as variáveis analisadas, mas, ao contrário da nossa expectativa inicial, as diferenças foram maiores quando considerados os parâmetros estruturais da vegetação, indicando que os processos ecológicos podem se restabelecer antes mesmo da floresta atingir sua completa complexidade estrutural; (3) as variáveis que mais afetaram os processos ecológicos foram aquelas relacionadas aos atributos funcionais, tendo a riqueza de espécies na comunidade apenas um papel secundário na variação dos processos ecológicos estudados; além disso, tanto variáveis de composição funcional, quanto de diversidade funcional tiveram influência nos processos; e (4) modelos utilizados para avaliar a semelhança funcional entre restauração e referência indicaram que a comunidade presente no sub-bosque da restauração apresenta uma maior semelhança funcional com o sistema de referência do que a comunidade do dossel, indicando que as espécies utilizadas nos plantios diferem consideravelmente em sua composição funcional das áreas de referência. Esse estudo ressalta a importância de se compreender melhor os processos ecológicos em ecossistemas florestais e sua aplicação na avaliação do funcionamento de áreas em processo de restauração. O monitoramento desses sítios deve ser realizado a longo prazo de forma a verificar as variações ao longo do desenvolvimento florestal e avaliar as trajetórias sucessionais, sugerindo ações de manejo se necessário. / Forest restoration is more than just planting trees. It is required that forest growth is monitored both by measuring structural and floristic parameters, but also ecological processes. These processes provide interactions among species and promote ecosystem functionality, also offering important ecosystem services. Thus, it is necessary that besides monitoring vegetation growth, it should be evaluated if the ecosystem is operating as would be expected. The objective of this thesis it to address questions related to the ecological processes and functional traits in forests sites undergoing restoration. In the first chapter, we performed a systematic review in order to identify the ecological processes and the variables measured in forest restoration studies. The following three chapters were based on data collected in three study sites, located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We collected data in forests subjected to restoration (approximately 10 years-old) and more conserved forests not subjected to restoration (used as reference ecosystem). Besides sampling tree components, we collected data on several ecological processes, related to nutrient cycling (decomposition, detritivory and litter and soil quality), productivity (aboveground tree biomass and litter biomass) and recruitment (natural regeneration), as well as information on leaf, reproductive and growth traits of species. The results obtained for each chapter indicated that: (1) the processes that were more frequently measured were the ones related to nutrient cycling, followed by ecosystem resilience, productivity, water relations and biotic interactions; additionally, we identified that positive results of restoration interventions on the ecological processes increased as sites became older; (2) restoration sites still differed from their reference ecosystems for all variables evaluated, but opposed to what we initially expected, these differences were even greater when we considered the structural parameters from the vegetation, suggesting that ecological processes may recover even before the full reestablishment of forest complexity; (3) the variables that most affected ecological processes were the ones related to functional traits, and community species richness had only a secondary role in the variation of ecological processes; in addition, both variables related to functional composition and functional diversity affected the ecological processes evaluated; and (4) the models used to evaluate functional similarity between restoration and reference indicated that the community growing in the understory of the restoration site is functionally more similar to the reference than the canopy community, suggesting that the species used in restoration plantings differ considerably in functional composition from reference sites. This study highlights the importance of ecological processes in forest ecosystems and its application in the evaluation of the functioning of sites undergoing restoration. Monitoring of these sites should be performed for a long period, in order to verify changes during forest growth and to evaluate sucessional trajectories, suggesting management actions if necessary.

As cidades industriais ainda mantêm estruturas para uma dinâmica de produção e consumo em massa, que resultam em vários problemas, como desemprego, falta de moradia, engarrafamentos, poluição, doenças, violência e entre outros. Esta configuração industrial urbana já não está mais condizente com os princípios de criação de valor do novo paradigma do século XXI. A dinâmica do novo paradigma técnico-econômico exige que as cidades resgatem sua própria essência, que é a de aproximar pessoas para interagirem e compartilhar ideias e conhecimentos de modo que seja possível iniciar um novo ciclo de criação de riqueza. Para superar essa crise e entrar nesta nova dinâmica, as cidades do futuro devem encontrar trajetórias adequadas para se tornarem cidades inteligentes. No entanto, não há consenso sobre o que realmente torna uma cidade mais inteligente. O que é uma cidade inteligente? Quais são os elementos que podem aumentar a inteligência de uma cidade? O objetivo deste estudo é propor uma estrutura integrada para entender o processo de tornar as cidades mais inteligentes Para atingir este objetivo, foi realizado uma revisão sistemática da literatura para definição do conceito e também um estudo de casos múltiplos de projetos de cidades inteligentes em quatro cidades europeias (Amsterdã, Barcelona, Lisboa, Viena) onde alguns especialistas foram entrevistados. Os resultados mostraram que as cidades para se tornarem mais inteligentes devem integrar suas dimensões e elementos, a fim de oferecer alta qualidade de vida e um ambiente próspero para inovação e criatividade da maneira mais sustentável. Se uma cidade deseja iniciar esse processo de transformação, deve desenvolver projetos específicos que utilizem e melhorem sua configuração ambiental urbana, sua dinâmica tecno-econômica e sua estrutura sócio institucional, a fim de criar riqueza através de um abrangente processo de inovação. Portanto, o desafio de tornar uma cidade mais inteligente está em definir como articular adequadamente esses elementos direcionadores de cada dimensão, a fim de construir seu próprio ecossistema urbano de inovação. / Industrial cities still maintain structures for a mass production and consumption dynamics, which result in several issues such as unemployment, homeless, traffic jams, pollution, diseases, violence and so on. This urban industrial configuration no longer fits with the value creation principles of the new techno-economic paradigm. The dynamics of the new techno-economic paradigm demand that cities redeem their very essence in order to start a new cycle of wealth creation. In order to overcome this crisis and encompass this new dynamics, cities of the future must find suitable trajectories to become smart cities. However, there is no consensus about what really makes a city smarter. What is a smart city? What are the driving elements that can enhance the smartness of a city? The objective of this study is to propose an integrated framework in order to understand the process to make cities smarter To achieve this objective, it was realized a systematic literature review and a multiple case studies from smart cities projects in four European cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Lisbon, Vienna) where some experts were interviewed. Results show that cities to become smarter should integrate their dimensions and elements in order to offer high quality of life and a prosperous environment for innovation and creativity in the most sustainable way. If a city wants to start this process of transformation, it should develop some specific projects that that use and improve its enviro-urban configuration, its techno-economic dynamics and its socio-institutional structure in order to create wealth through a comprehensive innovation process. Therefore, the challenge to make a city smarter lies on defining how to articulate those driving elements in each dimension properly in order to build up its own urban innovation ecosystem.

Chemism of surface waters in four small watersheds of upper part of Stropnice River was studied from 2005 till 2007. The aim of this work was to consider the relations between different types of land-use and chemism of surface water. There were observed the concentrations of main ions and carbon in the surface waters in eight sample places which were measured monthly. The results were analysed with Repeated Measures ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc analyse was used for detail description. There were no differences between surface water chemisms in the upper parts of four streams. Watersheds in the upper parts are similar and can be considered as a close to natural landscape. In the lower parts of four streams which discharged different types of cultural landscape, significant differences in the water chemisms were found. Significant differences were observed also in the three streams in the water chemisms between upper and lower parts of the watersheds as a result of the land-use change. In the stream where land-use does not change between upper and lower parts of watershed, no differences in the water chemisms were observed. The results show positive relation between the chemism of surface water and land-use and possible effect of human impact on landscape ecosystem and its hydrological component.

Increased nutrient input into wet-meadow ecosystems can affect activity of decomposers and carbon cycle in soil. This thesis observed the effect of fertilization on carbon sequestration and mineralization in soils of wet meadows, which differed in quantity and quality of soil organic matter. Studied locations are situated in the protected area Třeboňsko.

Esta tese é o resultado de uma extensa investigação a respeito do processo criativo pessoal que envolve a invenção de um ecossistema como poética artística. Ela é a resposta para a possibilidade de construir uma poética visual coerente baseada nos conceitos biológicos de ecossistema e simbiose que envolva construções escultóricas a partir de objetos cotidianos banais de pequeno tamanho, encontrados principalmente no ambiente doméstico. Baseada nas experiências pessoais prévias, dedicadas ao objeto na arte, e focada na busca por objetos comuns passíveis de produzirem interação simbiótica foi construído um conjunto de trabalhos envolvendo objetos, fotografias, pessoas e o espaço, os quais foram ordenados para melhor identificação segundo suas características quanto ao suporte e ao procedimento técnico. São eles: a) conjuntos simbióticos verticais, que podem ser compartimentados, livres ou mistos - aqueles cujo substrato de apoio é vertical como a parede; b) conjuntos simbióticos horizontais - aqueles cujo substrato de apoio é horizontal; c) trabalhos fotográficos - trabalhos originados a partir da fotografia e, d) trabalhos macro visíveis - trabalhos confeccionados a partir de lentes ou que as requerem para melhor serem vistos. A partir de organizações de montagem intencionadas para proporcionar maior proximidade e intimidade do espectador através de movimentos do corpo, os trabalhos instigam a percepção da escala das coisas bem como dá vistas aos objetos ínfimos imperceptíveis no cotidiano. A articulação teórico-prática acontece levando-se em conta diferentes estudos relacionados ao objeto principalmente na voz de Abraham Moles, Jean Baudrillard e Gaston Bachelard. Além de dialogar com designers e diversos artistas cujas obras tangenciam aspectos desta pesquisa, articulamos reflexões com o pensamento do curador Agnaldo Farias sobre o objeto na arte contemporânea. Defendemos que o lugar para pequenos objetos no contexto da arte contemporânea é um ecossistema inventado no qual o espectador é convidado a interagir e deixar-se levar por sua fantasia e imaginação da mesma maneira que somos conquistados pelas palavras e imagens de um livro infantil. / This Thesis is the result of an extensive investigation of the personal creative process involving the invention of an ecosystem as artistic poetics. It is the answer to the possibility of building a coherent visual poetics based on biological concepts of ecosystem and symbiosis, involving sculptural constructions from banal daily objects of small size, mainly found at home. Based on previous personal experiences, dedicated to the object in art and focused on the search for common objects capable to produce symbiotic interaction, I built a body of work involving objects, photographs, people and space, which were ordered for better identification according to their characteristics of support and technical procedure. They are a) vertical symbiotic sets, which may be compartmentalized, free or mixed - those works whose substrate support is vertical as the wall; b) horizontal symbiotic sets - those works whose substrate support is horizontal; c) photographic works - works originating from photography; and d) macro visible work - work made from lenses or require them to best be displayed. From intentioned assembly organizations to provide greater closeness and intimacy of the spectator through body movements, the work instigate the perception of things scale and gives views to tiny inconspicuous objects in daily life. The theoretical and practical articulation occurs taking into account different studies related to the object mainly in the thinking of Abraham Moles, Jean Baudrillard and Gaston Bachelard. In addition of dialogue with designers and several artists whose works tangent aspects of this research, I articulate reflections with the thought of the curator Agnaldo Farias about the object in contemporary art. I argue that the place for small objects in the context of contemporary art is an ecosystem created, in which the spectator is invited to interact and let themselves be taken away by their fantasy and imagination in the same way that we are conquered by the words and images of a children's book.

Les services écosystémiques (SE) ont reçu une attention croissante de la part de la communauté scientifique et des preneurs de décisions. Des approches multi-services ont été développées qui permettent de dresser un diagnostic environnemental, social et économique de territoires à plusieurs échelles. Révélant les variations spatiales individuelles de SE, les relations entre eux et l’existence de profils multi-services caractéristiques (‘bouquets’), ces études favorisent la communication entre acteurs et la gestion concertée. Pour permettre leur utilisation par le plus grand nombre, des plateformes multi-modèles permettent de fournir des estimations avec un minimum de données et d’efforts de modélisation. Des modèles plus performants existent par ailleurs mais leur coût de mise en œuvre plus élevé limite leur utilisation. Afin de répondre à une plus large palette de moyens et d’objectifs, des approches ‘par tiers’ sont donc maintenant développées.Nous présentons ici une suite de modèles génériques de SE, établis à partir de bases de données publiques et de ressources en ligne, et appliqués au cas du bassin de vie grenoblois. Ils permettent de caractériser un large éventail de services dans un territoire aux paysages et aux enjeux contrastés, tout en apportant des informations pertinentes quant aux différents aspects de planification.Nous présentons tout d’abord une suite de modèles génériques issus de la littérature et réappliqués à notre échelle. Ces modèles spatialement explicites et établis à partir de processus automatisés permettent une estimation rapide des stocks de carbone, de la prévention de l’érosion des sols, de la richesse spécifique des Vertébrés et du contrôle biologique.En réponse aux enjeux multiples de gestion des régions de montagne, nous avons développé un modèle de SE récréatif basé sur l’utilisation de traces GPS partagées sur les forums de sport. En intégrant ces données au modèle de Spectre d’Opportunité Récréative, nous avons obtenu une représentation spatiale fine de la fréquentation et de la multifonctionnalité récréative des écosystèmes.Dans une troisième partie, nous présentons une suite de modèles de SE fournis spécifiquement par les agrosystèmes. Nous avons tout d’abord établi un modèle spatialement explicite des paysages agricoles du territoire, à partir de données de télédétection et de statistiques agricoles. En couplant cette carte avec d’autres sources de données publiques et modèles biophysiques, nous avons pu évaluer les SE de production agricole, de maintien de la fertilité du sol, et de régulation de la qualité des eaux.A la lumière de ces résultats, nous examinons les implications d’utiliser au sein d’une approche multi-services une diversité de modèles issus de philosophies et de méthodologies différentes, fournissant des résultats aux niveaux d’incertitudes variables. Le regroupement d’informations contrastées dans une analyse commune interroge sur la complémentarité de ces modèles et le transfert des incertitudes à l’analyse générale. Au-delà des aspects strictement techniques, le but ultime de ces études étant d’informer les teneurs d’enjeux, un travail de communication doit donc être réalisé afin d’assurer un transfert cohérent des informations et des conclusions aux utilisateurs.Le travail présenté ici porte trois principales perspectives de développement. La mise en place d’un module informatique autonome du modèle de SE récréatif permettra sa diffusion directe à un large public. Deuxièmement, la suite de modèles servira de support pour une analyse des relations entre SE reflétant les enjeux du territoire : production agricole/efficience environnementale/biodiversité pour les agrosystèmes, hotspots récréatifs et de biodiversité dans les milieux ruraux et montagnards. L’analyse de projections selon des scénarios de développement du territoire permettra par la suite de tester la capacité de ces modèles à retourner des résultats pertinents en termes de planification. / Ecosystem services (ES) have gained increased attention from both researchers and decision-makers in recent years. Multi-service approaches have been developed and applied at various spatial scales, allowing an environmental, social and economic diagnosis of territories. Disclosing spatial patterns of ecosystem services, untangling spatial and/or causal relationships between services, and revealing the existence of characteristic ‘service profiles’ (ES bundles), such studies have helped designing land planning options and fostering communication among stakeholders. To support such efforts, comprehensive modelling platforms have been created which can provide raw estimates of multiple ES with minimum data availability and modelling efforts. On the other hand, many accurate but highly specific and hardly reproducible methods remain inapplicable to most cases. Researchers are now challenged by a double objective: to develop generic and reproducible methods which can still provide relevant information in the context of the study area. In this direction, tier-based modelling approaches have been designed in order to offer answers adaptable to a variety of situations.Here we present a suite of generic ES models for the Grenoble living basin, a major urban area located at the foot of three mountain ranges and surrounded by large agricultural lowlands. By making relevant use of a variety of large-scale databases and online resources, these models characterize a large panel of biophysical aspects in a contrasted territory and yet provide relevant information for land planning concerns.We first present a suite of generic and spatially-explicit models built from national datasets or downscaled from larger studies using fully-automated processes, which provided estimates for carbon storage, prevention of soil erosion, Vertebrate species richness and biological control.Addressing the concerns associated with management of mountain areas for multiple objectives, we developed a model of recreation ES based on the use of GPS tracks downloaded from crowd-sourced websites. Integrated within a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum framework, this process allows a spatially-accurate assessment of both visitor presence and recreational multifunctionality.We then introduce a suite of SE provided by agrosystems. Building on the results of an analysis of teledetection images and agricultural statistics, we constructed a high-resolution map reflecting spatial patterns of crop systems, serving as a common base for modelling agricultural ES: production, maintenance of soil fertility, and regulation of water quality – assessed using additional public data sources and biophysical models.In the light of these results, we examine the implications of using models originating from several fields of research, each with its own philosophy, methodology, accuracy and data requirements, in multi-service approaches. The pooling of such information in a single analysis raises several questions, such as the complementarity of these models and the transfer of uncertainties from each single model to the whole study system. Beyond these technical aspects, the ultimate goal being to inform stakeholders, a communication work must therefore be carried out to efficiently convey the right messages from the expert to the user.This work presents three main development perspectives. The release of an autonomous module of the recreation model will favor its distribution to a larger public. Second, the suite of models will provide a relevant basis for analyzing spatial relationships between SE in accordance with local stakes: combined analyses of agricultural production, environmental efficiency and animal biodiversity in agrosystems, hotspot analyses of recreation SE and biodiversity in rural and mountain areas. Third, projection analyses according to scenarios of land use change will allow testing the capacity of these models to return relevant information for land planning.

Marine renewable energy developments (MRED) will result in large quantities of infrastructure being deployed in coastal habitats, and the localised exclusion of fishing. The ecological consequences of this scale of deployment are largely unknown, particularly for benthic species. Infrastructure has the capacity to act as artificial reefs (ARs), providing novel habitat, and this may viewed as a benefit of MRED, or a means to mitigate the exclusion of fishing. At present, the functioning of AR ecosystems remains poorly understood. As a measure of ecosystem function, secondary productivity can be used to assess the implications of MRED. The lack of suitable methodology, deployable at relevant scales within time and/or cost constraints, has limited benthic secondary productivity (BSP) quantifications on ARs. Techniques to measure potential BSP and particle flux were developed and applied to the Loch Linnhe Artificial Reef (functionally similar to scour protection material). Variations in BSP and mobile epifaunal densities on, and between, structures in different environments were quantified. Reefs exposed to intermediate current had the highest potential productivity. The BSP on internal areas of structures contributed to the total productive output, but the relative contribution varied according to reef location and design. BSP was primarily determined by particle supply, but the response was not consistent among locations. Mobile epifaunal densities related to reef location, but not reef design, and were highest on reefs in the deepest water and exposed to the fastest currents. The evidence presented in this thesis highlights the need to account for the receiving environment when predicting the ecological consequences of MRED, or when modelling the productive capacity of structures. Such information can be used to suggest modifications to proposed or existing structures in order to maximise their benefit to coastal ecosystems.

abstract: Sustainable urbanism offers a set of best practice planning and design prescriptions intended to reverse the negative environmental consequences of urban sprawl, which dominates new urban development in the United States. Master planned developments implementing sustainable urbanism are proliferating globally, garnering accolades within the planning community and skepticism among social scientists. Despite attention from supporters and critics alike, little is known about the actual environmental performance of sustainable urbanism. This dissertation addresses the reasons for this paucity of evidence and the capacity of sustainable urbanism to deliver the espoused environmental outcomes through alternative urban design and the conventional master planning framework for development through three manuscripts. The first manuscript considers the reasons why geography, which would appear to be a natural empirical home for research on sustainable urbanism, has yet to accumulate evidence that links design alternatives to environmental outcomes or to explain the social processes that mediate those outcomes. It argues that geography has failed to develop a coherent subfield based on nature-city interactions and suggests interdisciplinary bridging concepts to invigorate greater interaction between the urban and nature-society geographic subfields. The subsequent chapters deploy these bridging concepts to empirically examine case-studies in sustainable urbanism. The second manuscript utilizes fine scale spatial data to quantify differences in ecosystem services delivery across three urban designs in two phases of Civano, a sustainable urbanism planned development in Tucson, Arizona, and an adjacent, typical suburban development comparison community. The third manuscript considers the extent to which conventional master planning processes are fundamentally at odds with urban environmental sustainability through interviews with stakeholders involved in three planned developments: Civano (Tucson, Arizona), Mueller (Austin, Texas), and Prairie Crossing (Grayslake, Illinois). Findings from the three manuscripts reveal deep challenges in conceptualizing an empirical area of inquiry on sustainable urbanism, measuring the outcomes of urban design alternatives, and innovating planning practice within the constraints of existing institutions that facilitate conventional development. Despite these challenges, synthesizing the insights of geography and cognate fields holds promise in building an empirical body of knowledge that complements pioneering efforts of planners to innovate urban planning practice through the sustainable urbanism alternative. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geography 2013