<p>The aim of this paper is to explore the features that combine to make up the distinctive accent of the actor Sir Sean Connery. This study outlines the subject’s basic vowel system and compares it to data collected on the vowel systems of Received Pronunciation (RP) and Scottish Standard English (SSE) from previous research (Stuart-Smith 1999, Hawkins & Midgely 2005, Fisk 2006). Furthermore, this essay examines the degree to which other elements associated with SSE are present in the subject’s accent. These features include the Scottish Vowel Lengthening Rule (SVLR), the presence of dark /l/, rhoticity and T-glottalling. It is hypothesised that the subject speaks a modified variety of SSE yet retains the aforementioned qualities typically associated with SSE.</p><p>The speech analysis software programs Wavesurfer (version 1.4.7.) and Praat (version 4.4.33.) were used to analyse sections of sound taken from a speech given by the subject at an awards ceremony. Instrumental analysis of this nature was deemed appropriate in order to establish a high degree of objectivity in this study. Of the wide range of recorded material available the subject’s acceptance speech was judged most suitable for analysis. This is a passage of spontaneous speech as opposed to a movie script, where the subject talks of his background and career.</p><p>Having analysed the subject’s accent in this way, certain sociolinguistic implications can be drawn. The results suggest that Sir Sean Connery does indeed speak a variety of SSE however rather surprisingly the subject’s accent appears quite typical of his Edinburgh origins. The vowel system not only identifies the subject as an SSE speaker but also indicates traces of his working-class background e.g., the frontal quality to Connery’s realisation of /u/ and his low /I/ are typical of a working-class SSE speaker. Moreover, the general low quality found in Connery’s basic vowel system can be interpreted as revealing a little of his working-class origins.</p><p>Evidence of the other features associated with SSE was also found in the subject’s accent. Durational evidence indicates (albeit tentatively at this stage) that the SVLR operates within his accent while dark /l/ and t-glottalling were also observed.</p><p>While it is also apparent that Connery speaks a rhotic variety of English it is the nature and variety of his /r/ production that is most interesting. The subject appears to produce a retroflex realisation of /r/ which affects other consonants in its environment. This /r/ may be indicative of an earlier Irish influence over Connery’s accent.</p><p>It should be stated that due to the nature and the limited size of this study, all findings are preliminary and more research is needed into this area before any firm conclusions can be drawn.</p>

Le destinazioni turistiche sono caratterizzate da un’elevata frammentazione dovuta al fatto che il turista consuma il prodotto turistico, composto da differenti tipologie di servizi offerti da soggetti diversi. Tuttavia, è fondamentale che il turista viva nella destinazione un’esperienza univoca e non riceva quindi messaggi discordanti provenienti dai diversi service providers, di conseguenza è fondamentale che i diversi attori siano coordinati e ciò è necessario anche al fine dello sviluppo della marca della destinazione. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è studiare entrambi gli aspetti, ossia il coordinamento svolto dalla Destination Management Organisation (DMO) e la marca della destinazione studiata dalla prospettiva dell’offerta. In particolare, l’obiettivo è mostrare come gli stakeholder della destinazione possono essere coordinati; analizzare il grado di coinvolgimento che gli stakeholder hanno rispetto alla marca della destinazione; verificare se il coordinamento svolto dalla DMO ha un effetto sulla marca della destinazione. Al fine di studiare questi aspetti, la presente ricerca ha avuto ad oggetto la città di Edimburgo che è stata studiata ricorrendo ad un metodo misto con il quale sono stati analizzati sia dati qualitativi (dati secondari e documenti) che quantitativi (questionario online). / A significant characteristic of tourism destinations is their high fragmentation, as several stakeholders operate in these destinations, providing different kinds of services to tourists. There is therefore a need to co-ordinate stakeholders so that they provide tourists with a seamless experience and contribute to the development of the destination brand. Co-ordination carried out by the DMO and the destination brand studied from a supply-side perspective are topics neglected so far, and, in order to fill this gap, this thesis aims at showing: how stakeholders are co-ordinated in a destination, to what extent stakeholders are committed to the brand and whether coordination processes have an impact on the destination brand. A mixed method design has been applied to the city of Edinburgh, analysing qualitative data (face-to-face interviews and documents) and quantitative data (an online questionnaire administered to a sample of destination stakeholders). Results show that stakeholders are coordinated through several kinds of mechanisms that have a diverse impact on the destination brand; moreover, stakeholders have a mixed commitment towards the destination brand. From this research it emerged that the role of communication is pivotal and that it is essential for tourist business newcomers to receive information on the destination brand.

This thesis is the first in depth study that has been undertaken concerning Edinburgh and Glasgow’s identities and rivalry. It is not an economic or a social study driven solely by theory. Essentially, this is a cultural and political examination of Edinburgh and Glasgow’s identities and rivalry based on empirical evidence. It engages with theory where appropriate. Although 1752 – 1842 is the main framework for the period there are other considerations included before this period and after this timeframe. This study provides the reader with a better understanding of the ideas highlighted in the introduction and it also indicates the degrees of changes as well as continuity within the two cities. Therefore, this thesis is not a strict comparison of the two cities and neither does it provide for a complete contextual breakdown of every historical event over the course of every year. The primary focus is kept on an array of primary written sources about the two cities over the course of the period, with only brief reflections about other places, where it is deemed appropriate. The thesis is driven by the evidence it has uncovered in relation to identity and rivalry, and the study uses particular events and their impact on the two cities within a particular historical narrative. As it is a preliminary report of its kind, there are, of course, many gaps which are opportunities for further research. This is something that the conclusion of this thesis returns to. Identity and rivalry are words not attached to any particular corpus of research material but rather are buried in an array of primary sources that are wide-ranging and all encompassing. Most have been uncovered in individual collections and in the literature of the time, including newspapers, guidebooks, travellers’ accounts, civic histories, speeches, letters, and in entries for the Encyclopaedia Britannica and also the Old and New Statistical Accounts. Although historians may have examined some of this material it has not necessarily been employed by them to investigate how the cities’ identities and rivalry evolved. The period was influenced by the ideas birthed from the Enlightenment and Romanticism, by the impact of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and by the intense processes harboured by urbanisation, industrialisation and by political and social change as the Georgian city became a Victorian one, so consideration of these important aspects must be afforded, as well as the particular historians’ ideas about them and how they affected cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow within a Scottish and a British context.

All cities set up a condition of disjunction as they are inherently manmade ‘built’ places separate from the natural wilderness they abut. The cities that emerge over time are then places held in tension between the kinetic and static forces of civilization, nature, people, ownership and infrastructure. These conflicting pieces manifest as division within the city. The division can be physically seen in specific gaps in the physical infrastructure: urban 'slips' that act as thresholds for a city by gathering and revealing the in/visible dueling qualities, and can ultimately prove to be important spaces and cultural magnets for the city. The analysis is centered on three specific 'slips' within three northern European cities: the South Bridge in Edinburgh, the Charles Bridge in Prague and the Berlin Wall. Looking from the perspective of both the physical, visible infrastructure and the unconscious, invisible cultural realm, these architectural objects are then charted through historical, literary, cartographic and urban analyses to come to an understanding of both the specific ‘characters’ or ‘spirits of place’ and the broad predisposition for division within cities.

Three studies in the machine assisted proof of recursion implementation are described. The verification system used is Edinburgh LCF (Logic for Computable Functions). Proofs are generated, in LCF, in a goal-oriented fashion by the application of strategies reflecting informal proof plans. LCF is introduced in Chapter 1. We present three case studies in which proof strategies are developed and (except in the third) tested in LCF. Chapter 2 contains an account of the machine generated proofs of three program transformations (from recursive to iterative function schemata). Two of the examples are taken from Manna and Waldinger. In each case, the recursion is implemented by the introduction of a new data type, e.g., a stack or counter. Some progress is made towards the development of a general strategy for producing the equivalence proofs of recursive and iterative function schemata by machine. Chapter 3 is concerned with the machine generated proof of the correctness of a compiling algorithm. The formulation, borrowed from Russell, includes a simple imperative language with a while and conditional construct, and a low level language of labelled statements, including jumps. We have, in LCF, formalised his denotational descriptions of the two languages and performed a proof of the preservation of the semantics under compilation. In Chapter 4, we express and informally prove the correctness of a compiling algorithm for a language containing declarations and calls of recursive procedures. We present a low level language whose semantics model a standard activation stack implementation. Certain theoretical difficulties (connected with recursively defined relations) are discussed, and a proposed proof in LCF is outlined. The emphasis in this work is less on proving original theorems, or even automatically finding proofs of known theorems, than on (i) exhibiting and analysing the underlying structure of proofs, and of machine proof attempts, and (ii) investigating the nature of the interaction (between a user and a computer system) required to generate proofs mechanically; that is, the transition from informal proof plans to behaviours which cause formal proofs to be performed.

Paternal postnatal depression has begun to receive attention during the last decade. Studies have shown that the consequences of paternal and maternal postnatal depression are equally serious. There are currently no validated instrument for screening of paternal postnatal depression. In this cross-sectional study a self-report questionnaire, the Edinburgh Gotland Depression Scale (EGDS) is validated against the clinical interview SCID-CV as gold standard, and is further developed. A convenience sample of Swedish fathers (N = 95) who had children in the past year, answered an online questionnaire and a subsample (n = 52) of them were later interviewed with the SCID-CV. The revised EGDS showed improved criterion-related validity, sensitivity and specificity. The scale has problems disciminating between mildly and non-depressed fathers. A cut-off score of ≥8 on the revised EGDS results in sensitivity of 91.7 per cent and specificity of 85.0 per cent. This study should be replicated and cross-validated to provide further evidence of validity. / Postnatal depression hos fäder har börjat uppmärksammas under det senaste decenniet. Studier har visat att konsekvenserna av postnatal depression hos fäder och mödrar är lika allvarliga. Det finns för närvarande inga validerade instrument för screening av postnatal depression hos fäder. I denna tvärsnittsstudie har självskattningsformuläret, Edinburgh Gotland Depression Scale (EGDS) valideras mot den kliniska intervjun SCID-CV som gold standard, och vidareutvecklas. Ett bekvämlighetsurval av svenska fäder (N = 95) som fått barn under det senaste året, besvarade en webbenkät och en undergrupp (n = 52) av dem blev senare intervjuade med SCID-CV. Det reviderade EGDS visade förbättrad kriteriumrelaterad validitet, sensitivitet och specificitet. Skalan har problem med att diskriminera mellan milt och icke-deprimerade pappor. En cut-off poäng ≥8 för den reviderade EGDS resulterar i sensitivitet på 91,7 procent och specificitet på 85,0 procent. Denna studie bör replikeras och korsvalideras för att ge ytterligare belägg för validiteten.

Schizophrenia is often a debilitating psychiatric disorder, characterised by both positive and negative symptoms, and cognitive and psychosocial impairments. The established disorder has been associated with a number of brain abnormalities, however it is at present unknown whether these brain changes occur prior to onset of schizophrenia, or in unaffected relatives with a familial vulnerability to develop the disorder, or only in those at high risk that go on to develop the disorder. Furthermore, most studies have been conducted cross-sectionally, which may have obscured subtle longitudinal changes in familial high risk individuals, and these studies tend to have focused on localized cortical gray matter , and thus it is unclear whether they affect different cortical parameters differentially. Prospective familial high risk studies utilizing surface based MRI programmes provide a good method to investigate this. In the Edinburgh High Risk Study, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 150 young individuals at familial high risk of schizophrenia, 34 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 36 matched controls were obtained. Of the high risk participants with scans suitable for analysis, 17 developed schizophrenia after the scans were taken, whilst 57 experienced isolated or sub-clinical psychotic symptoms, and 70 remained well. We used Freesurfer to extract volumetric and surface-based measurements of several cortical and localized sub-cortical regions with the aim of assessing whether any alterations found were present in all those at high risk, or selectively in the high risk cohort based on future clinical outcome, or only in those experiencing their first-episode of psychosis. It was found that those experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia exhibited significantly more widespread brain alterations compared to those at high risk or controls, both on a more global cortical level and in more localized regions of the cortex, with cortical thickness being generally thinner than in the other groups, and cortical surface area and gyrification increased compared to the other groups. An increased global surface area was also shared with the HR[ill] group, suggesting that this could be a marker that is predictive of future transition to psychosis. Within the high risk cohort, some brain alterations seemed to present as general vulnerability markers, specifically in the temporal lobe at baseline, whilst longitudinally both localized and global cortical alterations distinguished the high risk cohort from the control group, and a different developmental trajectory of the hippocampus was also found. These findings show that some brain alterations may be more accurately characterized as general vulnerability markers of the disorder, whilst some are specifically present in patients who have experienced their first episode of schizophrenia, whilst some also occur before disorder onset in those at high risk that go on to develop schizophrenia. The findings have some clinical implications, as they suggest that it is possible to assess who at high risk will go on to develop schizophrenia based on brain structural alterations. This may provide clinicians with an early window of opportunity for intervention, as it has been found that early intervention may improve patient's prognosis. The findings also have important implications for the understanding of the underlying eitology of schizophrenia, as they suggest that some of these alterations are present before illness onset, and not associated with medication effects, thus potentially lying on the causal path of developing schizophrenia.

This thesis investigates how street performers entertain passers-by and audience members in exchange for money. Specifically, it investigates how this exchange relationship is accomplished in light of exchange happening outside the routine context of “the market”, where payment for goods and services is ordinarily enforceable. In this regard, this thesis seeks to uncover the ways that exchange in street performance is alternatively organised through donations, and how giving donations are produced and recognised as interactionally relevant and morally accountable actions. To that end, this thesis employs the allied approaches of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. It empirically examines video recordings of street performances, mostly collected at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Three kinds of street performance encounter are considered: these are musical busking, living statue performing, and circle show performing. The order of the discussions of these performances reflects the extent to which the performers explicitly recruit interactional resources —including talk, gesture and material objects—to morally obligate audience members and passers-by to give donations. The main thrust of this thesis is that street performers, passers-by and audience members collaboratively produce and recognise street performances as gifts that should be reciprocated. The street performances are initially freely given, but participation entails indebtedness that in various ways make remuneration interactionally relevant. In this regard, this thesis also explores how money, value and materiality feature in the giving and receiving of donations. This thesis provides new knowledge about how street performance encounters are ordered, how moral obligation is interactionally worked up through the sequential organisation of social actions, and how money donations are exchanged in return for entertainment. It also provides new understanding about how different kinds of street performance encounters share organisationally similar properties for solving the “payment problem”, but at the same time possess properties that are distinct.

Research indicates self-disgust plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of depression, yet it is still a concept that is inadequately developed and often viewed as being only a single-faceted emotion. Although number of measures for assessing disgust have been developed, many of these give limited insight into notions of the self, focusing instead on external rather than internal matters. Hence, it is suggested that current tools to assess self-disgust are not sufficiently comprehensive. Thus, this thesis aims to develop a new scale of self-disgust that includes multiple aspects of the self. In this thesis, a new psychometric instrument, the Edinburgh Self-Disgust Scale (ESDS), is proposed to investigate self-disgust in both a clinical and non-clinical population in Saudi Arabia. Methods of translation and back translation are used, along with six instruments translated from English into Arabic. The first study aims to examine the psychometric properties (descriptive analysis, item-to-scale correlation, split-half reliability, internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis) of the new questionnaire within a non-clinical sample. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supports the division of the ESDS into five subscales (body shape, concept of the self, unacceptable behaviour, treatment of others and past-experience). External validity is confirmed through associations of subscales with existing measurements of factors relating to self-disgust: The Body Image Scale (BIS); the Multidimensional Self-Concept Scale, the Other as Shamer Scale (OAS), the Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), the UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scale, the Self-Disgust Scale (SDS) and the Beck Depression Inventory – 2nd Edition (BDI-II). The results indicate that ESDS is significantly correlated with these measurements. The second study aims to replicate these findings using the clinical sample, to ensure that the ESDS behaves in a similar manner within a clinical population. Convergent validity with the BDI-II is also established. The ESDS is found to be significantly correlated with depression on the BDI and the existing factor structure is supported. It is concluded that the ESDS provides an appropriate and comprehensive assessment of self-disgust for an Arabic speaking population and shows convergent validity with the BDI-II in a clinical sample. Recommendations for future research and clinical utility are given.

Este estudo analisou as relações entre diretrizes e práticas do repositório institucional universitário de dados de pesquisa Edinburgh DataShare, no contexto do gerenciamento de dados de pesquisa, baseando-se nas seguintes categorias: responsabilidade, conteúdo, aspectos legais, padrões, preservação digital, política de acesso e uso e sustentabilidade e financiamento. A metodologia foi um estudo de caso qualitativo com levantamento de documentos e dados na Internet e observação direta do repositório. Utilizou o software NVivo para registro e análise dos dados. Nas características do Edinburgh DataShare quanto à responsabilidade, há a presença de profissionais de tecnologia da informação (TI) e profissionais da informação (com destaque para bibliotecários) na equipe. Sobre o conteúdo, foram examinados os metadados de 161 itens recuperados em 09 de outubro de 2014. Como o repositório inicialmente foi povoado através de um projeto piloto, a maioria dos itens (103 itens) foi criada por um mesmo pesquisador, Bert Remijsen, da área de assunto de Linguística e Idioma Inglês (Linguistics and English Language). Com relação aos aspectos legais, a adoção de licenças abertas é uma opção que o Edinburgh DataShare oferece, com a licença ODC-BY, mas também há a opção de não escolher essa licença e indicar licenças diferentes ou outras informações relativas a copyright no metadado dc.rights. Sobre os padrões, o software utilizado é o DSpace, que permite a interoperabilidade com outros sistemas internos e externos à Universidade. O uso de um perfil de aplicação do padrão Dublin Core qualificado, específico para conjunto de dados de pesquisa, facilita a recuperação da informação e a interoperabilidade com outros sistemas, por usar um padrão reconhecido mundialmente. O fluxo de depósito documentado e disponível na Internet e a inserção no fluxo de gerenciamento de dados de pesquisa da Universidade trazem segurança e estabilidade para os serviços do repositório. Há uma política de preservação digital do repositório que norteia as ações de preservação. Somente o Handle era utilizado como identificador permanente até o início de novembro de 2014, e a partir desse momento, passou a ser incluído também o DOI. Sobre o acesso e uso, o depósito é efetuado por pessoas vinculadas à Universidade, de dados de pesquisa da Universidade, e o acesso aos metadados e à maioria dos materiais é livre para todos, sem necessidade de identificação. A recuperação da informação está em desenvolvimento e em fevereiro de 2015 uma nova forma de pesquisa foi disponibilizada, ampliando as possibilidades de acesso, compartilhamento e uso dos conjuntos de dados de pesquisa, potencializando o alcance dos objetivos do Edinburgh DataShare. Com relação à sustentabilidade e ao financiamento, poucas informações foram recuperadas, porém ficou evidente, por seu início ter sido por um projeto financiado dentro do Jisc Repositories and Preservation Programme e por ter sido incluído em uma estrutura da Universidade, que é um projeto que exige um grande investimento e que necessita de apoio institucional para assegurar sua continuidade. O Edinburgh DataShare é uma parte essencial do gerenciamento de dados de pesquisa da Universidade, mas não é o único mecanismo de curadoria digital utilizado pela Universidade. O Edinburgh DataShare está cumprindo a tarefa de complementar o ciclo da comunicação científica e proporcionar as condições de criação das chamadas publicações ampliadas ao oferecer os serviços que permitem que os pesquisadores vinculem seus dados de pesquisa às suas publicações através de identificadores permanentes. Apresentando as relações entre as diretrizes e as práticas do Edinburgh DataShare, no contexto do gerenciamento de dados de pesquisa, foi possível perceber uma relação de construção contínua das diretrizes e das práticas. Essa forma de construção traz como conseqüência algumas diferenças observadas entre as diretrizes e as práticas, visto que nem sempre elas estão no mesmo momento de maturidade. / This study examined the relationship between policies and practices of the university research data institutional repository Edinburgh DataShare in the context of the management of research data, based on the following categories: responsibility, content, legal aspects, standards, digital preservation, policy access and use, and sustainability and financing. The methodology was a qualitative case study of survey documents and data on the Internet and direct observation of the repository. It used NVivo software for recording and data analysis. The characteristics of Edinburgh DataShare for accountability, there is the presence of information technology (IT) professionals and information professionals (especially librarians) in the team. On content, metadata 161 items recovered on 09 October 2014 were examined since the repository was initially populated by a pilot project, most of the items (103 items) was created by the same investigator, Bert Remijsen, of subject area of Linguistics and English Language (Linguistics and Language Inglês). Regarding the legal aspects, the adoption of open licenses is an option that Edinburgh DataShare offers, with the ODC-BY license, but there is also the option of not choosing the license and indicate different licenses or other information concerning copyright metadata in dc .rights. About the standards, the software used is DSpace, which enables interoperability with other internal and external systems to the University. The use of a standard application profile Qualified Dublin Core, for specific set of research data, facilitates the retrieval of information and interoperability with other systems, by using a standard recognized worldwide. The deposit flow documented and available on the Internet and the inclusion in the University's research data management workflow bring security and stability to the services repository. There is a digital preservation policy repository that guides the preservation actions. Only Handle was used as a permanent identifier to the beginning of November 2014, and from that moment, became also included the DOI. On access and use, the deposit is made by people linked to the University, research data from the University, and access to metadata and to most materials is free for all, without identification. Information retrieval is under development; in February 2015 a new form of research was available, expanding the possibilities of access, sharing and use of sets of research data, increasing the scope of the objectives of Edinburgh DataShare. With regard to sustainability and financing, little information was retrieved, but it was evident, by the beginning was a project funded by JISC Repositories and within the Preservation Programme and have been included in a structure of the University, which is a project that requires a big investment and requires institutional support to ensure its continuity. Edinburgh DataShare is an essential part of the University research data management, but is not the only digital curation mechanism used by the University. Edinburgh DataShare is fulfilling additional task the cycle of scientific communication and provide the conditions for the creation of so-called extended publications by providing services that enable researchers to bind your search data to their publications through permanent identifiers. Introducing the relationship between the guidelines and the Edinburgh DataShare practices in the context of research data management, it was possible to see a continuous relationship building guidelines and practices. This form of construction brings as a consequence some differences between the guidelines and practices, as they are not always at the same time of maturity.