Studien undersöker energisystem i förindustriella Malmö (1700-1845) samt Edo (förindustriella Tokyo 1603-1867). Syftet är att undersöka faktorer som gjorde att två förindustriella städer under en längre tid fungerade utan att stora mängder resurser och energi tillfördes utifrån, förstå vad som förändrade detta samt analysera vad dagens stadsplanerare kan lära av dessa exempel.Undersökningen har gjorts i form av en kvalitativ studie. Studien bortser således ifrån kvantifiering av energidata. Systemperspektiv är en viktig aspekt av studien. Textgenomgång och analys har varit vår huvudmetod för datainsamling. Studien har kommit fram till att för ett hållbar energisystem ärsociala aspekter som invånarnas attityd/mentalitet är en viktig aspekt. Anledningen till att Edo och Malmö kunde upprätthålla sig långt lokalt var att geo-polititiska förutsättning förhindrade de att handla med omvärlden. Industrialiseringen och kapitalismen var huvudfaktor som förändrade lokalenergiförsörjning av båda städerna. Att ständigt utveckla tekniska delen av energisystem till en mer lokala och förnybara är en viktig aspekt men för hållbar stadsplanering är det också viktigt att ta hänsyn till sociala aspekter som invånarnas attityd och kunskaper. I rådande globala ekonomiska systemet är helhetsperspektiv också viktigt för samverkan mellan aktörerna i en stad samt mellan andra städer i världen. / This study examines energy systems in pre-industrial Malmö (1700-1845) and Edo (pre-industrial Tokyo 1603-1867). The objective is to examine pre-industrial facts that made two cities possible to sustain themselves for a long time without consuming a lot of energy and resources, understand the factors that changed it and analyze what today's city planner can learn from these examples. This study takes the form of a qualitative study. It therefore disregards the quantification of energy data. System Pespective is an important aspect of this study. Literature reviews and analysis has been our main method of data collection. Findings of this study indicates that attitude and mentality of inhabitants is an important aspect for a sustainable energy system. The reason why Edo and Malmö could maintain themselves with local energy and resource was due to the geo-political conditions of the cities that prohibited them from interacting with the world. Industrialization and capitalism was a main factor that altered local energy supply of the two cities. To continuously improve technological part of energy system to more local and renewable one is also an essential aspect however for sustainable city planning, inhabitants' attitude and knowledge is also a important part. Under current global economic system, a holistic perspective is also useful for cooperation between actors in a city and other cities in the world.

This thesis deals with popular paraphrases of classical Japanese literature in the Edo period (1600- 1868). It analyses creative rewritings of a famous Heian tale Genji monogatari by popular authors of the Edo period, primarily Nise Murasaki inaka Genji by Ryūtei Tanehiko (1783-1842), which is one of the most successful works of Japanese early modern literature. The aim of this thesis is, utilizing elements of narrative analysis, to identify and interpret creative strategies applied by Tanehiko and his predecessors (Kogame Masuhide, Miyako no Nishiki and Okumura Masanobu) in works based on Genji monogatari and to find out what the relation was between their works and their Heian model, and if and to what extent Tanehiko's work was a unique occurrence between popular paraphrases of classical Japanese literature.

A preocupação mundial com o cenário de escassez do recurso natural \"água\" é sintetizada no slogan adotado pela WateReuse Research Foundation em campanha pelo reuso de água: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once\". Progressivamente tem-se melhorado os processos de gestão da água, com controle de desperdício, procedimentos e utilização de fontes alternativas de abastecimento, não apenas na escala dos sistemas públicos, mas nos sistemas prediais. No Brasil, seguindo esta tendência global, existem iniciativas independentes de sistemas prediais de água não potável sendo instalados em edifícios residenciais e comerciais. Estas iniciativas, no entanto, contam hoje com pequeno respaldo técnico normativo, diretrizes ou legislação que orientem gestores, executores e profissionais sobre as práticas adequadas de implantação, gestão e monitoramento deste tipo de sistema, colocando em risco a segurança dos usuários e o sucesso da tecnologia. Considerando-se que para produzir um edifício de qualidade é fundamental atender às necessidades dos usuários, adequando as soluções ao uso que será feito do produto, a Avaliação Durante Operação (ADO) do edifício apresenta-se como uma ferramenta adequada para a análise da situação atual do sistema. Inserindo-se neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor uma ferramenta que auxilie a avaliação de desempenho de sistemas prediais de água não potável durante sua operação em edifícios residenciais, no que se refere à operação e manutenção. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre sistemas prediais de água não potável, tratamentos de água disponíveis e avaliação de desempenho. Seguindo a metodologia de ADO, foram realizados estudos de casos em edifícios residenciais para levantamento de dados atuais de desempenho. Ao término da análise dos casos selecionados, foi possível validar a ferramenta proposta e constatar que a falta de capacitação técnica, normas técnicas e legislações específicas que orientem projetistas, executores, gestores e usuários e padronizem os sistemas prediais de água não potável contribui para o cenário encontrado nos estudos, caracterizado por sistemas que operam com desempenho inferior ao adequado para atender às necessidades e garantir a segurança de seus usuários. / The global concern with the scenario of increasing natural resource scarcity is synthesized in the slogan adopted by WateReuse Research Foundation for a reuse campaign: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once.\" Progressively, the water management processes have been improved, by controlling waste, procedures and use of alternative sources of water supply, not only at the city level but also individually. In Brazil, following this global trend, there are independent initiatives of non-potable water systems being installed in residential and commercial buildings. These initiatives, however, have today little technical normative support, guidelines or legislation to orientate managers, performers and professionals on the appropriate practices for deployment, management and monitoring of this type of system, endangering the safety of users and the success of technology. Considering that to produce a quality building it is critical to meet the user\'s needs, suiting the solutions according to the product use, the evaluation during operation (EDO) presents itself as adequate tool for analyzing the current situation and proposing improvements on the system performance. In this context, this study aims to propose a tool that assists the performance evaluation of non-potable water systems during its operation in residential buildings, regarding the design, implementation, operation and maintenance. In order to do that, it was performed bibliographical survey on nonpotable water systems, available water treatments and performance evaluation. Following the EDO methodology, case studies were conducted in a sample of residential buildings for current performance data collection. Upon completion of the analysis of selected cases, the proposed tool was validated and it was found that the lack of technical training, technical standards and specific legislation to guide designers, performers, managers and users, and to standardize the non-potable water systems contributes to the scenario found in the case studies, characterized by systems operating with performance unsuited to meet the needs and ensure the safety of its users.

L'objectif de ce travail est de présenter un modèle générique de la digestion dans l'intestin grêle. Dans la première partie de ce travail, un modèle mécaniste basé sur les équations différentielles ordinaires est utilisé pour présenter la digestion : les équations décrivent l'évolution de la position et de la composition du bolus provenant de l'estomac. Chaque bolus est représenté par un cylindre. Ce modèle prend en compte simultanément les différents aspects de la digestion à savoir le transport du bolus dans la lumière intestinale, la dégradation des aliments par des enzymes, et l'absorption des nutriments. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, nous utilisons les méthodes d'homogénéisation mathématique pour justifier le modèle de la digestion développé dans la première partie. Nous montrons que ce modèle peut être considéré comme une version macroscopique des modèles plus réalistes, qui contiennent des phénomènes biologiques à des échelles inférieures de l'intestin grêle : (i) les ondes péristaltiques à haute fréquence (échelle du temps microscopique) et leurs effets sur la vitesse du bolus, (ii) la présence des villosités intestinales (échelle microscopique de l'espace) et leur influence sur la digestion. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de ce travail, nous étudions l'influence du changement de la structure de bolus sur la digestion en intégrant les fibres alimentaires dans sa composition. Les deux principales caractéristiques des fibres alimentaires qui interagissent avec la fonction de l'intestin grêle, à savoir, la viscosité et la capacité de rétention d'eau ont été modélisées. Ce modèle nous a permis de considérer, en particulier, la relation entre l'évolution de la matière sèche et de l'eau au sein du bolus. Bien que ce modèle est générique et contient un grand nombre de paramètres, à notre connaissance, il est parmi les premiers modèles dynamiques qualitatives de l'influence des fibres sur la digestion intestinale.

Children’s literature flourished in Edo-period Japan, as this dissertation shows through a survey of eighteenth-century woodblock-printed picturebooks for children that feature children in prominent roles. Addressing a persisting neglect of non-Western texts in the study of children’s literature and childhood per se, the dissertation challenges prevailing historical understandings of the origins of children’s literature and conceptions of childhood as a distinct phase of life. The explosive growth of print culture in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Japan not only raised expectations for adult literacy but also encouraged the spread of basic education for children and the publication of books for the young. The limited prior scholarship on Edo-period Japanese children’s books tends to dismiss them as a few isolated exceptions or as limited to moralistic primers and records of oral tradition. This dissertation reveals a long-lasting, influential, and varied body of children’s literature that combines didactic value with entertainment. Eighteenth-century picturebooks drew on literary and religious traditions as well as popular culture, while tailoring their messages to the interests and limitations of child readers. Organized in two parts, the dissertation includes two analytical chapters followed by five annotated translations of picturebooks (kōzeibyōshi and early kusazōshi). Among the illustrators that can be identified are ukiyoe artists like Torii Kiyomitsu (1735-1785). The first chapter analyzes the picturebook as a form of children’s literature that can be considered in terms analogous to those used of children’s literature in the West, and it provides evidence that these picturebooks were recognized by Japanese of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as uniquely suited to child readers. The second chapter addresses the ways in which woodblock-printed children’s literature was commercialized and canonized from the mid-eighteenth century through the latter years of the Edo period, and it shows that picturebooks became source material for new forms of children’s culture during that time. The translated picturebooks, from both the city of Edo and the Kamigata region, include a sample of eighteenth-century views of the child: developing fetus, energetic grandchild, talented student, unruly schoolboy, obedient helper at home, young bride-to-be, and deceased child under the care of the Bodhisattva Jizō. / East Asian Languages and Civilizations

A pair of eight-fold screens entitled "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" represents a colorful world map with the figures of peoples of the world on one screen. The painting is punctuated by numerous city markers, with the largest indicating the city of Rome. On the other screen, twenty-eight cities of the world and Christian and Muslim kings in ceremonial attire on horseback are depicted. This pair of screens was probably produced in the early seventeenth century. It was most likely painted by Jesuit-trained Japanese painters who had learned western themes and painting techniques: perspective and chiaroscuro. Until the sixteenth century, Japanese experience with and knowledge of the world was limited to its neighbouring lands, such as China, Korea, and India. Beyond the realm of Japan lay worlds formed through fascination and the imagination. In 1543, however, this changed with the appearance of the Portuguese, who journeyed to Japan in the pursuit of new lands to develop trade and to spread Christianity. The Portuguese and their culture had a strong impact on Japanese thoughts and activities, including the creation of many screens with European motifs and new views of the world at large. This pair of screens was drawn upon Dutch prototype made by Petrus Kaerius (1571-1646) in 1609. In my thesis I will examine how "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens performed a two-fold function. I will first examine how the screens marked Jesuit propagation of Christianity in Japan, and second I will examine how the screens articulated what might be called an emergent sense of Japanese collective identity. By this I do not mean identity based on nationalism, which emerged in Japan only in the nineteenth century. Rather, I mean an increasing awareness of the Self in relation to Other, and not only in relation to those outside the geographic confines of Japan but also within. What I intend to explore is how definitions of geography and culture in world map screens, and specifically "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens, prompted viewers to acknowledge a more distinctive Self. The end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries was a transitional moment for both the Jesuits and Portugal. Religiously, the Jesuits were in conflict with the Japanese government and, as well their authority was undermined by Mendicants from the Philippines. These conflicts were compounded further by the spread of Protestantism in Europe. Similarly, after a short prosperous trade in Asia, rising economic and political power of the Netherlands and England gradually pushed Portuguese trade out of Asia. By comparing "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens with "In-and-Around- Kyoto" screens, I argued that the Jesuit's hidden agenda of glorifying Christendom and God's order on earth emerged. Moreover, by comparing this pair with "Four-Continent-and- Forty-Eight-People" screens, I detect the emergence of sense of a Japanese Self, that was forged in relation to the Europeans. Although the screens give the impression of the orderly and peaceful world, they mask the unstable situation which the Jesuits and Portugal were experiencing at the time. In the end, I propose that "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens transformed and reworked the Dutch prototype from a geographical mode to one that is highly decorative. Rather than articulating a Japanese view of the world, the screens maintained the notion of a powerful Catholic world.

Le premier chapitre de ce mémoire porte sur l'étude des minimum forts pour des problèmes de contrôle optimal gouvernés par des EDP semi-linéaires elliptiques et paraboliques avec contraintes intégrales sur l'état final. Le second chapitre porte sur l'étude du problème de temps minimal pour un système de type chemostat en présence de points singuliers stationnaires. On y étudie également un problème de contrôle optimal pour un système chemostat avec deux espèces en compétition et qui comporte une courbe de non-contrôlabilité. Le troisième chapitre s'intéresse à la synthèse d'un contrôle optimal par retour d'état pour un problème de temps minimal issu d'un système fed-batch, notamment en présence d'un contrôle impulsionnel. Le quatrième chapitre étudie deux problèmes de contrôle optimal sous contraintes d'état périodiques. Enfin, le dernier chapitre traite de problèmes d'optimisation de forme géométriques sous contraintes de convexité. Cette dernière est formulée comme une contrainte semi-définie, ce qui permet ensuite d'utiliser la programmation SDP pour minimiser la fonction coût.

On utilise la théorie de Floquet-Lin pour des systèmes différentiels linéaires quasi-périodiques pour établir des résultats d'existence et d'unicité et de dépendance continue des systèmes différentiels non linéaires quasi-périodiques. Et dans un second temps on établit un résultat de réductibilité d'un système différentiel linéaire presque-périodique en un système différentiel linéaire triangulaire supérieur avec conservation du nombre des solutions presque-périodiques indépendantes. Ensuite, on établit un résultat d'existence et d'unicité et de dépendance continue des systèmes différentiels non linéaires presque-périodiques par rapport au terme du contrôle.

A preocupação mundial com o cenário de escassez do recurso natural \"água\" é sintetizada no slogan adotado pela WateReuse Research Foundation em campanha pelo reuso de água: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once\". Progressivamente tem-se melhorado os processos de gestão da água, com controle de desperdício, procedimentos e utilização de fontes alternativas de abastecimento, não apenas na escala dos sistemas públicos, mas nos sistemas prediais. No Brasil, seguindo esta tendência global, existem iniciativas independentes de sistemas prediais de água não potável sendo instalados em edifícios residenciais e comerciais. Estas iniciativas, no entanto, contam hoje com pequeno respaldo técnico normativo, diretrizes ou legislação que orientem gestores, executores e profissionais sobre as práticas adequadas de implantação, gestão e monitoramento deste tipo de sistema, colocando em risco a segurança dos usuários e o sucesso da tecnologia. Considerando-se que para produzir um edifício de qualidade é fundamental atender às necessidades dos usuários, adequando as soluções ao uso que será feito do produto, a Avaliação Durante Operação (ADO) do edifício apresenta-se como uma ferramenta adequada para a análise da situação atual do sistema. Inserindo-se neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor uma ferramenta que auxilie a avaliação de desempenho de sistemas prediais de água não potável durante sua operação em edifícios residenciais, no que se refere à operação e manutenção. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre sistemas prediais de água não potável, tratamentos de água disponíveis e avaliação de desempenho. Seguindo a metodologia de ADO, foram realizados estudos de casos em edifícios residenciais para levantamento de dados atuais de desempenho. Ao término da análise dos casos selecionados, foi possível validar a ferramenta proposta e constatar que a falta de capacitação técnica, normas técnicas e legislações específicas que orientem projetistas, executores, gestores e usuários e padronizem os sistemas prediais de água não potável contribui para o cenário encontrado nos estudos, caracterizado por sistemas que operam com desempenho inferior ao adequado para atender às necessidades e garantir a segurança de seus usuários. / The global concern with the scenario of increasing natural resource scarcity is synthesized in the slogan adopted by WateReuse Research Foundation for a reuse campaign: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once.\" Progressively, the water management processes have been improved, by controlling waste, procedures and use of alternative sources of water supply, not only at the city level but also individually. In Brazil, following this global trend, there are independent initiatives of non-potable water systems being installed in residential and commercial buildings. These initiatives, however, have today little technical normative support, guidelines or legislation to orientate managers, performers and professionals on the appropriate practices for deployment, management and monitoring of this type of system, endangering the safety of users and the success of technology. Considering that to produce a quality building it is critical to meet the user\'s needs, suiting the solutions according to the product use, the evaluation during operation (EDO) presents itself as adequate tool for analyzing the current situation and proposing improvements on the system performance. In this context, this study aims to propose a tool that assists the performance evaluation of non-potable water systems during its operation in residential buildings, regarding the design, implementation, operation and maintenance. In order to do that, it was performed bibliographical survey on nonpotable water systems, available water treatments and performance evaluation. Following the EDO methodology, case studies were conducted in a sample of residential buildings for current performance data collection. Upon completion of the analysis of selected cases, the proposed tool was validated and it was found that the lack of technical training, technical standards and specific legislation to guide designers, performers, managers and users, and to standardize the non-potable water systems contributes to the scenario found in the case studies, characterized by systems operating with performance unsuited to meet the needs and ensure the safety of its users.

A pair of eight-fold screens entitled "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" represents a colorful world map with the figures of peoples of the world on one screen. The painting is punctuated by numerous city markers, with the largest indicating the city of Rome. On the other screen, twenty-eight cities of the world and Christian and Muslim kings in ceremonial attire on horseback are depicted. This pair of screens was probably produced in the early seventeenth century. It was most likely painted by Jesuit-trained Japanese painters who had learned western themes and painting techniques: perspective and chiaroscuro. Until the sixteenth century, Japanese experience with and knowledge of the world was limited to its neighbouring lands, such as China, Korea, and India. Beyond the realm of Japan lay worlds formed through fascination and the imagination. In 1543, however, this changed with the appearance of the Portuguese, who journeyed to Japan in the pursuit of new lands to develop trade and to spread Christianity. The Portuguese and their culture had a strong impact on Japanese thoughts and activities, including the creation of many screens with European motifs and new views of the world at large. This pair of screens was drawn upon Dutch prototype made by Petrus Kaerius (1571-1646) in 1609. In my thesis I will examine how "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens performed a two-fold function. I will first examine how the screens marked Jesuit propagation of Christianity in Japan, and second I will examine how the screens articulated what might be called an emergent sense of Japanese collective identity. By this I do not mean identity based on nationalism, which emerged in Japan only in the nineteenth century. Rather, I mean an increasing awareness of the Self in relation to Other, and not only in relation to those outside the geographic confines of Japan but also within. What I intend to explore is how definitions of geography and culture in world map screens, and specifically "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens, prompted viewers to acknowledge a more distinctive Self. The end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the seventeenth centuries was a transitional moment for both the Jesuits and Portugal. Religiously, the Jesuits were in conflict with the Japanese government and, as well their authority was undermined by Mendicants from the Philippines. These conflicts were compounded further by the spread of Protestantism in Europe. Similarly, after a short prosperous trade in Asia, rising economic and political power of the Netherlands and England gradually pushed Portuguese trade out of Asia. By comparing "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens with "In-and-Around- Kyoto" screens, I argued that the Jesuit's hidden agenda of glorifying Christendom and God's order on earth emerged. Moreover, by comparing this pair with "Four-Continent-and- Forty-Eight-People" screens, I detect the emergence of sense of a Japanese Self, that was forged in relation to the Europeans. Although the screens give the impression of the orderly and peaceful world, they mask the unstable situation which the Jesuits and Portugal were experiencing at the time. In the end, I propose that "World-Map-and-Twenty-Eight-City" screens transformed and reworked the Dutch prototype from a geographical mode to one that is highly decorative. Rather than articulating a Japanese view of the world, the screens maintained the notion of a powerful Catholic world. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate