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The major portion of Pacific whiting (PW) is commercialized in the form of frozen surimi. Alternative products for PW were investigated focusing on fresh surimi and texturized meat from PW mince. Fresh surimi is made without additives and kept refrigerated instead of frozen. Texturized meat is a meat-like product made from PW mince through freeze-texturization. Fresh surimi was stored at 5°C and analyzed for its total aerobic plate count (APC), shear stress, shear strain, and color during 7 days storage. Frozen surimi from PW was prepared with 0, 3, 6, and 9% cryoprotectants and was compared with fresh surimi for its gel forming ability. Fresh surimi had a shelf life of 5 days and the gel forming ability remained unchanged throughout storage time. Shear strain of fresh surimi was not different from frozen surimi with 9% cryoprotectants but shear stress was almost 3 times higher than the frozen one. Texturized meat from PW mince was prepared from unwashed or 1-washed mince kept frozen for 6-8 mo with or without the addition of 6% cryoprotectants. The minces were comminuted into a protein slurry, formed into patties, and frozen at -7, -18, and -50°C. The evaluations of ice formation (by microscopic study), hardness, cook loss, color, and water holding capacity were carried out during 20 days storage. The results showed that texturized meat with parallel layers was made from 1-washed PW mince. Unwashed PW mince created a sponge-like texture and had rapid quality deterioration, thus it is not recommended for this product. Cryoprotectants did not significantly affect the texture formation of the product and are not required to store mince as raw material for the texturized meat. The optimum freeze-texturized temperature for this product was -18°C or lower because it minimized quality changes during storage depending on the desirable texture. The lower the temperature (higher freezing rate), the finer the layers created. / Graduation date: 1996

The hypotheses of this research were (1) to test if the antagonistic effect of ethanol on liver copper could be seen within a short period when ethanol ingestion, low dietary copper and high metabolic demand represented by either pregnancy plus lactation or rapid growth are simultaneously present and (2) to test if ethanol ingestion would exaggerate a marginal dietary copper status to an obvious copper deficiency. Pregnant rats were fed liquid diets containing either 0.75 (low) or 3.75 (control) mg copper/L with or without 30% of kcal from ethanol throughout gestation and the first 15 days of lactation. Maternal ethanol intake failed to exaggerate a marginal copper status to a copper deficient anemia in both dams and pups as estimated by concentrations of hemoglobin and liver iron and oxidase activity of the copper-metalloenzyme ceruloplasmin. However, maternal ethanol intake did depress maternal liver copper concentration when diet copper was low (interactive effect P<0.05). This effect was specific for liver because other tissue copper concentration was unaffected by ethanol. Although ethanol depressed total pup liver copper concentration regardless of dietary copper level, the interactive effect seen in maternal liver was reflected in copper content of the pup liver metallothionein fraction eluted from a Sephadex G-75 column. At least part of the depressive effect of ethanol on pup liver copper can be explained by elevated pup serum corticosterone (r=-0.61, P<0.001), a hormone known to enhance loss of neonatal liver copper by way of biliary excretion. On the other hand, the copper status of weanling female rats which were fed liquid diets containing either 0.5 (low) or 2.5 (control) mg copper/L for 5 weeks was unaffected by ethanol. Results demonstrate that the depressive effect of ethanol on liver copper can be seen within a period of weeks rather than months when ethanol ingestion, low dietary copper and pregnancy plus lactation are simultaneously present in contrast to non-pregnancy. This ethanol and copper interaction during reproduction, however, can not be detected if only either serum copper or oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin is used as an indicator of copper status. / Graduation date: 1989

Graduation date: 1984

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-157). / Microfiche. / xiv, 157 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-47). / vii, 77 leaves, bound 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105). / x, 105 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28). / ix, 77 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-46). / vii, 46 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-95). / ix, 95 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm