This report from Groote Schuur therefore sets out to review cases of postradiation sarcomas, including malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT), presenting to the Radiation Oncology Departments of Groote Schuur Hospital and the affiliated hospitals (Frere Hospital, East London and Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth) or known to have occurred in patients initially treated in these hospitals. It aims [1] to establish the features of the initial malignancy as well as the latent period for the development of postradiation sarcoma, the type of postradiation tumor and the outcome of the disease; [2] to establish as accurately as possible dose levels at which the postradiation tumors have developed; and [3] to briefly describe possible risk factors such as a genetic predisposition to the development of malignancy, repeated courses of radiotherapy, surgery as part of the treatment of the initial tumor, and chemotherapy. Questions regarding the genesis of postradiation sarcomas cannot be answered by a review of 20 cases, even when combined with an analysis of literature. This review aims to add relevant information to the body of data from which the final answers may come. In view of the late diagnosis often made in cases of postradiation sarcoma (25, 94) the review also aims to heighten awareness of the condition so that it may be more often reported at a curable stage.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Enhancing osteoblast proliferation, survival, and extracellular matrix protein secretion are potential therapeutic approaches to treat bone fractures and diseases such as osteoporosis. BENS is a traditional medicine used in many countries such as India for thousands of years to treat many diseases including bone diseases. In this study, molecular, cell-based and in vivo approaches were utilized to investigate the effects of BENS on bone and cartilage regeneration. An osteosarcoma cell line (MG63) was incubated in serum free media with and without 0.8 mg/ml of BENS. BENS significantly increased cell survival up to 30 days and these cells retained their ability to proliferate in fresh media with serum. After adding BENS, there were statistically significant decreases in the expression of both anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins. An in vivo non-critical size segmental bone defect Xenopus system was used to evaluate the ability of BENS to enhance cartilage formation. After a small segment of the anterior hemisection of the tarsus bone was excised, the frogs were divided into three groups and given subcutaneous injections of either phosphate-buffered saline or BENS once daily for 30 days and then bone/cartilage formation evaluated. The total cartilage area/total section area was significantly increased (2.6 fold) in the BENS treated samples. In an osteoporotic rat model, the anabolic properties of BENS on bone mass were assessed by histomorphometric analyses. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats received daily intraperitoneal injections for 4 weeks. Bone formation rates (BFRs) for the cortical periosteal bone surface of the midshaft tibia were 383.2, 223.9, 308.8, 304.9, and 370.9 µm3/µm2/year, and for the trabecular surface were 82.2, 113, 212.1, 157, and 165 µm3/µm2/year for the sham, OVX, PTH, 3 mg/kg BENS, and 30 mg/kg BENS groups, respectively. BENS increased both trabecular and cortical BFRs. It generated better results on cortical periosteal bone surface than did PTH. Taken together, these findings suggest that BENS promotes osteoblast survival due to its effects on altering the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins. In addition, in vivo studies revealed that BENS enhanced cartilage formation in Xenopus and BFRs in rats. Therefore, BENS may possess anabolic bone/cartilage properties.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18037号 / 経博第490号 / 新制||経||268(附属図書館) / 30895 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 西山 慶彦, 准教授 奥井 亮, 講師 末石 直也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

Maternal factors have the potential to influence the morphometrics of offspring; however, the magnitude and persistence of those influences are not well known. I investigated the extent to which maternal factors influenced offspring phenotype at the individual and population level for captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) originating from three distinct physiographic regions of Mississippi, USA. First, I tested whether male white-tailed deer displayed improvements in weaponry and body size after two generations of being released from nutritional restrictions. I found that improved nutrition positively influenced all morphometrics; however, we observed variation in magnitude of improvement. Antler size was most responsive to improved nutrition while body mass and skeletal structures were less responsive; potentially indicating an adaptive strategy allowing males to increase yearly reproductive success without jeopardizing lifetime reproductive success. Second, we assessed whether maternal characteristics, early life characteristics or a combination of both persistently influenced morphometrics throughout maturity. I found that late birth date positively influenced offspring body mass through three-years of age; indicating that late-born fawns over-compensated for a late start to life. I also identified an indirect silver-spoon effect as early-, heavy-born fawns were heavy juveniles. In turn, heavy juveniles were also heavy adults. Therefore, male white-tailed deer may gain reproductive opportunities by displaying one of two strategies to increase body mass. Lastly, I estimated heritability for six antler characteristics and quantified the influence of maternal factors such as parturition date and litter size on the predictability of antler size. All antler characteristics were highly heritable. Yearling antler size was a moderate predictor of antler size later in life, but accounting for maternal factors greatly improved predictability. The influence of maternal factors decreased with increasing male age suggesting that compensation for the negative influence of maternal factors may occur after an individual’s first year of life. My results suggest that although antler characteristics are highly heritable, the large influence of maternal factors on predictability indicates that use of yearling antler size as selective harvest criteria may not achieve all management goals.

Non-consumptive effects that predators have on prey are important to ecosystems. The perceived risk of predation can alter feeding behavior. Giving-up density (GUD) experiments have been a foundational method to evaluate perceived predation risk, but rely on the assumption that food preferences are absolute. However, nutritional preferences are context dependent and can change with risk. In my first chapter, I used spiders and grasshoppers to test the hypothesis that covariance in nutritional preferences and risk may confound the interpretation of GUD experiments. My results demonstrate that predation risk and nutritional preferences covary and can confound interpretation of GUD experiments. In my second chapter, I use a behavioral observation experiment to further explore non-consumptive effects, as well as the movement of prey in response to predation risk.

No description available.

No description available.

Do estate and neighborhood characteristics influence perceptions of safety? Using data from a survey of residents living in municipal housing in Gothenburg, this paper argues that the spatial and social characteristics of a neighborhood vastly outpace the role of its socioeconomic and demographic composition, when it comes to accounting for the perceived safety of its residents. The dataset consists of survey data on residents’ perception of safety from 2013-2014 and 2016-2021 in Gothenburg linked with sociodemographic data at an estate level. This allows us to examine the effects of neighborhood and estate characteristics on perceived safety. We compare two different indices of safety and conceptualize safety as residential safety, which is then analyzed using statistical models. The study employs a combined estate and year fixed effect model with estate clustering and robust standard errors to strengthen the causal identification between the relationships and the robustness of the results. The study finds strong support for neighborhoods’ social and spatial characteristics such as contact with neighbors and the level of streetlights to influence individuals’ perception of safety. Weaker support is also established for the safety level to be affected by the socioeconomic composition in the area and the estate. These findings indicate that the social cohesion in a neighborhood and the spatial organization are important factors in increasing residential safety.

<p> The question of how the plastic strength of alloys depends on composition is critical to alloy design. Numerous classical works have tackled this question in the past. Yet, the models available to date primarily focus on the strength of alloys at the onset of yielding and seldom address the role of alloy composition in the hardening and dislocation microstructure evolution regime. The above question becomes even more important in situations in which the alloys are compositionally nonuniform at the mesoscale, as in spinodally decomposed alloys, irradiated alloys, high entropy alloys, and additive-manufactured alloys. In this work, the interaction between alloy plasticity and compositional inhomogeneity is addressed from a discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) perspective. A framework comprising of three components: (1) analysis of the 3D composition morphology in inhomogeneous alloys with tendency to undergo spinodal/spinodal-like instability, (2) atomistic simulations of the dislocation mobility as a function of the local composition, and (3) dislocation dynamics simulations, has been utilized to understand the collective dynamics of dislocations and mesoscale plasticity in inhomogeneous alloys. Irradiated FeCrAl has been used as a model alloy for the implementation of the current framework and subsequent investigations. The investigation reveals that the composition inhomogeneity plays a crucial role in influencing microplasticity and macroscopic plasticity in inhomogeneous alloys. This happens due to the motion of dislocations taking place in a wavy fashion due to coherency stresses and locally varying dislocation velocities. </p> <p>To further understand alloy microplasticity from a single dislocation perspective, Cahn’s theory of hardening in compositionally modulated alloys based on coherency stresses has been modified to account for superposition of solid solution strengthening on spinodal strengthening due to the composition modulation. A new definition for the CRSS in compositionally modulated alloys is provided. Subsequently, CRSS is determined as a function of dislocation line direction, amplitude, and wavelength of the composition fluctuations.</p> <p>Lastly, an application of the developed framework is demonstrated where plasticity in irradiated FeCrAl nanopillars is investigated using DDD, with a comparison to transmission electron microscopic in situ tensile tests of ion- and neutron-irradiated commercial FeCrAl C35M alloy.</p>