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Le corail rouge de Méditerranée (Corallium rubrum) fait l'objet d'un important commerce depuis des millénaires ; il est traditionnellement utilisé pour la confection de bijoux et d'objets d'art. L'étude de son squelette permet de mieux comprendre les procédés utilisés par la nature pour fabriquer des matériaux résistants avec un coût énergétique minimal (conditions de chimie douce). D'autre part, la caractérisation des taux de croissance vertical et radial est toute aussi importante pour établir des critères à des fins de conservation de l'espèce. Dans ce travail, C. rubrum a été comparé à d'autres espèces de coraux précieux de la même famille (C. elatius et Paracorallium japonicum). Ces espèces présentent deux modes de croissance distincts: (1) un mode 'bloc par bloc' à l'apex de la branche, associé à une croissance axiale rapide (~2 mm/an) et (2) un mode 'couche par couche' se produisant en dessous de l'apex, associé à une croissance radiale lente (~0,2 mm/an). Les structures physiques et chimiques des squelettes des coraux précieux aident à mieux comprendre les mécanismes complexes de la croissance cristalline bio-assistée. / The Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum) has been harvested and traded for centuries; it is highly valued in jewelry. Studies of the skeletal structures are important to better understand how nature proceeds to synthetize resistant material at low-energy cost by soft chemistry. On the other hand, the determination of vertical and axial growth rates is important to establish criterions for the sustainable management of these precious species. In this work, the skeleton of C. rubrum has been compared to skeleton of other species belonging of the same family (C. elatius and P. japonicum). All species show two distinct growth modes: (1) a block-by-block mode at the branch apex associated with a fast axial growth rate (~2 mm/year) and (2) a layer-by-layer mode associated with a slow radial growth rate (~0,2 mm/year). The physical and chemical patterns of the skeleton of precious corals provide important constraints to better understand the complex mechanisms of in bio-assisted crystalline growth.

Plant-soil feedback has been a well-studied mechanism in recent years of the success of invasive plants, the shift of species in succession, and the structure of plant communities in general. It is a process during which the plant affects the soil with its growth and these changes are reflected in the growth of other plants. Despite the large number of previous studies, relatively little attention is paid to the interaction of plant-soil feedback with other factors, which I consider important for understanding its role in natural plant communities. The aim of the work was to clarify the influence of plant-soil feedback on model species Arrhenatherum elatius and Centaurea scabiosa and to compare its influence with other factors - interspecific competition and herbivory (simulated loss of aboveground biomass). The influence of factors was investigated using biomass and changes in plant physiology, specifically chlorophyll fluorescence and the content of elements in aboveground biomass. The plant-soil feedback mechanism of the model species was assessed using the content of elements in the soil after cultivation. In the biomass of the species Arrhenatherum elatius, the factors of plant-soil feedback and competition manifested themselves in mutual interaction, when the presence of a competitor changed...