<p dir="ltr">A novel computational electromagnetic (CEM) solver using potential-based formulations and discrete exterior calculus (DEC) is proposed. The proposed solver consists of two parts: the DEC A-Phi solver and the DEC F-Psi solver. A and Phi are the magnetic vector potential and electric scalar potential of the electromagnetic (EM) field, respectively; F and Psi are the electric vector potential and magnetic scalar potential, respectively. The two solvers are dual to each other, and most research is carried out with respect to the DEC A-Phi solver.</p><p dir="ltr">Systematical approach for constructing the DEC A-Phi matrix equations is provided in this thesis, including the construction of incidence matrices, Hodge star operators and different boundary conditions. The DEC A-Phi solver is proved to be broadband stable from DC to optics, while classical CEM solvers suffer from stability issues at low frequencies (also known as the low-frequency breakdown). The proposed solver is ideal for broadband and multi-scale analysis, which is of great importance in modern industry.</p><p dir="ltr">To empower the proposed solver with the ability to solve industry problems with large number of unknowns, iterative solvers are preferred. The error-minimization mechanism buried in iterative solvers allows user to control the effect of numerical error accumulation to the solution vector. Proper preconditioners are almost always needed to accelerate the convergence of iterative solvers in large scale problems. In this thesis, preconditioning schemes for the proposed solver are studied.</p><p dir="ltr">In the DEC A-Phi solver, current sources can be applied easily, but it is difficult to implement voltage sources. To incorporate voltage sources in the potential-based solver, the DEC F-Psi solver is proposed. The DEC A-Phi and F-Psi solvers are dual formulations to each other, and the construction of the F-Psi solver can be generalized from the A-Phi solver straightforward.</p>

O presente trabalho objetiva um estudo de aplicação do Método dos Elementos de Contorno à análise de problemas de propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas. O Método baseia-se numa formulação integral que elimina todas as operações de integração em domínio, restando apenas as de contorno. Inicialmente faz-se um estudo dos fundamentos teóricos do método, apresentando-o de forma genérica e encaminhando sua aplicação à equação de Helmholtz. Os procedimentos computacionais desenvolvidos para a implementação do método viabilizam a solução eficiente de problemas de interesse, envolvendo diferentes meios com ou sem perdas. São apresentados resultados de simulações realizadas que confirmam a aplicabilidade do método, permitindo também uma análise de seu desempenho através da variação de parâmetros, como, por exemplo, número de elementos na discretização e função de interpolação. / This work deals with a study of application of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) directed to electromagnetic guided wave propagation. This method relies on an integral formulation that does not need any domain integration. Only boundary integrations have to be performed. The work begins with a study of the theoretical foundations of the method, presenting its general formulation and then directing it to Helmholtz’s equation solution. Developed computational procedures allow efficient application of the method to real problems with more than one medium, with or without losses. Simulations results are presented which confirm the applicability of the method and allow the analysis of its performance through parameters variation as, for example, the number of discretized elements and interpolation function.

O presente trabalho objetiva um estudo de aplicação do Método dos Elementos de Contorno à análise de problemas de propagação de ondas eletromagnéticas. O Método baseia-se numa formulação integral que elimina todas as operações de integração em domínio, restando apenas as de contorno. Inicialmente faz-se um estudo dos fundamentos teóricos do método, apresentando-o de forma genérica e encaminhando sua aplicação à equação de Helmholtz. Os procedimentos computacionais desenvolvidos para a implementação do método viabilizam a solução eficiente de problemas de interesse, envolvendo diferentes meios com ou sem perdas. São apresentados resultados de simulações realizadas que confirmam a aplicabilidade do método, permitindo também uma análise de seu desempenho através da variação de parâmetros, como, por exemplo, número de elementos na discretização e função de interpolação. / This work deals with a study of application of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) directed to electromagnetic guided wave propagation. This method relies on an integral formulation that does not need any domain integration. Only boundary integrations have to be performed. The work begins with a study of the theoretical foundations of the method, presenting its general formulation and then directing it to Helmholtz’s equation solution. Developed computational procedures allow efficient application of the method to real problems with more than one medium, with or without losses. Simulations results are presented which confirm the applicability of the method and allow the analysis of its performance through parameters variation as, for example, the number of discretized elements and interpolation function.

<div>Accurate, fast, large-scale, and circuit-intuitive electromagnetic analysis is of critical importance to the design of integrated circuits (IC) and systems. Existing methods for the analysis of integrated circuits and systems have not satisfactorily achieved these performance goals. In this work, rapid modeling and simulation methods are developed for large-scale and circuit-intuitive electromagnetic analysis of integrated circuits and systems. The derived model is correct from zero to high frequencies where Maxwell's equations are valid. In addition, in the proposed model, we are able to analytically decompose the layout response into static and full-wave components with neither numerical computation nor approximation. This decomposed yet rigorous model greatly helps circuit diagnoses since now designers are able to analyze each component one by one, and identify which component is the root cause for the design failure. Such a decomposition also facilitates efficient layout modeling and simulation, since if an IC is dominated by RC effects, then we do not have to compute the full-wave component; and vice versa. Meanwhile, it makes parallelization straightforward. In addition, we develop fast algorithms to obtain each component of the inverse rapidly. These algorithms are also applicable for solving general partial differential equations for fast electromagnetic analysis.</div><div><br></div><div>The fast algorithms developed in this work are as follows. First, an analytical method is developed for finding the nullspace of the curl-curl operator in an arbitrary mesh for an arbitrary order of curl-conforming vector basis function. This method has been applied successfully to both a finite-difference and a finite-element based analysis of general 3-D structures. It can be used to obtain the static component of the inverse efficiently. An analytical method for finding the complementary space of the nullspace is also developed. Second, using the analytically found nullspace and its complementary space, a rigorous method is developed to overcome the low-frequency breakdown problem in the full-wave analysis of general lossy problems, where both dielectrics and conductors can be lossy and arbitrarily inhomogeneous. The method is equally valid at high frequencies without any need for changing the formulation. Third, with the static component part solved, the full-wave component is also ready to obtain. There are two ways. In the first way, the full-wave component is efficiently represented by a small number of high-frequency modes, and a fast method is created to find these modes. These modes constitute a significantly reduced order model of the complementary space of the nullspace. The second way is to utilize the relationship between the curl-curl matrix and the Laplacian matrix. An analytical method to decompose the curl-curl operator to a gradient-divergence operator and a Laplacian operator is developed. The derived Laplacian matrix is nothing but the curl-curl matrix's Laplacian counterpart. They share the same set of non-zero eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Therefore, this Laplacian matrix can be used to replace the original curl-curl matrix when operating on the full-wave component without any computational cost, and an iterative solution can converge this modified problem much faster irrespective of the matrix size. The proposed work has been applied to large-scale layout extraction and analysis. Its performance in accuracy, efficiency, and capacity has been demonstrated.</div>