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O déficit na ingestão de proteína durante o período de rápido desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central resulta em atrasos no desenvolvimento físico e cerebral, com conseqüências para o comportamento de ratos. Estudos mostram que prejuízos causados pela desnutrição podem ser parcialmente revertidos pelo enriquecimento ambiental e pela estimulação táctil. O enriquecimento ambiental aumenta a exploração no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), além de reverter alguns danos no cérebro de ratos desnutridos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar, em ratos desnutridos (D) e bem nutridos (C), os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental (E) e da estimulação táctil (H) durante o período de formação do SNC (8 a 35 dias), através do desempenho no LCE aos 36 e 37 dias de idade. Os ratos foram divididos em dois diferentes grupos de acordo com a dieta: desnutridos (dieta com 6% de proteína) e controles (dieta com 16% de proteína). Também foram subdivididos em grupos conforme a manipulação ambiental: não estimulação (N), ambiente enriquecido (E), e estimulação táctil (H). A manipulação ambiental foi realizada nos períodos de 8 a 35 dias. Após os testes comportamentais os animais foram decapitados e tiveram o hipocampo e córtex occipital extraído para a análise de poliaminas através do método do HPLC, e o sangue foi retirado para a análise de corticosterona plasmática através da técnica de radioimunoensaio. Os dados evidenciaram que os animais D apresentaram menor peso corporal quando comparados com os animais C. A partir da exposição ao LCE, os resultados mostram que D permanecem uma maior porcentagem (p<0,05) de tempo e entram mais nos braços abertos em relação a C. Com relação às diferentes estimulações, os animais DE apresentaram uma menor percentagem (P<0,05) de tempo nos braços abertos quando comparados aos animais DH e animais DN. Os animais C apresentam uma atividade locomotora maior que D (p<0,05), demonstrado pelo maior numero de entradas nos braços fechados. Também foi possível verificar que D possui maiores níveis de corticosterona plasmática comparado a C. Também foi possível verificar que animais N possuem maior quantidade de espermidina (SPD), espermina (SPM) e SPD+SPM no hipocampo quando comparados com animais estimulados, independente da dieta a que foram expostos. Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que tanto a manipulação táctil como o enriquecimento ambiental amenizam as alterações produzidas pela desnutrição no comportamento de exploração dos braços abertos do LCE, além de alterarem a resposta de poliaminas no hipocampo durante a 2ª exposição ao LCE / Low protein ingestion during the brain growth spurt results in physical and cerebral deficits of development with long-lasting consequences for the behavior of rats. It has been show that impairments caused by protein malnutrition can be partially reverted by environmental enrichment and tactile stimulation. Environmental enrichment increases the exploration in the elevated plus-maze (EPM), and reverts some brain impairments produced by malnutrition. The objective of the present study was to compare effects of the environmental enrichment (E) and tactile stimulation (H) in malnourished (D) and well-nourished (C) rats, during the period of development of SNC (8 to 35 days), upon the behavior of rats in EPM at the ages of 36 and 37 days. The rats were divided in two different groups according to the diet: protein malnutrition (6% of protein) and controls (16% of protein). They were also subdivided according to the environmental manipulation: N, E and H. The environmental manipulation was accomplished from 8 to 35 days. After the behavioral tests, the rats were decapitated, and the hippocampus and occipital cortex removed for polyamines analysis by HPLC method, and the blood was collected for analysis of plasmatic corticosterone by radioimmunoassay technique. The results showed that D animals presented lower body weight than C animals. The EPM test showed that D animals enter and stay more time in the open arms than C animals (p<0.05). Regarding the different environmental stimulations, the DE animals presented a lower percentage of time in the open arms when compared to DH and DN animals (p<0.05). The C rats presents increases in the motor activity than D (p < 0.05), as demonstrated by higher number of closed arm entries Regarding the biochemical analysis it was showed higher levels of plasmatic corticosterone concentrations in D as compared to C animals. It was also showed that non-stimulated animals presented higher levels of spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM) and SPD+SPM in the hippocampus when compared with stimulated ones, irrespective to the diet conditions. The present data suggest that both the tactile handling and the environmental enrichment reduced the behavioral alterations produced by early malnutrition in the exploration of the open arms in the EPM, as well as, altered the polyamines response in the hippocampus during the second trial in the EPM

There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.

O déficit na ingestão de proteína durante o período de rápido desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central resulta em atrasos no desenvolvimento físico e cerebral, com conseqüências para o comportamento de ratos. Estudos mostram que prejuízos causados pela desnutrição podem ser parcialmente revertidos pelo enriquecimento ambiental e pela estimulação táctil. O enriquecimento ambiental aumenta a exploração no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), além de reverter alguns danos no cérebro de ratos desnutridos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar, em ratos desnutridos (D) e bem nutridos (C), os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental (E) e da estimulação táctil (H) durante o período de formação do SNC (8 a 35 dias), através do desempenho no LCE aos 36 e 37 dias de idade. Os ratos foram divididos em dois diferentes grupos de acordo com a dieta: desnutridos (dieta com 6% de proteína) e controles (dieta com 16% de proteína). Também foram subdivididos em grupos conforme a manipulação ambiental: não estimulação (N), ambiente enriquecido (E), e estimulação táctil (H). A manipulação ambiental foi realizada nos períodos de 8 a 35 dias. Após os testes comportamentais os animais foram decapitados e tiveram o hipocampo e córtex occipital extraído para a análise de poliaminas através do método do HPLC, e o sangue foi retirado para a análise de corticosterona plasmática através da técnica de radioimunoensaio. Os dados evidenciaram que os animais D apresentaram menor peso corporal quando comparados com os animais C. A partir da exposição ao LCE, os resultados mostram que D permanecem uma maior porcentagem (p<0,05) de tempo e entram mais nos braços abertos em relação a C. Com relação às diferentes estimulações, os animais DE apresentaram uma menor percentagem (P<0,05) de tempo nos braços abertos quando comparados aos animais DH e animais DN. Os animais C apresentam uma atividade locomotora maior que D (p<0,05), demonstrado pelo maior numero de entradas nos braços fechados. Também foi possível verificar que D possui maiores níveis de corticosterona plasmática comparado a C. Também foi possível verificar que animais N possuem maior quantidade de espermidina (SPD), espermina (SPM) e SPD+SPM no hipocampo quando comparados com animais estimulados, independente da dieta a que foram expostos. Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que tanto a manipulação táctil como o enriquecimento ambiental amenizam as alterações produzidas pela desnutrição no comportamento de exploração dos braços abertos do LCE, além de alterarem a resposta de poliaminas no hipocampo durante a 2ª exposição ao LCE / Low protein ingestion during the brain growth spurt results in physical and cerebral deficits of development with long-lasting consequences for the behavior of rats. It has been show that impairments caused by protein malnutrition can be partially reverted by environmental enrichment and tactile stimulation. Environmental enrichment increases the exploration in the elevated plus-maze (EPM), and reverts some brain impairments produced by malnutrition. The objective of the present study was to compare effects of the environmental enrichment (E) and tactile stimulation (H) in malnourished (D) and well-nourished (C) rats, during the period of development of SNC (8 to 35 days), upon the behavior of rats in EPM at the ages of 36 and 37 days. The rats were divided in two different groups according to the diet: protein malnutrition (6% of protein) and controls (16% of protein). They were also subdivided according to the environmental manipulation: N, E and H. The environmental manipulation was accomplished from 8 to 35 days. After the behavioral tests, the rats were decapitated, and the hippocampus and occipital cortex removed for polyamines analysis by HPLC method, and the blood was collected for analysis of plasmatic corticosterone by radioimmunoassay technique. The results showed that D animals presented lower body weight than C animals. The EPM test showed that D animals enter and stay more time in the open arms than C animals (p<0.05). Regarding the different environmental stimulations, the DE animals presented a lower percentage of time in the open arms when compared to DH and DN animals (p<0.05). The C rats presents increases in the motor activity than D (p < 0.05), as demonstrated by higher number of closed arm entries Regarding the biochemical analysis it was showed higher levels of plasmatic corticosterone concentrations in D as compared to C animals. It was also showed that non-stimulated animals presented higher levels of spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM) and SPD+SPM in the hippocampus when compared with stimulated ones, irrespective to the diet conditions. The present data suggest that both the tactile handling and the environmental enrichment reduced the behavioral alterations produced by early malnutrition in the exploration of the open arms in the EPM, as well as, altered the polyamines response in the hippocampus during the second trial in the EPM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:46:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4920.pdf: 489498 bytes, checksum: 9e4b0d1ab8d50b5b6eaedfc2626327aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Lead is a toxic metal that affects all the organs and systems of the human body, being its absorption bigger in children and pregnant women. Although the harmful effect of lead in infantile development (e.g., hyperactivity, cognitive deficit, low efficiency at school, etc) there are no studies on the effect of intervention programs for this population. The objectives of this work were: 1. to compare, the acquisition of abilities (foreseen in the Portage Guide) for children of 3 to 5 years old, with average level of lead equal to 21 &#61549;g/dl at four moments and 2. to verify the effect of two domiciliary interventions (A: individual training of the mother according to procedures of the Portage Guide, and the other, B: toys and models of tricks available to the child - environmental enrichment) in its performance. Two groups of 4 children were analyzed, being two groups of intervention and one of waiting control. The delineation counts on: evaluation retrospect (2002/03), a pre-test evaluation of all children in Portage Guide and HOME; implementation of the intervention programs with groups A and B (23 sessions); sounding the trained and emergent behaviors (application of the Portage Guide); retaken of the intervention program (9 weeks); post-test 1 (Portage Guide and HOME); post-test 2 (Portage Guide); post-test 3 with only one child of each group; besides the weekly evaluation of the children s performance through observation and record and posterior intervention with the controlled group. The results pointed to a decay of performance in the Portage Guide of evaluation 2002/03 for the pre-test, in the three groups, being the greater deficits in the cognition and language areas. After the period of intervention, children from group A got greater addition of behaviors, followed by group B and finally group C. The environment quality and care of these children came to be insufficient, but with improvements to the intervention for the submitted groups. It can be concluded that the two interventions speed up the development, but with better results for the intervention with parents guiding. The results indicate, also, that deficits of behavior tend to extend themselves throughout the time when it comes to this population. / O chumbo é um metal tóxico que afeta todos os órgãos e sistemas do corpo humano, sendo sua absorção maior em crianças e gestante. Apesar dos efeitos nocivos do chumbo no desenvolvimento infantil (ex., hiperatividade, déficit cognitivo, baixo rendimento escolar, etc) não existem estudos sobre o efeito de programas de intervenção para esta população. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1.comparar, a aquisição de habilidades (previstas no Inventário Portage Operacionalizado - IPO) por crianças de 3 a 5 anos com nível médio de chumbo igual a 21 g/dl em quatro momentos e 2. verificar &#61549;&#61472;o efeito de duas intervenções domiciliares (A: treino individual da mãe segundo os procedimentos do IPO, e a outra B: disponibilização de brinquedos e modelos de brincadeiras à criança enriquecimento ambiental) no seu desempenho. Foram analisados três grupos de 4 crianças sendo dois grupos de intervenção e um de controle de espera. O delineamento conta com: avaliação retrospectiva (2002/03), uma avaliação pré-teste de todas as crianças no IPO e HOME; implementação dos programas de intervenção com os grupos A e B (23 sessões); sonda dos comportamentos treinados e emergentes (aplicação do IPO); retomada do programa de intervenção (9 semanas); pós-teste 1 (IPO e HOME); pós-teste 2 (IPO); pós-teste 3 com apenas 1 criança de cada grupo; além da avaliação semanal do desempenho das crianças via observação e registro e intervenção posterior com grupo controle. Os resultados apontam para queda de desempenho no IPO da avaliação 2002/03 para o pré-teste, nos 3 grupos, sendo os maiores deficits nas áreas de cognição e linguagem. Após o período de intervenção as crianças do grupo A obtiveram maior acréscimo de comportamentos, seguidas do grupo B e por último o grupo C. A qualidade do ambiente e cuidado destas crianças mostrou-se insuficiente, mas com melhoras para os grupos submetidos a intervenção. Pode-se concluir que as duas intervenções aceleram o desenvolvimento, mas com melhor resultado para a intervenção com orientação de pais. Os resultados indicam, também, que os deficits comportamentais tendem a se ampliar ao longo do tempo quando se trata desta população.

À la fin du 19e siècle, Dr. Ramón y Cajal, un pionnier scientifique, a découvert les éléments cellulaires individuels, appelés neurones, composant le système nerveux. Il a également remarqué la complexité de ce système et a mentionné l’impossibilité de ces nouveaux neurones à être intégrés dans le système nerveux adulte. Une de ses citations reconnues : “Dans les centres adultes, les chemins nerveux sont fixes, terminés, immuables. Tout doit mourir, rien ne peut être régénérer” est représentative du dogme de l’époque (Ramón y Cajal 1928). D’importantes études effectuées dans les années 1960-1970 suggèrent un point de vue différent. Il a été démontré que les nouveaux neurones peuvent être générés à l’âge adulte, mais cette découverte a créé un scepticisme omniprésent au sein de la communauté scientifique. Il a fallu 30 ans pour que le concept de neurogenèse adulte soit largement accepté. Cette découverte, en plus de nombreuses avancées techniques, a ouvert la porte à de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles pour les maladies neurodégénératives. Les cellules souches neurales (CSNs) adultes résident principalement dans deux niches du cerveau : la zone sous-ventriculaire des ventricules latéraux et le gyrus dentelé de l’hippocampe. En condition physiologique, le niveau de neurogenèse est relativement élevé dans la zone sous-ventriculaire contrairement à l’hippocampe où certaines étapes sont limitantes. En revanche, la moelle épinière est plutôt définie comme un environnement en quiescence. Une des principales questions qui a été soulevée suite à ces découvertes est : comment peut-on activer les CSNs adultes afin d’augmenter les niveaux de neurogenèse ? Dans l’hippocampe, la capacité de l’environnement enrichi (incluant la stimulation cognitive, l’exercice et les interactions sociales) à promouvoir la neurogenèse hippocampale a déjà été démontrée. La plasticité de cette région est importante, car elle peut jouer un rôle clé dans la récupération de déficits au niveau de la mémoire et l’apprentissage. Dans la moelle épinière, des études effectuées in vitro ont démontré que les cellules épendymaires situées autour du canal central ont des capacités d’auto-renouvellement et de multipotence (neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Il est intéressant de noter qu’in vivo, suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière, les cellules épendymaires sont activées, peuvent s’auto-renouveller, mais peuvent seulement ii donner naissance à des cellules de type gliale (astrocytes et oligodendrocytes). Cette nouvelle fonction post-lésion démontre que la plasticité est encore possible dans un environnement en quiescence et peut être exploité afin de développer des stratégies de réparation endogènes dans la moelle épinière. Les CSNs adultes jouent un rôle important dans le maintien des fonctions physiologiques du cerveau sain et dans la réparation neuronale suite à une lésion. Cependant, il y a peu de données sur les mécanismes qui permettent l'activation des CSNs en quiescence permettant de maintenir ces fonctions. L'objectif général est d'élucider les mécanismes sous-jacents à l'activation des CSNs dans le système nerveux central adulte. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous avons mis en place deux approches complémentaires chez les souris adultes : 1) L'activation des CSNs hippocampales par l'environnement enrichi (EE) et 2) l'activation des CSNs de la moelle épinière par la neuroinflammation suite à une lésion. De plus, 3) afin d’obtenir plus d’information sur les mécanismes moléculaires de ces modèles, nous utiliserons des approches transcriptomiques afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives. Le premier projet consiste à établir de nouveaux mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires à travers lesquels l’environnement enrichi module la plasticité du cerveau adulte. Nous avons tout d’abord évalué la contribution de chacune des composantes de l’environnement enrichi à la neurogenèse hippocampale (Chapitre II). L’exercice volontaire promeut la neurogenèse, tandis que le contexte social augmente l’activation neuronale. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé l’effet de ces composantes sur les performances comportementales et sur le transcriptome à l’aide d’un labyrinthe radial à huit bras afin d’évaluer la mémoire spatiale et un test de reconnaissante d’objets nouveaux ainsi qu’un RNA-Seq, respectivement (Chapitre III). Les coureurs ont démontré une mémoire spatiale de rappel à court-terme plus forte, tandis que les souris exposées aux interactions sociales ont eu une plus grande flexibilité cognitive à abandonner leurs anciens souvenirs. Étonnamment, l’analyse du RNA-Seq a permis d’identifier des différences claires dans l’expression des transcripts entre les coureurs de courte et longue distance, en plus des souris sociales (dans l’environnement complexe). iii Le second projet consiste à découvrir comment les cellules épendymaires acquièrent les propriétés des CSNs in vitro ou la multipotence suite aux lésions in vivo (Chapitre IV). Une analyse du RNA-Seq a révélé que le transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) agit comme un régulateur, en amont des changements significatifs suite à une lésion de la moelle épinière. Nous avons alors confirmé la présence de cette cytokine suite à la lésion et caractérisé son rôle sur la prolifération, différentiation, et survie des cellules initiatrices de neurosphères de la moelle épinière. Nos résultats suggèrent que TGF-β1 régule l’acquisition et l’expression des propriétés de cellules souches sur les cellules épendymaires provenant de la moelle épinière. / At the end of the 19th century, Dr. Ramón y Cajal, a scientific pioneer, discovered that the nervous system was composed of individual cellular elements, later called neurons. He also noticed the complexity of this system and mentioned the impossibility of new neurons to be integrated into the adult nervous system. One of his famous quotes: “In adult centers the nerve paths are something fixed, ended, immutable. Everything may die, nothing may be regenerated” is representative of the prevalent dogma at the time (Ramón y Cajal 1928). Key studies conducted in the 1960-1970s suggested a different point of view. It was demonstrated that new neurons could be born during adulthood, but this discovery created an omnipresent skepticism in the scientific community. It took 30 years for the concept of adult neurogenesis to become widely accepted. This discovery, along with more advanced techniques, opened doors to potential therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative diseases. Adult neural stem cells (NSCs) reside mainly in two niches in the brain: the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Under normal conditions, neurogenesis level is relatively high in the SVZ whereas some steps are rate-limiting in the hippocampus. In contrast, the spinal cord is rather defined as a quiescent environment. One of the main questions that arose from these discoveries is: how do you activate adult NSCs in order to increase neurogenesis levels? In the hippocampus, environmental enrichment (including cognitive stimulation, exercise and social interactions) has been shown to promote hippocampal neurogenesis. The plasticity potential of this region is important as it could play a crucial role in rescuing learning and memory deficits. In the spinal cord, studies conducted in vitro demonstrated that ependymal cells found around the central canal have self-renewal and multipotency capacities (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes). Interestingly, it turns out that in vivo, following a spinal cord lesion, ependymal cells become activated, can self-replicate, but can only give rise to glia cell fate (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). This new post-injury function shows that plasticity can still occur in a quiescent environment and could be exploited to develop endogenous spinal cord repair strategies. v As mentioned above, NSCs play important roles in normal brain function and neural repair following injury. However, little information is known about how a quiescent NSC becomes activated in order to perform these functions. The general objective of this project was to investigate the mechanisms underlying activation of neural stem cells in the adult central nervous system. My specific aims were to address this question using adult mice in two complementary models: 1) activation of hippocampal NSCs by environmental enrichment, and 2) activation of spinal cord NSCs by injury-induced neuroinflammation. Moreover, 3) to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms of these models, we will perform transcriptomics studies to open new lines of investigation. The first project is expected to provide us with new insights into the basic cellular and molecular mechanisms through which environmental enrichment modulates adult brain plasticity. We first evaluated the contribution of individual environmental enrichment components to hippocampal neurogenesis (Chapter II). Voluntary exercise promotes neurogenesis, whereas a social context increases neuronal activation. We then determined the effect of these components on behavioural performances and transcriptome using an eight-arm radial maze to assess spatial memory, novel object recognition, and RNA-Seq, respectively (Chapter III). Runners show stronger spatial short-term memory recall, whereas mice exposed to social interactions had a better cognitive flexibility to abandon old memory. Surprisingly, RNA-Seq analysis indicated clear differences in the expression of modified transcripts between low runners and high runners, as well as for social interacting mice (within the complex environment). The second project consists of discovering how ependymal cells acquire NSC properties in vitro or multipotentiality following lesions in vivo. A RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) acts as an upstream regulator of significant changes following spinal cord injury (Chapter IV). We therefore confirmed the presence of this cytokine after lesion and investigated its role on proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neurosphere-initiating cells from the spinal cord. Our results suggest that TGF-β1 regulates the acquisition and expression of stem cell properties of spinal cord-derived ependymal cells.

Le syndrome de Coffin Lowry est une forme syndromique rare de déficience intellectuelle liée au chromosome X. Ce syndrome est dû à des mutations du gène Rsk2 codant la protéine kinase RSK2 dans la voie de signalisation des MAPK/ERK. La caractérisation phénotypique du modèle murin Rsk2-KO a principalement mis en évidence un retard d’acquisition ainsi qu’un déficit de mémoire spatiale à long terme, suggérant une altération des fonctions hippocampiques. Nous avons montré que les souris Rsk2-KO présentent également des déficits dans une forme d’apprentissage et de mémoire mettant en jeu la fonction de séparation de patterns dépendante du gyrus denté. Plusieurs études montrent que la genèse de nouveaux neurones dans le gyrus denté chez l’adulte constitue une forme de plasticité jouant un rôle important dans l’apprentissage et la mémoire dépendante de l’hippocampe, en particulier dans les tâches spatiales et de séparation de patterns. En raison des déficits observés chez les souris Rsk2-KO, nous nous sommes intéressés à la neurogenèse adulte chez ce modèle murin. Aucune différence de prolifération, de survie ou de maturation n’a été observée dans le gyrus denté des souris Rsk2-KO à l’état basal, ni après une tâche de séparation de patterns. Cependant, nous avons observé un déficit de survie des nouvelles cellules chez les souris Rsk2-KO après apprentissage dans la piscine de Morris. La littérature montre que l’enrichissement environnemental a des effets bénéfiques sur les performances cognitives des rongeurs et est notamment capable d’augmenter la neurogenèse adulte hippocampique. Nous avons donc analysé les effets de l’enrichissement sur les performances comportementales et la neurogenèse adulte des souris Rsk2-KO. Nos résultats montrent qu’un protocole d’enrichissement environnemental de 3 heures par jours durant 24 jours est capable de compenser ou d’améliorer les performances des souris Rsk2-KO dans les tâches de mémoire spatiale et de séparation de patterns et aussi d’augmenter la neurogenèse hippocampique adulte. / The Coffin-Lowry Syndrome is a rare syndromic form of X-linked intellectual disability. This syndrome is caused by mutations of the Rsk2 gene that encodes a protein kinase, RSK2, in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Characterization of the behavioural phenotype of Rsk2-KO mice mainly showed that they display delayed acquisition and long-term deficits in a spatial reference memory task, suggesting an alteration in hippocampal function. Here, we show that Rsk2-KO mice are also deficient in a learning and memory task that involves dentate gyrus-dependent pattern separation function. Several studies showed the formation of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus by neurogenesis is a form of plasticity that plays a significant role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, in particular for spatial learning and memory and pattern separation. As these functions are altered in Rsk2-KO mice, we studied hippocampal adult neurogenesis in these mice. No difference in proliferation, survival and maturation of newborn neurons was found in the dentate gyrus of the mutant mice in basal conditions, nor after a pattern separation task. However, we found a deficit in the survival of newborn cells in Rsk2-KO mice submitted to spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze task. According to several studies, environmental enrichment in rodents has beneficial effects on cognitive performance and is associated with an enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Thus, we assessed the potential effect of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory performance and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Rsk2-KO mice. Our results show that an environmental enrichment protocol of 3h per day during 24 days can rescue or ameliorate spatial learning and memory performance and pattern separation function in Rsk2-KO mice and increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis.

Weed management in sustainable farming systems often requires the integration of several different pest management techniques. Cultural, biological, and chemical pest control efforts can be utilized to contribute to the common goal of reducing weeds in vegetable row crop systems. This research addresses how common disturbances such as tillage and insecticide use affect: carabid beetle assemblages; predation of weed seeds by invertebrates; and weed seed recruitment. Field experiments were conducted over three years at two different locations on the OSU Vegetable Research Farm, Linn Co., OR. We found that activity-density of carabid beetles varied seasonally and peaked in late August-September each year. Insecticide applied in year 1 affected seed loss in year 2, suggesting possible long-term effects of land management on weed seed removal. Weed recruitment was highly variable between treatment, site, and year. Conserving biological weed control agents in combination with cultural techniques such as reducing tillage and the use of cover crops, helps growers shift from expensive, density-independent control efforts to more ecological, long-term solutions for weed management in agroecosystems. / Graduation date: 2011 / Access restricted to the OSU community, at author's request, from Dec. 15, 2010 - Dec. 15, 2011.