Environmental degradation and climate change are complex cross-cutting issues. They both call for a high level of policy coordination by all actors. This thesis examines the experienceof two Swedish popular movements integrating sustainable development as a cross cutting theme in their development cooperation: an approach known as mainstreaming. I seek to show how sustainability is understood and further how it is realized in the application of the work plans. The two case studies are the International Department of the Church of Sweden and Olof Palme International Centre. I have accounted for practical experiences via using informants as the main data source. Mainstreaming theory has been applied as tools foranalysation. Sustainability has been used in relation to sustainability of results andenvironmental aspects of the work plan. There is an increased demand to report on results and the longevity of the results in addition to address environment in all works undertaken in development cooperation organisations. The significance in studying the current interpretations and above all the challenges in application is to enable consideration in futur eamendments to strategies, policies and efforts made to mainstream sustainability. The findings conclude that there are similarities between the two cases in the identification of sustainability as pertaining to results and in the need for sustainability to focus on relationships to partners. Mainstreaming of environmental concerns is stated as a good and wanted aim. However, the actual negative environmental impact caused by the work plan is seen as low and sometimesenvironmental mainstreaming is even understood as a risk to partnerships. Environmental impact is only identified and addressed when seen as relevant and not as a concept to mainstream, this based on the relative low impact. This is in accordance with Sida guidelines but not with the stated policy wants.

A central principle within UN and EU policy is environmental policyintegration (EPI), aiming at integrating environmental aspirations, targetsand requirements into sector policy in order to promote sustainabledevelopment. The focus of this study is EPI in bioenergy policy. Bioenergy isa renewable energy source of increasing importance in the EU and Swedishenergy mix. At the same time, it is debated how environmentally friendlybioenergy really is. Furthermore, bioenergy can be considered both a multisectorand a multi-level case, since bioenergy is produced in many differentsectors and bioenergy policy is formulated and implemented on differentlevels. Therefore, EPI in bioenergy policy is here analysed over time in twosectors (energy and agriculture) and on three levels (EU, national, subnational).A cognitive, policy learning perspective on EPI is adopted, tracingEPI through looking for reframing of policy towards incorporatingenvironmental objectives in policy rhetoric and practice. Furthermore,institutional and political explanations for the development are discussed.Paper I analyses EPI in Swedish bioenergy policy within energy andagriculture. Paper II analyses institutional conditions for multi-sector EPI inSwedish bioenergy policy. Paper III analyses EPI in EU bioenergy policywithin energy and agriculture. Paper IV analyses sub-national EPI in thecase of the Biofuel Region in north Sweden. The material examined consistsof policy documents complemented by semi-structured interviews. Together, the four papers provide a more complex and holistic picture ofthe EPI process than in previous research, which mainly has focused onstudying EPI in single sectors and on single levels. The study shows thatpriorities are different on different levels; that EPI has varied over time; butthat EPI today is detectable within bioenergy policy in both studied sectorsand on all levels. Policy learning in bioenergy is found to be mainly a topdownprocess. Furthermore, policy coherence between sectors and levels;long-term goals; and concrete policy instruments are found to be importantboth for the EPI process as such and for the outcomes from this process.However, when attempting to marry different goals, such as growth, securityand sustainability, in line with the three-tiered (economic, social, ecologic)sustainable development concept, environmental aspects risks not to beprioritised when goal conflicts arise. The study proposes that future researchboth continues the analysis of multi-sector and multi-level EPI, and furtherexplores to what extent ecological sustainability is improved by EPI.

In this thesis, it has been aimed to analyse the efforts undertaken by the European Union (EU) to stimulate and enhance Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the European coastal zone, within the context of the EU Environmental Policy. ICZM was formally accepted in the international community during the 1990s as an alternative to traditional sectoral coastal zone management approaches. It aims to establish an integrated management mechanism among different sectors to minimise resource use conflicts in coastal zones. Sustainable development constitutes the underlying idea of ICZM, the overall goal of which is to achieve sustainable development in coastal zones. Therefore, ICZM is founded on the internationally accepted principles of sustainable development. Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, which is a formal output of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, made an explicit statement of the need for integrated management of coastal and ocean areas to achieve their sustainability and called the participating nations to take the necessary steps. The EU, being at the forefront of such international developments and embraced sustainable development as a broader policy objective, is devoted to take concerted action in terms of protecting the European coastal zone and fostering ICZM action at the EU and the Member States (MSs) level. Since the early 1990s, the EU institutions began to put substantial effort to achieve this goal, and initiated dedicated actions. Those existing and the foreseen EU actions are elaborated within the context of this thesis. For the time being, the EU ICZM action is a flexible one without a regulatory binding instrument for ICZM. The ongoing EU ICZM action is based upon the existing EU policies and legislation. Within this framework, the central aim of the EU is laid down as to ensure the coordination and integration of these diversified policy objectives and legislative instruments to contribute to sustainable management of the European coastal zone. Since they constitute the backbone of the current EU ICZM efforts, those policies and legislation are also investigated within the scope of this study. This thesis accentuates the importance of concerted EU action in terms of stimulating ICZM action in Europe and the probability of a future EU level devotion towards a more regulatory approach in the longer term.

Die Agrar- und Forstpolitiken der EU und Deutschlands stehen in einem politökonomischen Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Wertschöpfung und Rohstoffproduktion als ökonomieorientierte Ziele einerseits, der Ökologisierung der Landnutzung andererseits und schließlich dem Ziel der Förderung der ländlichen Entwicklung. In wissenschaftlichen und staatlich-politischen Diskursen und Analysen hinsichtlich der Politiksektoren Land- und Forstwirtschaft wurden Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte in den letzten 25 Jahren stark betont. Insbesondere dem politisch-praktischen Konzept der Politikintegration kommt in den Diskursen und Analysen eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Die Studie untersucht die agrar- und forstpolitischen Prozesse der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz in der deutschen Land- und Forstwirtschaft und leistet einen Beitrag zur qualitativen Erforschung sektoraler Machtverhältnisse. Im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der Policy-Analyse entspricht die Studie dem Anspruch der Theorieintegration, da eine kritisch-materialistische Perspektive auf politische Prozesse, eine materialistische Staatstheorie, das Konzept der Politiksektoren zusammengeführt werden und dazu beitragen Politikintegrationsprozesse zu analysieren. Im Ergebnis stellt die Studie anhand von vier Fallstudien in den Bundesländern Brandenburg (BB), Niedersachsen (NI), Nordrhein-Westfalen (NW) und Sachsen-Anhalt (ST) und anhand der drei policy issues Reduzierung von Treibhausgasemissionen, Reduzierung von Stoffeinträgen in die Umweltmedien Boden und Wasser und Förderung der biologischen Vielfalt den Ist-Zustand der Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen und EU-Umweltschutzpolitiken in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft dar. Anhand der Agrar- und Forstpolitiken in BB, NI, NW und ST in den Förderperioden 2000-2006 und 2007-2013 wird aufgezeigt, dass die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutzzielen von der politökonomischen Entwicklung der Sektoren abhängt. Sowohl die Agrar- und Forstbürokratien als auch privatwirtschaftliche AkteurInnen dominieren die Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz. Profitorientierung und ökonomische Regionalentwicklung als Ideologiefragmente der dominanten Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen setzen Ökologisierungsansätze permanent dem Sachzwang der Profitabilität aus. In den Machtverhältnissen und Kämpfen um die Verallgemeinerung von AkteurInneninteressen dominieren die Status quo- und ökonomieorientierten AkteurInnen die politischen Prozesse durch einen privilegierten Zugang zu den Entscheidungszentren, die ideologische Kongruenz zwischen der Ministerialbürokratie und den dominanten Unternehmensverbänden, die Abhängigkeit der öffentlichen Bürokratien von einer gelingenden Wertschöpfung und der Befassungskontinuität zentraler policy entrepreneure innerhalb der Ministerialbürokratien und der damit verbundenen Policy-Stabilität. Politikintegrationsprojekte wie der produktionsintegrierter Natur- und Umweltschutz (Integrativer Naturschutz) in der deutschen Forst- und Landwirtschaft als Modus der Umsetzung von EU-Umweltschutz führen zur Legitimation und Reproduktion der bestehenden Produktionsweise.

Cette thèse interroge la performativité de l’instrumentation au cœur du processus de prise de décision de l’union européenne en étudiant la procédure d’analyse d’impact de la Commission européenne (AI-CE), et son application en particulier aux politiques environnementales. Mise en place en 2002 afin d’évaluer les impacts économiques, sociaux et environnementaux des propositions émises par la CE, la procédure d’AI est formellement l’instrument de la stratégie de développement durable (SDD), mais elle est aussi un pilier de la politique de ‘Better Regulation’ (BR) (« Mieux légiférer ») et penche progressivement dans le sens de ce second agenda avec une préférence pour l’analyse coûts-bénéfices et le choix d’instruments non légaux. En réponse à la question de la rationalité et de la performativité de l’AI-CE, la thèse défendue dans cette recherche conçoit l’analyse d’impact de la CE comme une technique de la gouvernementalité néolibérale placée au cœur de la fabrique des politiques environnementales de l’UE, en appui notamment sur l’opération de monétarisation des impacts. L’hypothèse est celle du renforcement du discours de la modernisation écologique, avec pour effet de contribuer au phénomène d’économicisation des problématiques environnementales dans le sens d’un nécessaire alignement sur l’étalon d’une utilité économique. Pour mener à bien ce projet, la thèse déploie une analyse du discours de la CE et combine analyse de documents, entretiens et analyse lexicométrique. A la suite de nos investigations, il s’avère que les résultats sont partiellement congruents par rapport à l’hypothèse introduite supra. En effet, la mise en œuvre du dispositif n’entraine, pour les cas spécifiques étudiés, ni la monétarisation systématique, ni même la quantification systématique des impacts environnementaux d’une part, ou le choix systématique d’instruments volontaires ou de marché d’autre part. De plus, l’analyse lexicométrique nous permet de mettre en évidence la cohabitation de deux types de gouvernementalités distinctes, bien que se chevauchant partiellement, au travers des discours de la modernisation écologique et de la gouvernementalité verte. Cependant, nous constatons également le poids et la force structurante du terme et de la notion de « coût » et le recours systématique à un registre de justification économique de l’action environnementale au travers de ressorts typiques du discours de la modernisation écologique, avatar de la gouvernementalité néolibérale. En dépit de l’incomplétude de la réalisation des engagements pris par la CE, ou de ce fait même, nous constatons que la mise en œuvre de l’AI-CE contribue à l’économicisation de la fabrique des politiques environnementales comme insertion des problématiques environnementales dans une logique d’utilité économique et à la subordination de l’évaluation des impacts « économiques, sociaux et environnementaux » à la question du coût de l’intervention et aux critères de comparaison favorables à la dimension économique. / This PhD thesis questions the performativity of the European Commission Impact Assessment (EC-IA) as decision-support instrument at the heart of the European policy process in the case of European environmental policy-making.Adopted in 2002, the EC-IA is meant to address “all” significant economic, social and environmental impacts of the EC proposals. It is an instrument of the Sustainable Development strategy, as well as of the Better Regulation agenda. It will progressively mainly contribute to this second agenda, with a focus of the guidelines on cost-benefit analysis and non-legal instruments.Questioning the EC-IA rational and performativity, the thesis conceives the EC-IA as a neoliberal governmentality technique within the European environmental policy-making process, among other leaning on the monetisation of impacts. The hypothesis is the reinforcement of the ecological modernisation discourse, contributing to the economicisation of environmental issues, with economic utility as yardstick.Following our investigations (made of discourse analysis, combining document analysis, interviews and lexicometry), it turns out that results are only partially congruent with our research hypothesis. As a matter of fact, the implementation of the EC-IA does not involve, for the case studied, systematic monetisation, nor quantification of environmental impacts or the systematic proposal of voluntary or market instruments. Moreover, the lexicometric analysis highlights two parallel types of governmentalities, partially overlapping, with the ecological modernization and green governmentality discourses.However, we also highlights the important weight and structuring strength of the word and concept of “cost”, and the systematic economic justification of environmental action, a.o. through storyline elements typical of the modernization discourse, avatar of neoliberal governmentality. In spite of the partial implementation of the EC-IA guidelines, or du to this incompleteness, we observe that EC-IA implementation contributes to the economicisation of the making of European environmental policies through the embedding of environmental issues in an economic utility logic, and through the subordination of the assessment of “economic, social and environmental” impacts to the question of the cost of action and to comparison criteria in line with the economic dimension. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

It is no secret that policy, to a large degree, informs what policy objectives should and can be pursued given a sector or policy domain. However, what happens when multiple levels of policy exist and regulate the same geographical area? The present study explores how complex multi-leveled policy areas affect Environmental Policy Implementation (EPI) and what happens when policy objectives from one level stand against policy objectives on another. By looking at national, supranational, and international policy governing the Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone (SEEZ) and comparing these to the Swedish government decisions on the Nord Stream I and II pipelines (2009 and 2018); the present study has explored to what extent policy objectives and underlying frames from the different policy levels have affected the decisions. The study has worked through the theoretical lenses of Environmental Policy Integration and Frame theory; and has applied thematic analysis and frame analysis methods. The study has concluded that, while policy objectives reflecting strong EPI exist in national policy, the weak EPI of the supranational and international policies policy objectives makes it implausible for effective EPI to be the outcome of decisions in the SEEZ. Without a strong value hierarchy prioritizing environmental objectives, it is unlikely that the Baltic Sea, or other similar multi-leveled policy areas, can achieve sustainable development.