Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:02:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1748_1.pdf: 588111 bytes, checksum: e2616c032097182504e2446969d9106a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A superfície aérea primaria das plantas é recoberta pela cutícula, uma camada hidrofóbica que desempenha um papel importante na restrição a perda de água. Um dos principais componentes funcionais da cutícula, as ceras epicuticulares, têm sido muito investigadas em espécies de interesse econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição química da cera epicuticular foliar em quatro genótipos de Arachis hypogaea L. (BR1, BRS 151 L-7, BRS Havana e LiGO-PE06) e de duas espécies selvagens (A. monticola e A. stenosperma) e verificar o efeito do estresse hídrico na biossíntese dos componentes cuticulares. A cera epicuticular foi obtida de folíolos provenientes de seis indivíduos adultos cultivados em condições normais de suprimento hídrico e sob estresse, e analisada por cromatografia gasosa. O teor de cera variou de 3,9 a 9,0 μg.cm-2 (nos genótipos) e de 6,0 a 7,4 μg.cm-2 para as espécies selvagens (A. monticola e A. stenosperma), respectivamente. Três classes lipídicas foram identificadas tanto nos genótipos como nas espécies selvagens: nalcanos, álcoois alifáticos e ácidos graxos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os teores de cera para os genótipos e/ou espécies e o tratamento adotado e as respostas das plantas ao estresse hídrico são dependentes do genótipo. Ácidos graxos e n-alcanos se mostraram sensíveis a restrição hídrica. A distribuição quantitativa dos homólogos cuticulares difere dependendo do regime hídrico adotado

No description available.

We wanted to develop rapid and cost-effective drought tolerance screening methods for mass amounts of germplasm. In 2009 and 2010, we evaluated sixty-two maize inbred lines and their hybrid testcross progeny using seedling stress response and epicuticular wax accumulation as predictors of drought tolerance. The seedling screening method measured germination, survival and recovery percentages after a series of drought cycles in a greenhouse environment. Eight inbred lines had significantly (P < 0.05) lower germination than the mean estimate, but hybrid testcrosses were not significantly different. The second-to-last day of survival cycle and the second day of recovery cycle best explained genotypic differences for inbred lines and hybrid testcrosses respectively. One inbred line performed well as both an inbred line and hybrid testcross, but poor correlation over the sample set (R2 = 0.0097) was observed. Flag leaves taken at flowering from plants under full and limited irrigation regimes were sampled for epicuticular wax. Extracted wax weight for genotypes was compared as a percentage of leaf weight (percent wxlfwt) and leaf area (percent wxwta). Eleven genotypes had above average percent wxlfwt as both inbred lines and hybrid testcrosses. Thirteen genotypes had above average percent wxwta as either inbred lines or hybrid testcrosses. Irrigation treatment was not significant (P > 0.05). Heritability of percent wxlfwt was 0.17 (inbred lines) and 0.58 (hybrid testcrosses). Heritability of percent wxwta was 0.41 (inbred lines) and 0.59 (hybrid testcrosses). Correlations (R2) for percent wxlfwt and percent wxwta were 0.19 and 0.03, respectively. Heritability of grams of grain per ear and total grain yield was highest in hybrid testcrosses, with no correlation between inbreds and hybrids. The developed seedling screening method easily allowed visible drought tolerance observations in inbred lines and hybrid testcrosses but does not seem heritable in our germplasm. Epicuticular wax weight is not an ideal primary trait to evaluate for drought tolerance, but may be a good candidate to observe as a secondary trait in relation to grain yield production in hybrids. Results from this research best supports breeder selection of hybrid germplasm using seedling drought tolerance in conjunction with epicuticular wax.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-10-17T16:19:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3803014 bytes, checksum: f60b6cf87d3f9e2554f0dc89ece0a16d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T16:19:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3803014 bytes, checksum: f60b6cf87d3f9e2554f0dc89ece0a16d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a sensibilidade à mistura de herbicidas trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn nos cultivares e clones de cana-de-açúcar SP80- 1842, SP79-1011, SP81-3250, SP80-1816, RB855113, RB835486, RB845210, RB867515, RB928064, RB72454, RB855536, RB947643, RB855002, RB957712 e RB957689 e a caracterização anatômica, química e micromorfológica dos cultivares RB855113, SP80-1842, SP80-1816, RB867515 e do clone RB957689 visando melhor entendimento sobre as barreiras que cada material impõe à penetração de herbicidas. O trabalho foi dividido em duas partes. A primeira parte dividida em dois ensaios. No ensaio 1, a mistura herbicida foi aplicada em dose única de 2,00 kg ha -1 sobre todos os cultivares e clones, enquanto no ensaio 2, esta foi aplicada nas doses de 1,00; 2,00; e 6,00 kg ha -1 sobre os cultivares RB855113 e RB867515. Em ambos os ensaios, a partir da aplicação do herbicida, em intervalos semanais, foram feitas avaliações do índice de toxidez (% de fitotoxicidade) e, por ocasião da colheita, realizada aos 45 DAT (dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos), avaliou-se, ainda, a biomassa seca da parte aérea dos 11 cultivares e dos quatro clones. As variáveis altura da planta, número de folhas, área foliar e biomassa seca da parte aérea e do caule foram avaliadas apenas no segundo ensaio. Na segunda parte do trabalho, as primeiras folhas com lígula totalmente visível foram coletadas de cinco plantas de cada cultivar e clone. Das folhas de cada repetição foi obtida uma amostra da região central, com aproximadamente 1cm 2 , as quais foram utilizadas em estudos anatômicos em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Foram determinadas as seguintes características anatômicas: área da epiderme adaxial e abaxial; área do mesofilo; área das células buliformes; área dos feixes vasculares; área das células da bainha; área ocupada por fibras, área do xilema e área do floema. Esses dados foram transformados em porcentagem em relação à área total. Determinou-se, também, a densidade de tricomas, a densidade de estômatos, o comprimento do ostíolo, a espessura da epiderme, o perímetro da parede periclinal externa das células buliformes, a espessura da parede periclinal externa das células buliformes e das células epidérmicas comuns nas faces adaxial e abaxial. Também foram coletadas folhas para a avaliação da composição química da cera epicuticular. O cultivar RB855113 apresentou alta sensibilidade à mistura herbicida; os cultivares e clones SP80-1842, SP80-1816, SP79-1011 e RB957689 apresentaram sensibilidade média; e os demais clones mostraram boa tolerância a esse produto. Para o cultivar RB855113, o maior índice de toxidez foi observado no período de 20 a 27 DAT. Nesse período observou-se redução da altura da planta, do número de folhas, da área foliar e da biomassa seca da parte aérea e do caule com o aumento das doses do produto. Considerando as características anatômicas, o cultivar RB855113 apresentou diferenças relevantes em relação aos demais cultivares avaliados, como, maior proporção de células buliformes, chegando a ser o tecido que ocorre em maior quantidade na seção transversal da lâmina foliar desse cultivar, maior densidade de estômatos e de tricomas em ambas as faces, epiderme menos espessa na face adaxial e estômatos com maiores ostíolos nas duas faces. O cultivar RB855113 apresentou composição química da cera epicuticular com polaridade intermediária, porém menos polar que a cera do cultivar RB867515. Na análise micromorfológica não foi observada diferença relevante entre os materiais. De todas as características avaliadas, as anatômicas definiram as principais diferenças entre os cultivares. / This work was carried out in order to evaluate the susceptibility to Trifloxysulfuron-sodium + ametryn herbicide on the cultivars and clones of sugarcane SP80-1842, SP79-1011, SP81-3250, SP80-1816, RB855113, RB835486, RB845210, RB867515, RB928064, RB72454, RB855536, RB947643, RB855002, RB957712 and RB957689, and the anatomical, chemical and Micromorphological characterization of RB855113, SP80-1842, SP80-1816, RB867515 cultivars and RB957689 clone, to understand better the barriers each material imposes upon herbicide penetration. The first part of the work was divided in two assays. In assay 1, the herbicide was applied in one rate 2.00 kg ha -1 in all cultivars and clones, while in assay 2, the rates were 1.00, 2.00 and 6.00 kg ha -1 on the cultivars RB855113 and RB867515. In both assays, it was evaluated the toxicity index from weekly herbicide application and the dry biomass of shoot from harvest, after 45 days after treatment application. Plant height, leaf number, foliar area and dry biomass of shoot and stem were evaluated only in the second assay. On the second part of the work, the first leaves with ligule totally visible were taken from five plants of each cultivar and clone. One sample, with approximately 1 cm 2 , was taken at central portion of the leaves in each replication, to do anatomical studies by using light and scanning-electron microscopes. It was determined the areas of: adaxial and abaxial epiderm, mesophyll, bulliform cells, vascular bundles, sheath cells, occupied by fibers, xylem and phloem, and the data obtained was transformed in percentage related to total area. It was also determined trichome density, stomatic density, ostiole length, epiderm thickness, perimeter of external wall of bulliform cells, periclinal external wall thickness upon bulliform and epidermic cells on abaxial and adaxial sides. Leaves were also used to evaluate chemical content of epicuticular wax. The cultivar RB855113 showed high susceptibility to herbicide; the cultivars and clones SP80-1842, SP80-1816, SP79-1011 and RB957689 showed medium susceptibility and the other clones showed good tolerance to the product. At 20 t0 27 days after treatment application, it was observed to the cultivar RB855113, the highest toxicity index, and reduction on plant height, leaf number, foliar area and dry biomass of shoot and stem, with an increase on the rate of the product. This cultivar showed relevant differences in relation to the other cultivars like higher proportion of bulliform cells, higher density of trichomes and stomata in both sides, smaller thickness of epiderm on adaxial side and stomata with larger ostioles in the two sides. The chemical content of epicuticular wax with intermediate polarity appeared in the cultivar RB855113, however, the polarity was higher in the cultivar RB867515. In the micromorphological analysis, there was not difference among cultivars. The anatomical characteristics defined the main differences among them. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Crops adapted to dry conditions are essential to meet future food, feed and energy needs. Knowledge of interaction between drought tolerance traits and their response to varying water supply conditions would improve selection for yield stability traits. This study focused on determining the association between the QTL regulating the staygreen trait in sorghum with improved canopy temperature depression (CTD) as regulated by total and compositional epicuticular wax content in a recombinant inbred line population derived from BTx642 and RTx7000. Phenotypic data were collected in 3 replicated field trials and 1 greenhouse trial. Plants with higher leaf EWL had cooler canopies. Our results also confirmed that staygreen genotypes are able to maintain cooler canopy than the non-stay-green genotypes under drought and hot conditions. We have suggested that wax might offer a more stable indicator for selection of drought tolerance under a variety of weather conditions. Composite interval mapping identified a total of 28 QTL, fifteen of which had significant overlaps. The overlap between QTL for cuticular leaf wax and QTL for staygreen exhibits a departure from the QTL overlaps for other traits with that of cuticular leaf wax. We have also suggested that under drought stress, the QTL for staygreen may be expressed earlier in time (at anthesis) than had been previously believed.

Epicuticular waxes form a layer on the outer surface of all land plants and play a fundamental role in their interaction with the environment. Development of a rapid and accurate method for the characterization of these waxes could allow the use of wax composition as a novel phenotype during plant breeding and selection. In this study, the suitability of Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART-MS) for the characterization of epicuticular waxes was investigated. This method provides a “fingerprint” of the relative abundance of all constituents in the analyte based on mass, is suitable for very high throughput, requires minimal sample preparation, and is able to provide for the characterization of even complex biological mixtures. Herein, the suitability of DART-MS for analysis of epicuticular wax was investigated through analysis of samples of extracted wax collected from the flag leaves of a 279 line association mapping population grown across four environments with two replicates in both irrigated and drought treatments. Additionally, for a subset of samples, wax was collected from glumes in order to test for differences in wax composition between tissue types. In all, a total of 3,454 wax extracts were analyzed with three technical replicates. The above analysis generated a total of 13,164 mass spectra (“fingerprints”), made at an average rate of 30 seconds each. Multivariate analyses including random forest, principal component analysis, and linear discriminant analysis, were used to identify the presence of differences between the spectra of wax from different tissues (leaves/glumes) and treatment types (irrigated/drought). The peaks best serving as predictors of sample class for each comparison were examined, and tentative identifications were made through comparison of the associated mass with literature and publicly available databases. As a separate test of concept, the ability to distinguish between the epicuticular wax compositions of individual varieties was determined through analysis of a group of closely related lines developed at CIMMYT which differed in agronomic performance.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-01T17:22:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Sandra Virginia A. Hohlemwerger.pdf: 5499646 bytes, checksum: 10ad62e0bf160a9a5e0326cba05adb7f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-02T16:27:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Sandra Virginia A. Hohlemwerger.pdf: 5499646 bytes, checksum: 10ad62e0bf160a9a5e0326cba05adb7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T16:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Sandra Virginia A. Hohlemwerger.pdf: 5499646 bytes, checksum: 10ad62e0bf160a9a5e0326cba05adb7f (MD5) / Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir com o conhecimento fitoquímico das espécies do gênero Zanthoxylum. O presente estudo justifica-se devido ao escasso número de informações sobre a composição química de espécies deste gênero, endêmicas do Brasil, já que espécies pertencem a família Rutaceae vem sendo utilizadas na medicina popular em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil, e têm sido apontadas como potencial fonte para protótipos ou novos fármacos. A literatura correlaciona algumas atividades biológicas destas espécies com a presença de alcalóides, dentre eles os alcalóides benzilisoquinolínicos os quais além de serem relacionados com a atividade farmacológica são apontados como possíveis marcadores quimiossistemáticos. As espécies Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Z. stelligerum e Z. tingoassuiba foram coletadas no semi-árido baiano e submetidas a procedimentos fitoquímicos convencionais os quais levaram a identificação dos alcalóides benzo[c]fenantridinicos (diidroqueleritina), (angolina), (arnotianamida) e (pseudo-norqueleritrina), do alcalóide protoberberínico (cis-N-metilcanadina iodeto) e do alcalóide pseudoprotoberberínico (2,3-metilenodioxi 10,11-dimetoxi tetrahidroprotoberberina iodeto) além disso também foi isolado o alcalóide aporfínico (predicentrina-metil-iodeto) e o alcalóide (metil antranilato de N-metila); as furanocumarinas (imperatorina) (xantotoxina) (isopipinelina) sendo ainda revelada a presença da lignana (senamina) e dos triterpenos (lupeol), (-amirina) e (amirinona), estes dois últimos encontrados apenas na cera epicuticular das folhas de Z. tingoassuiba. O óleo volátil das folhas de Z. tingoassuiba foi obtido pela extração com CO2 super crítico e através da hidrodestilação de onde foram identificados 06 monoterpenos, 10 sesquiterpenos e o alcalóide (metil antranilato de N-metila) este óleo apresentou atividade antifúngica, antibacteriana e capacidade de associação com lipossomas. As identificações destas substâncias foram efetuadas com base nos seus espectros de IV, RMN 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas, espectrometria de massas por inserção direta e comparações com dados da literatura. Os metabólitos isolados e identificados nas espécies estudadas são condizentes com os já encontrados no gênero Zanthoxylum, como os alcalóides quaternários benzilisoquinolínicos e as furanocumarinas os quais estão associados ao caráter primitivo do gênero. Os resultados promissores das atividades biológicas, antifúngica, antibacteriana, antioxidante e antiparasitária, corroboram para a classificação deste gênero como fonte para o desenvolvimento de novos fármaco / This work aims to improve the knowledge phytochemical for the species of the genus Zanthoxylum. This study is justified due to the scarcity of information about the chemical composition of species of this genus, endemic to Brazil. Species belonging to family Rutaceae has been used in folk medicine around the world, including Brazil, have been identified as a potential source for prototypes or new drugs. The literature correlates the biological activities of some of these species with the presence of alkaloids, among them alkaloids benzylisoquinolines which besides being related to the pharmacological activity are considered possible chemical markers. Species Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Z. stelligerum and Z. tingoassuiba were collected in semi- arid environments and subjected to conventional procedures phytochemicals which led to the identification of benzo [c] phenanthridine alkaloids (dihydrochelerythrine), (angoline), (arnottianamide) and (pseudo-norchelerythrine), and the protoberberínico alkaloid (cis-N-methylcanadine iodide) and pseudoprotoberberine alkaloid (2,3- methylendioxy 10,11-dimethoxy tetrahydroprotoberberine iodide) was also isolated the aporphine alkaloid (predicentrine-methiodide) and alkaloid (methyl N-methyl anthranilate); the furocumarins (imperatorin) (xanthotoxin) (isopimpinellin) besides the furofuran lignan (sesamin) and the triterpenoids (lupeol), (-amyrin) and (amyrinone) the latter two found only in the wax epicuticular on the leaves of Z. tingoassuiba. The volatile oil from leaves of Z. tingoassuiba was obtained by supercritical CO2 and by hydrodistillation of which were identified 06 monoterpenes, 10 sesquiterpenes and the alkaloid (methyl N-methyl anthranilate) this oil showed antifungal and antibacterial activity and ability to loaded into multilamellar liposomes. The identification of these substances was based on their IR spectra, 1H and 13C NMR single and two-dimensional, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry direct insertion, and comparison with literature data. The metabolites isolated and identified in the three species are consistent with those already found in the genus Zanthoxylum, such as quaternary benzylisoquinolines alkaloids and furnocumarinas which are associated with the primitive character of the genus. The promising results of biological activities, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti- interference, collaborate with the classification of genus as a source for the development of new drugs.

Master of Science / Department of Biology / Loretta Johnson / Plant epicuticular wax (ECW) isolates internal tissues from harsh external conditions increasing drought tolerance. Beta-diketone-rich ECW reflect light and result in a glaucous phenotype that may ameliorate the thermal environment of the leaf. The overall goal is to characterize the form and function of ECW in two closely related, but phenotypically divergent grasses. [italicized]Andropogon gerardii ssp. [italicized]gerardii, big bluestem, is a non-glaucous, agronomically and ecologically dominant grass in the United States while [italicized]Andropogon gerardii ssp. [italicized]hallii, sand bluestem, is a glaucous subspecies restricted to dry, sandy soils. The objectives are to contrast sand and big bluestem ECW chemistry, morphology, and physiology to determine the distinctions in ECW resulting in the glaucous phenotype and determine the effect this has on leaf optical qualities and permeability. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine ECW chemistry and micromorphology. It was hypothesized that beta-diketones and beta-diketone tubules where present only in leaves of sand bluestem and that the ECW was more reflective and abundant and the cuticle was less permeable. Beta-diketones and tubular ECW were absent in big bluestem and common on sand bluestem’s surface, although less than 20% of ECW was beta-diketones. Functional implications of ECW phenotypes were investigated by comparing minimum conductance (G[subscript]min), wax load, reflectance, and transmittance. Reflectance, with and without ECW, and G [subscript]min were measured with an infrared gas analyzer and a spectroradiometer, respectively. Sand bluestem had twice the ECW in mg cm[superscript]2 (P=.01) and three times lower G [subscript]min in ms[superscript]-1 10[superscript]-5 (P=.02). Partial least squares (PLS) models were trained to predict subspecies from reflectance spectra and were able to distinguish the subspecies. These experiments indicate that in comparison to big bluestem, increased reflectance is a property uniquely imparted to sand bluestem by ECW and the presence of beta-diketones determines the distinction. Glaucous crop species have shown higher yield under drought and extreme weather, including drought, is expected to become more common. Therefore, this study of glaucous waxes, may be applied in engineering drought tolerance.

Analysis of cuticular wax from Kalanchoe daigremontiana leaves was performed to identify the constituent components within the wax, determine how these changed during leaf ontogenesis, and discover how they were distributed within the cuticle. Analysis of extracted cuticular wax by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and comparison with authentic standards led to the identification of triterpenoids including glutinol, friedelin, germanicol, epifriedelanol, glutinol acetate and β-amyrin as well as very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) derivatives including alkanes, primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, and alkyl esters. Cuticular wax composition in young K. daigremontiana leaves was dominated by triterpenoids, which made up over 70% of the lipid soluble compounds. During leaf ontogenesis, wax composition changed to include a higher proportion of VLCFA derivatives, which made up approximately 50% of cuticular wax in mature leaves. The most abundant triterpenoids in the wax were glutinol and friedelin, both fairly uncommon pentacyclic triterpenoids with a complex proposed biosynthetic mechanism. Tritriacontane (C33 alkane) was the most abundant compound within the VLCFA derivatives. Cuticular wax accumulation was found to correspond well to leaf growth, with both processes slowing at the same time. Variations in the ratio of friedelin-like compounds to glutinol-like compounds during leaf ontogenesis suggest the presence more than one active triterpenoid synthase enzyme in the leaves of K. daigremontiana. VLCFA compounds were found mainly in the epicuticular wax on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, while triterpenoids were relatively more abundant in the intracuticular layer. Two different epicuticular wax crystal forms were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which can be described as platelets with sinuate margins and twisted ribbons. Based on SEM and chemical data as well as previous reports of crystal composition, it is hypothesized that each crystal type has a unique composition, with the platelets containing one or more triterpenoids and the twisted ribbons containing alkanes and other VLCFA derivatives. Confirmation of this hypothesis will have to await further investigation. This research provides information that will aid in the larger goals of characterizing a glutinol or friedelin synthase and understanding the gradients established within epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers.

Analysis of cuticular wax from Kalanchoe daigremontiana leaves was performed to identify the constituent components within the wax, determine how these changed during leaf ontogenesis, and discover how they were distributed within the cuticle. Analysis of extracted cuticular wax by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and comparison with authentic standards led to the identification of triterpenoids including glutinol, friedelin, germanicol, epifriedelanol, glutinol acetate and β-amyrin as well as very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) derivatives including alkanes, primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, and alkyl esters. Cuticular wax composition in young K. daigremontiana leaves was dominated by triterpenoids, which made up over 70% of the lipid soluble compounds. During leaf ontogenesis, wax composition changed to include a higher proportion of VLCFA derivatives, which made up approximately 50% of cuticular wax in mature leaves. The most abundant triterpenoids in the wax were glutinol and friedelin, both fairly uncommon pentacyclic triterpenoids with a complex proposed biosynthetic mechanism. Tritriacontane (C33 alkane) was the most abundant compound within the VLCFA derivatives. Cuticular wax accumulation was found to correspond well to leaf growth, with both processes slowing at the same time. Variations in the ratio of friedelin-like compounds to glutinol-like compounds during leaf ontogenesis suggest the presence more than one active triterpenoid synthase enzyme in the leaves of K. daigremontiana. VLCFA compounds were found mainly in the epicuticular wax on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, while triterpenoids were relatively more abundant in the intracuticular layer. Two different epicuticular wax crystal forms were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which can be described as platelets with sinuate margins and twisted ribbons. Based on SEM and chemical data as well as previous reports of crystal composition, it is hypothesized that each crystal type has a unique composition, with the platelets containing one or more triterpenoids and the twisted ribbons containing alkanes and other VLCFA derivatives. Confirmation of this hypothesis will have to await further investigation. This research provides information that will aid in the larger goals of characterizing a glutinol or friedelin synthase and understanding the gradients established within epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers.