All forms of exercise equipment require a period of habituation in which individuals adapt to the novel movement required in operating the device and reach a point of physiological stability. During this adaptation period, physiological variables which indicate cardiopulmonary demand typically will change. In general, such changes are expected with devices that require complex movements. The influence of this habituation on physical performance is vital for establishing research methodology in which precise control of power output is necessary. The StairMaster® corporation has recently introduced the CrossRobics™ 2650UE (2650UE), an ergometer which simulates the kayak stroke pattern. In contrast to bicycle and arm crank ergometers, with which the user follows a set motion, the 2650UE allows the user to adopt a variety of movement patterns. To determine responses during habituation to the 2650UE, 14 female and 12 male subjects (18-32 years of age) were monitored during their first four exercise trials. Each session was 10 min long at a constant load of 0.36 watts/kg ± 0.02SD and 0.55 watt/kg ±0.02SD for female and male subjects, respectively. Significant differences (p<O.OOI) were found for V02, -.vO₂, -.vE, HR and RPE across the four trials, with decreases of 6.3% to 9.5% from the mean values in trial 1 to trial 2. Post hoc analysis indicates that a minimum of two 10 min practice trials are required for measures of oxygen consumption to stabilize, whereas one 10 min practice trial is required for measures of-.v E, HP and RPE to stabilize. / Master of Science

Syfte Syftet med studien var att observera bilateral effektutveckling, samt muskelaktivering i de övre extremiteterna. En bilateral övning observerades för att se om skillnader i muskelaktivering och effektutveckling fanns i dominant respektive icke dominant övre extremitet, samt diskutera dess implikationer. Metod Nio tränade deltagare fick utföra armcykling på en armergometer som modifierats så att rörelsen blev bilateral. Armcyklingen pågick i cirka åtta minuter med fyra belastningsnivåer (30W, 60W, 90W, 120W) där 50 RPM eftersträvades. Vid varje belastningsnivå registrerades effektutveckling och EMG under 30 sekunder. Medelvärdet av effektutvecklingen i dominant och icke dominant sida jämfördes med ett tvåvägs oberoende ANOVA. Resultat Vid effektutvecklingen hos dominant och icke dominant sida av kroppen fanns en statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan dominant och icke dominant sida F (3, 64) = 4.13, p = .046; med en medelstor effektstorlek (partial eta squared = .061) p-värdet sattes till .05. Icke dominant sida utförde mest arbete. Bakre deltoideus aktiverades generellt sett lika mycket i dominant och icke dominant sida, dock var icke dominant sida mer aktiv. De dominanta fingerflexorerna hade en större aktivering kontra de icke dominanta. Slutsatser Studien fann signifikant skillnad i effektutveckling av dominant och icke dominant sida av de övre extremiteterna där icke dominant sida gjorde ett större arbete. Muskel EMG visade stora individuella skillnader hos deltagarna. / Objectives The objective of the study was to observe bilateral power production and muscle activation in the upper extremities. A bilateral exercise was observed to see if differences in muscle activation and power production was present in dominant and non-dominant extremities, and furthermore discuss the implications. Method Nine trained participants performed arm cycling on a modified arm ergometer so the movement became bilateral. During eight minutes of cycling with four levels of intensity (30W, 60W, 90W, 120W) where 50 RPM was strived for. 30 seconds of power production and EMG data were recorded for each intensity. A two-way independent ANOVA was conducted on the mean values of power production of the dominant and the non-dominant side. Results There was a significant difference in the dominant and non-dominant side F (3, 64) = 4.13, p = .046; with a medium effect size (partial eta squared = .0.61) p value set to .05. The nondominant side did the majority of the work. The posterior deltoids had a similar muscle activation, however the non-dominant activated more. The dominant finger flexors activated more than the non-dominant with large individual differences within the sample group. Conclusions This study found significant differences in power production in the dominant and the nondominant side of the upper extremities. The non-dominant side had a greater power production. The EMG-data showed great individual differences within muscle activation.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering / Steve Warren / Handgrip contractions are a standard exercise modality to evaluate muscular system performance. Most conventional ergometer systems that collect handgrip contraction data are manually controlled, placing a burden on the researcher to guide subject activity while recording the resultant data. Further, post-processing tools for this type of experiment are not standardized within the domain, which requires investigators to process their data with multiple tool sets and often create custom tool sets for that purpose. This can make experimental data difficult to compare and correlate, even within the same research group. This thesis presents updates to a hand-forearm ergometer system that automate the control and data-acquisition processes as well as provide a tool set to post process hand contraction data. The automated system utilizes a LabVIEW virtual instrument as the system centerpiece; it provides the subject/researcher interfaces and coordinates data acquisition from both traditional and new sensors. The tool set also incorporates a collection of MATLAB scripts that allow the investigator to post process these data in a standard way, such as automating the processes of noise floor removal, burst start/stop time identification, and mean/median frequency calculation in electromyograms (EMGs). The tool set has proven to be a viable support resource for experimental studies performed by the Kansas State University Human Exercise Physiology lab that target muscle fatigue in human forearms. Initial data acquired during these tests indicate the viability of the system to acquire consistent and physiologically meaningful data while providing a usable tool set for follow-on data analyses.

Master of Science / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Steven Warren / Handgrip contractions are a useful exercise for assessing muscle fatigue in the forearm musculature. Most conventional hand-forearm ergometer systems require the researcher to manually guide subject activity, collect subject data, and assess subject fatigue after it has occurred. Since post-processing tools are not standardized for this type of experiment, researchers resort to building their own tools. This process can make comparing results between research groups difficult. This thesis presents updates to a hand-forearm ergometer system that automate the control, data-acquisition, and data-analysis mechanisms. The automated system utilizes a LabVIEW virtual instrument as the system centerpiece; it provides the subject/researcher interfaces and coordinates data acquisition from both traditional and new sensors. The system also processes the hand-forearm data within the LabVIEW environment as the data are collected. This allows the researcher to better understand the onset of subject fatigue while an experiment is in progress. System upgrades relative to prior work include the addition of new parameters to the researcher display, a change in the subject display from a binary up-down display to a sliding bar for better control over subject grip state, and a software update from a simple data acquisition and display system to a real-time processing system. The toolset has proven to be a viable support resource for experimental studies performed in the Kansas State University Human Exercise Physiology Laboratory that target muscle fatigue in human forearms. Initial data acquired during these tests indicate the viability of the system to acquire consistent and physiologically meaningful data while providing a useable toolset for follow-on data analyses.

The assessment of ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2 slope) is increasingly being utilized to complement traditional cardiorespiratory fitness testing during graded exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses and ventilatory efficiency in obese children during a progressive exercise test to volitional fatigue performed on a treadmill and a cycle ergometer. Fifteen obese male (N=3) and female (N=12) adolescents aged 10 to 18 years were recruited in the study and completed both the treadmill and cycle ergometer trials. Mean age and BMI of the sample was 13.3 years and 38.0 kg/m2, respectively. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ventilatory efficiency were determined during both exercise trials. Subsequently, overall VE/VCO2 slope and the slope below and above AT for ventilatory efficiency were compared between the two exercise modes. VO2max was significantly (p<0.05) greater during the treadmill trial (26.09±5.11 ml/kg/min) compared to the cycle ergometer trial (20.71± 4.31 ml/kg/min). The VO2 at anaerobic threshold (AT) was significantly (p<0.05) higher during the treadmill trial, however, the percentage of VO2max at AT was not significantly different between the two modes (treadmill-63.41± 6.29% and cycle ergometer (67.25± 6.99%). While there was no significant difference in the overall VE/VCO2 slope or the VE/VCO2 slope above anaerobic threshold obtained from the two modes, the VE/VCO2 slope below anaerobic threshold was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the treadmill trial (25.06±2.10) compared to the cycle ergometer trial (23.34± 2.12). In our small sample of obese adolescents, we observed a greater VE response for a given VCO2 during treadmill exercise below the anaerobic threshold. The differences observed may be related to a greater activation of muscle afferents during weight bearing exercise in obese adolescents.

This thesis deals with the stress on a bicycle ergometer. This theoretical part is a summary of findings on the response of the cardiovascular parameters, one-leg ergometry, description of Borg RPE scale and laterality of the lower limbs. The practical part is a comparison of the measured values of cardiovascular parameters. Furthermore was evaluating the subjective perception of the intensity of workload and compares the workload between the left and right limbs. Methodology and data processing: data collection for statistical processing was carried out from December 2013 to early April 2014. Research group included 16 probands. The results were statistically analyzed and described. Results and conclusions: There are differences in the values of cardivascular parameters at maximum workload between the two and one leg. At submaximal workload are not significant differences Keywords: cardiovascular parameters, one-legged ergometry, laterality, Borg RPE scale

The purpose of this study was to predict VO2pak using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and percent fat (PFAT). Subjects were males (n= 60) (PFAT, M SD = 14.4 6.1) and females (n= 67) (PFAT, M SD = 23.4 4.9) with ages ranging from 18 to 33 years. Subjects performed an incremental cycle ergometer protocol and RPE, HR and Vo2 were measured at each stage until VO2 ak was achieved. Mean RPE and HR at the submaximal workload of 100 watts were, (RPE100) M= 12.7 2.6 and (HR100) M= 146.924.7 respectively. Correlations (p< .001) with VO2p. were -.75 (PFAT), -.66 (HR100), -.67 (FIPE100). The multiple correlation using PFAT, HR100, and RPE100 as predictors of VO2pak was .83 (SEE= 5.28 ml-kg BW'smin"). Each predictor contributed to the correlation (p<.01). The results indicate that PFAT combined with exercise responses of RPE and HR provide valid estimates of VO2peak with a relatively small SEE.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-04-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_fa_dr_rcla_prot.pdf: 683590 bytes, checksum: 781129a241d3ca2dcd4443ff6f9b3f86 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cinética do consumo de oxigênio (V02) descreve o comportamento respiratório durante a transição repouso-exercício. Os parâmetros derivados dos ajustes (componente lento - CL e constante de tempo - t ou Tau) são utilizados para quantificar a magnitude das alterações ocorridas nesse sistema. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar a influência de diferentes modelos de análise [modelo matemático com três termos exponenciais (Exp3) vs. diferença do V02 entre o sexto e o terceiro minuto de exercício (AVO2 6-3 mm)] na caracterização do CL durante o exercício acima do limiar de lactato (LL) em corrida; 2) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício [corrida em esteira rolante (ER) vs. exercício em bicicleta ergométrica (BE)] no pico do consumo de oxigênio (VO210) e LL (expresso em ml/kg/mim e % VO2pjc) e; 3) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício no tVO2 e no CL da cinética do V02 durante o exercício acima do LL em meninos de 11-12 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças do gênero masculino aparentemente saudáveis e ativos (11,48 l 0,41 anos; 41,38 l 10,45 kg; 147,45 l 6,56 cm), nível maturacional 1 e 2 (pilosidade pubiana) que realizaram dois testes incrementais, um na ER e outro na BÊ para determinação do VO20 e do LL. Para determinação da cinética do VO2 foram realizadas duas transições de 6 minutos em cada ergômetro na intensidade de 75%A [75% A = LL + 0,75 x (VO2pico - LL)]... / The oxygen uptake kinetic (V02) explaian the respiratory behavior during restexercise transition. The parameters from the adjustment (slow component - SC and time constant - t or Tau) are usual to measure the magnitude of the alterations on this structure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to verify the influence of the two different mathematical models [three-exponential model (Exp3) and AVO2 6-3 mm] on the SC of V02 in children during running exercise, performed at above lactate threshold intensity domain (75%A); 2) to verify the effects of exercise mode (running x cycling) on the indexes related to aerobic fitness (VO2peak and blood lactate response to exercise); 3) to verify the effect of the exercise mode (running x cycling) on the tVO2 and the SC of the VO2 in children aged 11 to 12 years during above lactate threshold intensity exercise (75%). Twenty apparently healthy active boys (age = 11,48 l 0,41 years; body mass = 41,38 l 10,45 kg; hemght = 147,45 l 6,56 cm), sexual maturation levels 1 and 2 (pubic hair) took part of this study. These children performed in different days on a motorized treadmill (TM) and on a cycle ergometer (CE) the following tests: 1) an incremental test in order to determine the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the LT and; 2) a series of square-wave transitions of 6-min \- 02peak - iJ1) 111 OTT 'Lo Õe'Lerffilne Yne V02 kinetics (tVO2 and SC). The SC values determined by model Exp3 (129,69 l 75,71 mi/min and 8,4 l 2,92 %) were higher than values determined by model VO2 6-3 mm (68,69 l 102,54 mi/min and 3,6 l 7,34%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Benedito Sérgio Denadai / Banca: Mara Patrícia T. Chacon-Mikahil / Banca: Miguel de Arruda / Banca: Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo / Banca: Emerson Franchini / Resumo: A cinética do consumo de oxigênio (V02) descreve o comportamento respiratório durante a transição repouso-exercício. Os parâmetros derivados dos ajustes (componente lento - CL e constante de tempo - t ou Tau) são utilizados para quantificar a magnitude das alterações ocorridas nesse sistema. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) verificar a influência de diferentes modelos de análise [modelo matemático com três termos exponenciais (Exp3) vs. diferença do V02 entre o sexto e o terceiro minuto de exercício (AVO2 6-3 mm)] na caracterização do CL durante o exercício acima do limiar de lactato (LL) em corrida; 2) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício [corrida em esteira rolante (ER) vs. exercício em bicicleta ergométrica (BE)] no pico do consumo de oxigênio (VO210) e LL (expresso em ml/kg/mim e % VO2pjc) e; 3) verificar os efeitos do tipo de exercício no tVO2 e no CL da cinética do V02 durante o exercício acima do LL em meninos de 11-12 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças do gênero masculino aparentemente saudáveis e ativos (11,48 l 0,41 anos; 41,38 l 10,45 kg; 147,45 l 6,56 cm), nível maturacional 1 e 2 (pilosidade pubiana) que realizaram dois testes incrementais, um na ER e outro na BÊ para determinação do VO20 e do LL. Para determinação da cinética do VO2 foram realizadas duas transições de 6 minutos em cada ergômetro na intensidade de 75%A [75% A = LL + 0,75 x (VO2pico - LL)]... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The oxygen uptake kinetic (V02) explaian the respiratory behavior during restexercise transition. The parameters from the adjustment (slow component - SC and time constant - t or Tau) are usual to measure the magnitude of the alterations on this structure. The objectives of this study were: 1) to verify the influence of the two different mathematical models [three-exponential model (Exp3) and AVO2 6-3 mm] on the SC of V02 in children during running exercise, performed at above lactate threshold intensity domain (75%A); 2) to verify the effects of exercise mode (running x cycling) on the indexes related to aerobic fitness (VO2peak and blood lactate response to exercise); 3) to verify the effect of the exercise mode (running x cycling) on the tVO2 and the SC of the VO2 in children aged 11 to 12 years during above lactate threshold intensity exercise (75%). Twenty apparently healthy active boys (age = 11,48 l 0,41 years; body mass = 41,38 l 10,45 kg; hemght = 147,45 l 6,56 cm), sexual maturation levels 1 and 2 (pubic hair) took part of this study. These children performed in different days on a motorized treadmill (TM) and on a cycle ergometer (CE) the following tests: 1) an incremental test in order to determine the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and the LT and; 2) a series of square-wave transitions of 6-min \- 02peak - iJ1) 111 OTT 'Lo Õe'Lerffilne Yne V02 kinetics (tVO2 and SC). The SC values determined by model Exp3 (129,69 l 75,71 mi/min and 8,4 l 2,92 %) were higher than values determined by model VO2 6-3 mm (68,69 l 102,54 mi/min and 3,6 l 7,34%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

L’objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer la force d’impact dans des conditions proches de la pratique des Sports de Combat et des Arts Martiaux (SCAM) à l'aide d'un ergomètre composé d’un bloc-cible instrumenté avec un accéléromètre et un dynamomètre, et monté sur une lame flexible fixée verticalement sur le sol. La force d'impact a été calculée à partir des trois composantes mesurées par le dynamomètre, d'une part, et à partir de l'accélération du bloc-cible, grâce à un modèle mécanique original, d'autre part. Les mesures dynamiques ont été associées à des mesures cinématiques 3D à haute vitesse afin de caractériser les gestes de frappe de quatre boxeurs en situation d'entraînement, et d'en identifier les paramètres d'optimisation : gamme des énergies cinétiques pic et incidente du membre supérieur, gamme des pics de force d’impact, et forces intra articulaires au poignet, au coude et à l'épaule, calculées par dynamique inverse. Parallèlement, l’évaluation mécanique de quelques protections de boxe française (gants et bandages) et de karaté (gants, protège-pieds et protège-tibias) a montré que le test défini par la norme NF EN 13277-2 était insuffisant pour caractériser leurs propriétés amortissantes. Les résultats des mesures en situation et en laboratoire ont mis en évidence la qualité discutable de certains gants de boxe française et l'absence d’effet protecteur des bandages. La Fédération Française de Boxe Française (FFSBFDA) doit encore tirer toutes les conclusions de ces résultats. Les résultats des protections de karaté ont permis à la Fédération Française de Karaté (FFKDA) d'en définir les caractéristiques souhaitables, qui ont été approuvées par la Fédération Mondiale de Karaté (WKF). Au-delà de ces conséquences pratiques, la cible-ergomètre conçue, fabriquée et mise en oeuvre dans cette thèse, et le modèle mécanique associé présentent des avantages expérimentaux et ergonomiques qui ouvrent des perspectives d’évaluation de la force d'impact de nombreuses techniques de frappe utilisées dans les Sports de Combat et les Arts Martiaux. / The purpose of this thesis was to assess the impact force in conditions close to the practice of Fighting Sports and Martial Arts using an ergometer composed of a target-block instrumented with an accelerometer and a dynamometer, and mounted on a flexible lath vertically fixed on the floor. The impact force was computed from the three components measured by the dynamometer, and also from the acceleration of the target-block, using an original mechanical model. The dynamic measurements have been combined with those of a 3-D high speed kinematic analysis in order to characterize the striking movements of four French Boxers in training conditions, and to identify their optimization parameters : range of maximal and incident linear kinetic energies, range of impact force peaks, and joint forces at the wrist, the elbow and the shoulder, computed by inverse dynamics. Concurrently, the mechanical evaluation of some protective gears for French Boxing (gloves and handwraps) and Karate (gloves, leg-protections and shin protections) has shown that the test defined by the NF EN 13277-2 norm was not sufficient for assessing their damping properties. The results of practice and laboratory measurements exhibited the doubtful quality of some French Boxing gloves and the lack of damping effect of handwraps. The French Federation of French Boxing (FFSBFDA) should still draw all the conclusions of these results. The results of the Karate protective gears have allowed the French Karate Federation (FFKDA) to define their desirable characteristics, which have been approved by the World Karate Federation (WKF). Beyond these practical outcomes, the striking ergometer, designed, built and used in this thesis, and the associated mechanical model have / possess experimental and ergonomic advantages, which open wide perspectives for assessing the impact force of many striking techniques used in Fighting Sports and Martial Arts.