Thesis (Ph.D. )--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on October 7, 2008 ). Research advisor: Paul A. Ney, M.D. Document formatted into pages (xi, 122 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 78-110).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1997. / "May 1997." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-162). Also available on the Internet.

Utilization of iron by hemoglobin-producing cells is highly efficient. The acquisition of iron from plasma requires the binding of diferric transferrin (Tf) to its cognate receptor (Tf-R) on the erythroid cell membrane, followed by internalization of the Tf - Tf-R complexes via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Through a poorly understood mechanism, iron is targeted to mitochondria, the site of heme biosynthesis. We believe that a direct interaction between iron-containing endosomes and mitochondria is essential for iron transfer to mitochondria and its efficient incorporation into heme. / In order to illustrate the interaction between endosomes and mitochondria, we have employed flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis of reticulocytes (erythrocyte precursors which still synthesize hemoglobin) stained with fluorescent dyes specific to mitochondria and endosomes revealed three distinct populations: mitochondria, endosomes and a population labeled with both dyes. This double-labeled population suggests a population composed of endosomes associated with mitochondria. Using non-fluorescent diferric-Tf, we were able to remove the double population, leaving only the endosomal and the mitochondrial population. This finding has confirmed that the double population is the result of the interaction between the two organelles. / Additionally, we established a cell-free assay consisting of fluorescent mitochondria and endosomes isolated from erythroid cells. Using confocal microscopy, we demonstrated a colocalization between the two organelles. We repeated the assay using fluorescent mitochondria and endosomes isolated from HeLa spinner cells. Using the mitochondrial uncoupler CCCP, we were able to significantly reduce the colocalization between the two organelles, indicating that the interaction between the organelles is specific and that the mitochondrial potential is a requirement for organellar interaction. / Based on our results from flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we conclude that a specific and direct interaction exists between the two organelles.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborg University, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 147-162). Also available on the Internet.

There exists a need to produce platelets in vitro for use in transfusion medicine, due to increased platelet demands and short shelf life. Our lab uses human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as an attractive alternative supply, as iPSCs can be cultured indefinitely and differentiate into almost any cell type. Using a technique called forward programming, we over express three key haematological transcription factors (TFs), pushing iPSCs towards the megakaryocyte lineage, to produce mature megakaryocytes, the platelet precursor cell type. A major limitation of the forward programming technique is a reliance of lentiviral transduction to overexpress the three TFs, which leads to a number of issues including heterogeneity and high experimental costs. To overcome this, I have developed an inducible iPSC line by inserting the forward programming TFs into a genomic safe harbour, using genome editing techniques. TF expression is strictly controlled, with the TFs expressed only after chemical induction. Inducing forward programming is an efficient method for producing mature megakaryocytes and these cells maintain higher purity in long-term cultures, when compared to cells produced by the lentiviral method. Removing the requirement of lentiviral transduction is a major advancement, making forward programming more amenable to scaling-up, thus moving this technology closer towards our goal of producing in vitro platelets for use in transfusion medicine. I have also shown that forward programming generates a bi-potent progenitor population, from which erythroblasts can be generated, by altering only media conditions. As for megakaryocyte cultures, inducing forward programming improves the purity of erythroblasts produced, compared to the lentiviral method. I have developed single cell progenitor assays combined with index sorting of different cell surface markers, to allow retrospective analysis of cells which successfully generate colonies. The aim of this work is to better characterise the progenitor cells produced by forward programming, to allow further study of this cell type. Single cell RNA-seq of megakaryocytes revealed heterogeneity in long-term cultures and also identified novel candidate surface markers that may help to further characterise the progenitor cell population.

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Most existing chemotherapeutics lack adequate specificity for transformed cells and therefore have high rates of collateral damage to normal tissue. Moreover, such therapies often depend on p53 to induce cell death and are ineffective on the large number of human cancers that have lost p53 function. The discovery of novel p53-independent cancer therapies is therefore of significant interest. The Chicken Anemia Virus protein Apoptin selectively induces apoptosis in transformed cells in a p53-independent manner while leaving normal primary cells unaffected. This selectivity is thought to be largely due to cell type-specific localization: in primary cells Apoptin is cytoplasmic, whereas in transformed cells the protein localizes to the nucleus. The basis for this cell type-specific localization remains to be determined. In this study, Apoptin is revealed to be a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein whose localization is mediated by an N-terminal nuclear export signal (NES) and a C-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS). Both signals are required for cell type-specific localization, as Apoptin fragments containing either the NES or NLS fail to localize differently between transformed and primary cells. Significantly, cell type-specific localization can be rescued in trans by co-expression of the two separate fragments, which are able to interact through an Apoptin multimerization domain. Interestingly, this multimerization domain overlaps with the NES suggesting that these two activities may be functionally coupled in cytoplasmic retention in primary cell types. Factors present in transformed cells induce localization of Apoptin to the nucleus where a biochemically distinct, more soluble form of the protein exists. Using affinity-purification and mass spectroscopy it was found that, specifically in transformed cells, Apoptin is associated with APC1, a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The APC/C is required to establish a mitotic cell-cycle checkpoint, and its inhibition results in G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Expression of wild type Apoptin in transformed cells inhibits APC/C function and induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis, whereas Apoptin mutants that are unable to associate with APC1 have no effect. In p53 null cells, ablation of APC1 by RNA interference induces a G2/M arrest and apoptosis analogous to that observed following Apoptin expression. Furthermore, Apoptin was found to induce the formation of PML bodies and to recruit APC/C subunits to these nuclear structures suggesting a mechanism involving sequestration and subsequent inhibition of the APC/C. Thus, the results of this study clarify Apoptin cell type-specific localization behavior and explain the ability of Apoptin to induce apoptosis in transformed cells in the absence of p53. This study advances a newly emerging field of viral mechanisms of apoptosis involving G2/M arrest and APC/C modulation. The resultant p53-independent apoptosis suggests that the APC/C may be an attractive target for the development of anti-cancer drugs.

L’autorenouvellement est une propriété fondatrice du concept de cellule souche. Cependant, malgré l’avancée des connaissances actuelles, les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents restent mal compris. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à cette question, en étudiant l’équilibre entre autorenouvellement et différenciation dans des progéniteurs érythrocytaires primaires. D’une part, grâce à une étude combinant des approches pharmacologiques et de génétique fonctionnelle, nos résultats montrent que le contrôle de la synthèse cellulaire du cholestérol joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation du basculement de l’autorenouvellement vers la différenciation. D’autre part, nous avons étudié la nature stochastique de l’expression génique au cours du passage de l’autorenouvellement vers la différenciation. En effet, contrairement au caractère déterministe initialement attribué à l’expression des gènes, les données accumulées au cours des dernières années démontrent que cette expression repose sur des processus stochastiques. Nous avons en particulier oeuvré à la conception et à la mise en place d’un dispositif permettant de suivre en temps réel l’expression génique dans des cellules individualisées, afin de pouvoir mesurer et évaluer cette stochasticité. Au final, l’ensemble de ces travaux participent à la compréhension des bases moléculaires de l’autorenouvellement et du contrôle des choix du devenir cellulaire. / Self-renewal is a key property of the stem cell concept. However, despite the recent advances in this field, the underlying molecular bases are not yet properly understood. We tackled this question by studying the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, in primary erythroid progenitors. Our work is twofold. First, by combining pharmacologic approaches and functional genetics, we have shown that the control of cellular cholesterol synthesis plays a central role in the regulation between self-renewal and differentiation. Second, we have studied the stochastic nature of gene expression along the transition from self-renewal to differentiation. Indeed, while gene expression was initially deemed to be deterministic, more and more data tend to show that it relies on stochastic processes. In particular, we participated to the design of an experimental method allowing to mesure gene expression in a single cell, in real-time. All in all, the work presented here brings new elements towards the understanding of molecular bases controlling self-renewal and cell fate choices.