<p>There's no doubt today that mankind has contributed to the changing climate by</p><p>her use of fossil fuels. This must change in the nearby future. The European</p><p>leaders are expressing concern that renewable energy sources are not being</p><p>used to their full potential. The 2001/77/EC Directive on Electricity Production</p><p>from Renewable Energy Sources was accepted in 2001 to encourage the</p><p>development of energy production from renewable sources, which is</p><p>considered a step towards the fulfillment of the goal of the Union, that 12% of</p><p>the gross energy consumption should come from renewable energy sources by</p><p>the year 2010.</p><p>The objective of this thesis is to illuminate the common legislation of the EU</p><p>regarding renewable energy with regard to goal fulfillment, judicial quality,</p><p>conflicts with other goals of the EU and other faults. The objective is reached</p><p>by a hermeneutic study in which interpretation of written text is the main</p><p>method. To analyze whether the EU stimulates the usage of renewable energy</p><p>within the union I have applied a method used in audits. I have analyzed an</p><p>empirical material and drawn conclusions using an inductive method.</p><p>It is difficult to make specific demands on the legislation of member states</p><p>because the circumstances vary heavily depending on external factors and other</p><p>laws. The laws of the European Union must conform to a large number of</p><p>criteria to be considered rational and legitimate. They must be in line with the</p><p>basic goals of the union, serve the purpose of the legislator, not violate any</p><p>human rights and be coherent with other legislation.</p><p>Directive 2001/77/EC complies with the fundamental goals of the union. It also</p><p>complies fully with basic human rights, particularly the right to a good</p><p>environment, which is included in the third generation human rights. The</p><p>directive does not however meet all the political rationalities because it does not</p><p>serve all intended political purposes. The directive was accepted as an important</p><p>step for the union to reach the goals of the Kyoto protocol. It is, however, clear</p><p>that the goals for the year 2010, as presented in the directive and the Kyoto</p><p>protocol, will not be reached unless the use of renewable energy sources sees a</p><p>drastic increase.</p>

<p>EU:s utvidgning 2004 var den största enskilda utvidgningen i unionens historia då tio nya medlemsländer inkorporerades i den Europeiska unionen. Enligt artikel 49 i fördraget om Europeiska unionen kan varje europeisk stat som respekterar EU:s grundläggande demokratiska principer ansöka om medlemskap i unionen. Detta anlägger en viktig principiell fråga som är av stor vikt för utvidgningspolitiken. Tillhör Turkiet Europa? Denna typ av fråga framförs ofta i samband med utvidgningen av EU. Turkiet står på tur för medlemskap i unionen inom en snar framtid, men anses fortfarande vara ett kontroversiellt land då många bedömare inte anser att Turkiet ligger i Europa.</p><p>Mitt syfte har varit att studera politiska dokument författade av Europeiska kommissionen, avseende Turkiet som ansökarland. En textanalys med starka influenser av kritisk diskursanalys har använts som metod för att analysera den bild av Turkiet som framkommer i texterna. Därigenom har jag undersökt de olika diskurser som framkommer i dokumenten och således granskat EU:s syn på Turkiet som ansökarland.</p><p>Medlemskap i unionen uppnås genom att uppfylla Köpenhamnskriterierna, det vill säga det politiska kriteriet, det ekonomiska kriteriet och det administrativa kriteriet. Mitt fokus i uppsatsen har legat på det politiska kriteriet av integrationsprocessen då det anses vara det största hindret för ett Turkiskt medlemskap. Även andra integrationsaspekter på medlemskapet har undersökts då Turkiet beskrivs som en komplex stat, med stora olikheter jämförelsevis med staterna från tidigare utvidgningar. Exempel på integrationsfrågor som behandlas i uppsatsen är ; Det fjärde informella kriteriet, jordbruk och regionalstöd samt Cypernkonflikten.</p>

<p><strong>This paper explains the position of the principle of transparency in the EU up to the year 2010. (Including the changes made by the Lisbon treaty.)</strong></p><p>The question to answer is: how could transparency develop into a general principle without being mentioned explicitly in the legislation? It was also out to try to see what the future of transparency might look like.</p><p>In the conclusion it was found that openness and transparency was not something fixed, but an evolving concept. If it was encoded into a single written principle, it could hamper the institutions‟ adaptation to the developing case-law. In the end I concluded that with will and trust, transparency could continue to grow in the future.</p>

<p>The aim of this study is to describe and analyze how the European union relates to the different dimensions of abortion. What kind of problem is abortion and whose right is it? Does difference framings of the problem enable different solutions?</p><p>By analyzing debates from the European parliament through Carol Lee Bacchis method “What’s the problem approach” I have come to see that different representations of a problem changes the problem it self. This emphasis that a problem is a problem in one context, but not in an other.</p><p>Depending on the work of, among others, Barbara Hobson and Ailbhe Smyth I have focused upon the European union as a economical project, leaving social issues to national competence. This makes the EU a patriarchal project that fails to guarantee women’s rights. By not being able to assure women the right of abortion, the women of Europe is treated as second class citizens.</p><p>Through the eyes of the European union my material has shown that abortion is not only a conflict between the woman’s right to choose and the child’s right to live, but also a conflict of democracy. National sovereignty is challenged by a European citizenship of women.</p><p>The right to information and the right to freedom of movement within the EU puts the European question of abortion in a new focus. By framing the problem of abortion as a problem of mobility it enables a way of placing women’s right in the free market system. A Europe that allows women to choose where to perform an abortion, and also provide them with information on contraceptives and the morning-after pill, is a Europe that falls within the idea of the EU as a economical project.</p>

<p>The aim of this master thesis was to examine the European Commission's information resources from a user perspective in order to clarify the needs and circumstances of the search of EU-information among students at Örebro University. 41 students participated in a survey, and four of them was interviewed. On the basis of Pendelton- and Chatmans theories of information behaviour in small worlds, it were assumed that the students' education and citizenship in the European Union affected their needs and the search of EU information.</p><p>The study showed that the students needs for EU-related information has increased, with the current education, but also been linked to earlier educations. The students Citizens need were mainly associated with elections such as the EMU-election, but also in some cases to a need of the general knowledge.</p><p>A review of the European Commission's information resources were made with an emphasis on European Documentation Centre, EDC. The survey showed that most students used the EDC and the EU-databases that was made available by the European Commission through the EDC and the university library but were not aware that they used EDC.</p><p>The survey also showed that students made use of familiar sources and resources when they searched the EU-information, such as the library's regular database list, the library catalogue and search engine on the internet are not requested of other resources. In line with Pendelton and Chatmans's theory the students did not seek information if it was not consider necessary.</p>

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze how the European union relates to the different dimensions of abortion. What kind of problem is abortion and whose right is it? Does difference framings of the problem enable different solutions? By analyzing debates from the European parliament through Carol Lee Bacchis method “What’s the problem approach” I have come to see that different representations of a problem changes the problem it self. This emphasis that a problem is a problem in one context, but not in an other. Depending on the work of, among others, Barbara Hobson and Ailbhe Smyth I have focused upon the European union as a economical project, leaving social issues to national competence. This makes the EU a patriarchal project that fails to guarantee women’s rights. By not being able to assure women the right of abortion, the women of Europe is treated as second class citizens. Through the eyes of the European union my material has shown that abortion is not only a conflict between the woman’s right to choose and the child’s right to live, but also a conflict of democracy. National sovereignty is challenged by a European citizenship of women. The right to information and the right to freedom of movement within the EU puts the European question of abortion in a new focus. By framing the problem of abortion as a problem of mobility it enables a way of placing women’s right in the free market system. A Europe that allows women to choose where to perform an abortion, and also provide them with information on contraceptives and the morning-after pill, is a Europe that falls within the idea of the EU as a economical project.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar att människor migrerar inom den europeiska unionen. Data över in och utflöden av människor har samlats in för varje medlemsstat och använts i en regression som beroende variabel. Som oberoende variabler användes faktorer som kunde tänkas ha en påverkan på människors beslut att migrera eller inte för vilka data för varje land också samlats in. Faktorer som använts är arbetslöshet, utbildningsnivå, och ekonomisk tillväxt. En dummy variabel har använts för att skilja på de 10 "nya" medlemsstaterna och den 15 som var medlemmar innan 2004. De 10 senast blivna medlemmarna har en etta, och de tidigare 15 medlemmarna en nolla. För att analysera resultaten har human kapital modellen och Todaros migrationsmodell använts.

The aim of this master thesis was to examine the European Commission's information resources from a user perspective in order to clarify the needs and circumstances of the search of EU-information among students at Örebro University. 41 students participated in a survey, and four of them was interviewed. On the basis of Pendelton- and Chatmans theories of information behaviour in small worlds, it were assumed that the students' education and citizenship in the European Union affected their needs and the search of EU information. The study showed that the students needs for EU-related information has increased, with the current education, but also been linked to earlier educations. The students Citizens need were mainly associated with elections such as the EMU-election, but also in some cases to a need of the general knowledge. A review of the European Commission's information resources were made with an emphasis on European Documentation Centre, EDC. The survey showed that most students used the EDC and the EU-databases that was made available by the European Commission through the EDC and the university library but were not aware that they used EDC. The survey also showed that students made use of familiar sources and resources when they searched the EU-information, such as the library's regular database list, the library catalogue and search engine on the internet are not requested of other resources. In line with Pendelton and Chatmans's theory the students did not seek information if it was not consider necessary.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the trade flows within the European Union are affected by the environmental policies within the union. An environmental sensitivity index (IESP) is used as explanatory variable, with export and import shares respectively as dependent variables. The trade flow data is collected from the OECD database for the years 1995 to 1998, and is used in a regression analysis together with IESP data from the same years. The analysis covers 15 European Union member countries. The result from the regression analysis shows a positive relationship between IESP and trade flows. However, our values did not turn out to be significant, much due to the low number of observations and too few explanatory variables. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om handelsflödena inom den Europeiska Unionen påverkas av miljöpolitiken inom unionen. Ett index som mäter miljökänslighet (IESP) används som förklarande variabel, med export respektive import som beroende variabler. Data om handelsflöden är hämtade från OECDs databas och täcker åren 1995-1998. Dessa data används i en regressionsanalys tillsammans med IESP data från samma period. Analysen täcker 15 medlemsländer från den Europeiska Unionen. Resultaten från regressionsanalysen pekar på ett positivt samband mellan handelsflöden och IESP. Tyvärr blev våra värden ej signifikanta, mycket beroende på för få observationer och förklarande variabler.

Den Svenska modellen har gått från en omfattande lagregleringsreform på 70-talet, till ett stadigt tillstånd där bland annat rättigheter så som förenings- och förhandlingsrätt, rätten till information samt fredsplikt skyddas genom kollektivavtal. Sveriges medlemskap i Europeiska unionen innebär att staten har överfört beslutsmakt till unionen och dess institutioner, vilket gör att unionen har en överstatlig karaktär där unionsrätten går före nationell rätt vid en konfliktsituation. Genom Sveriges medlemskap i Europeiska unionen har den Svenska modellen och framför allt kollektivavtalens ställning fått en annan betydelse. En av orsaken till detta att de svenska kollektivavtalen inte uppfyller unionens krav vid implementering av direktiv, då direktiven skall omfatta alla arbetstagare och arbetsgivare. Kollektivavtalen i Sverige binder endast de parter som avtalet är slutet mellan. Då kollektivavtalen inte kan användas som ett implementeringsinstrument måste Sverige implementera direktiv från unionen genom lagstiftning, som då inbegriper alla parter på arbetsmarknaden. Det medför en ökad lagstiftningsprocess, som innebär att beslutsbefogenheterna tas från arbetsmarknadsparterna och ges till staten. Inom många länder i Europa används så kallade allmängiltiga kollektivavtal. Dessa kollektivavtal förklaras allmängiltiga av en myndighet i berört land, och inbegriper alla på arbetsmarknaden inom exempelvis en region. Denna typ av kollektivavtal återfinns inte Sverige. Det är dock en av mina slutsatser i denna uppsats, att använda sig av allmängiltiga kollektivavtal i Sverige skulle kunna innebära en upprätthållning av den Svenska modellen och kollektivavtalens status.