Spelling suggestions: "subject:"exercise inn women"" "subject:"exercise iin women""
111 |
Energy and nutrient intake, and body composition of elderly women with different ages and levels of physical activityBell, Elizabeth J. 17 March 1993 (has links)
The US population over the age of 65 years is growing rapidly, with elderly
women outnumbering men by 50 percent. Studies show that aging is often
accompanied by reduced energy intake, inadequate nutrition, and the loss of lean
body mass with a subsequent increase in body fat, as well as the tendency towards
inactivity. An increased level of physical activity elevates energy needs, which can
lead to increased energy and nutrient intake, and has been shown to aid in the
maintenance of lean body mass and the reduction of body fat. Positive health
outcomes for seniors depends partly on a clearer understanding of the
interrelationships between physical activity, diet, and body composition.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether higher overall levels of
physical activity among elderly women, were related to higher energy intake, nutrient adequacy, and less body fat, and to what extent age affected these
associations. Sixty-three elderly women (aged 65-98 years) volunteers completed a
three part study spanning 14 weeks. Mean level of physical activity (MLPA) and
mean nutrient intakes were estimated using nine self-reported days of records, three
predetermined days from each of three recording periods. MLPA was determined
from self-reported hours spent in five physical activity categories (resting, very
light, light, moderate, and heavy), multiplied by corresponding weighted factors of
intensity (1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0, respectively). Nutrient analyses for seven
vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin
B12) and three minerals (calcium, iron, and zinc) were done using the Food
Processor II computer software. A mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated for
each subject as the average percent of the RDA for intakes of all 10 nutrients.
Body composition assessment included triplicate measures of: height and weight
from which body mass index (BMI) was determined; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); and
an estimation of percent body fat (PBF) from the sum of four skinfolds (triceps,
biceps, subscapular, suprailiac).
It was determined that MLPA was not directly related to energy intake,
nutrient adequacy, or the three body composition parameters. However, the
correlation coefficients between MLPA and energy intake, mean adequacy ratio, and
percent RDA for 8 of the 10 nutrients were positive, and the correlation coefficients
between MLPA and all three body fatness measures were negative, as was expected. The small coefficient of variability of MLPA limited its discriminating power in
determining associations with energy intake, nutrient adequacy, and body
composition.
Backward stepwise regression models were conducted to distinguish potential
confounding effects of age, education, and MLPA on the variables kcal/day,
kcal/kg/day, MAR, BMI, WHR, and PBF. Age was found to account for the
largest portion of the variations, and was greater than the contribution of MLPA for
all of these variables, except in the case of kcal/kg/day.
When the subjects were divided into young-old (65-74 yr) and old-old (75-98
yr) subgroups, the younger compared to the older women were found to be more
active as measured by MLPA (p=.02), explained by their engaging in more light
activities of daily living (p=.04). The young-old compared to the old-old women
consumed more kcalories/day (p=.01), and had a higher MAR score (p=.00). The
nutrient densities of the two groups' diets were not significantly different. The
younger women had slightly lower BMI, WHR, and PBF values.
This study revealed age, rather than MLPA, was a better predictor of some
parameters of diet adequacy and body fatness among this sample of elderly women.
In addition, consistently higher levels of physical activity and greater dietary
adequacy and was found among the younger compared to the older portions of this
sample of senior women, suggesting that nutrition intervention programs for the
elderly should encourage daily activeness as a strategy to maintain or improve
dietary adequacy with advancing age. / Graduation date: 1993
|
112 |
Dietary behavior and body composition parameters among self-reported exercising and non-exercising elderly womenBell, Kathleen A. 15 March 1993 (has links)
The percentage of the American population who are 65 years old or older is
rapidly increasing, especially the proportion of women. It is becoming crucial to
encourage lifestyle behaviors that will enable senior women to remain in optimal
health. Following the 1990 Dietary Guidelines' recommendations to limit fat intake
and consume adequate amounts of dietary fiber has been shown to positively impact
longevity and health status in the elderly by decreasing risk factors for chronic
diseases. An expected outcome of engaging in regular exercise is a reduction in
body fat, which is also associated with a lowered incidence of several chronic
illnesses. However, the literature clearly indicates that nutritional quality of the diet
and involvement in regular exercise decrease with increasing age. There is evidence that, with the adoption of one health enhancing behavior, there is a greater tendency
to engage in other health promoting behaviors, but little data exist on the healthseeking
behaviors of older adults.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there were identifiable
differences between self-defined exercising and self-defined non-exercising elderly
women with respect to their nutrient intake, food sources of dietary fat and fiber,
dietary change behavior, and body composition parameters, considering their age
and education and income levels. The objective was to determine whether those
women who had consciously undertaken a regular exercise program would also have
higher micronutrient intakes, make lower fat and higher fiber food choices, report
having made more dietary changes in the direction of the 1990 Dietary Guidelines,
and have leaner body compositions than those who had not undertaken such a
program.
Thirty-three elderly women self-reported exercisers (mean age 74.1 years)
and 30 self-reported non-exercisers (mean age 71.3 years) were enrolled in a 14
week study. Exercisers were defined as those who reported having engaged in a
regular program of planned exercise a minimum of 15 minutes per session, 2 times
per week, for at least the last year, and non-exercisers were those who had not.
They kept three, 7-day food records at 5 week intervals. Nutrient intake was
estimated from 9 days of food records, 3 predetermined days from each recording
period, using the Food Processor n software. Dietary intakes were analyzed for
energy, macronutrients, dietary fiber, and selected micronutrients. Food sources of dietary fat and fiber were determined using a food categorization adapted from
Popkin and coworkers (1989). Information concerning dietary change behavior,
obtained from questionnaire responses, was compared between groups using chisquare
tests. Body composition, assessed through repeat measurements during each
dietary recording period, included determination of percent body fat through
skinfolds, waist-to-hip-ratio and body mass index. Average 9-day nutrient intakes
and anthropometric measures were compared between groups using t-tests or Mann-
Whitney U tests.
Both elderly women exercisers and non-exercisers had similar energy,
macronutrient, and dietary fiber intakes based on 9-day means. Their total fat
intakes, expressed in grams and as percentages of energy, were not significantly
different. Both groups consumed a lower percentage of their daily kcalories as total
fat (32%) compared with national surveys of women over 65 (36%). Exercisers
consumed more total vitamin A (p=.03) and carotene (p=.00) than the non-exercising
women. A great proportion of both groups did not meet 75 % of the
Recommended Dietary Allowances for calcium and zinc. A larger proportion of the
exercisers than the non-exercisers reported using lower fat cheese (p=.02) and green
and yellow vegetables (p=.03), which partially explained their higher total vitamin
A and carotene intakes. Exercisers obtained less of their total fat intake from lower
fat milk (p=.02) and more of their fat intake from lower fat lunch meats (p=.04)
than the non-exercisers. The categories of legumes (p=.02) and lower fiber
vegetables (p=.05) supplied greater amounts of dietary fiber for the exercisers compared with the non-exercisers. When asked about dietary changes made over
the past decade, a greater percentage of the exercisers than non-exercisers reported
having decreased red meat intake (p=.05) and increased consumption of cereals
(p=.05) and legumes (p=.00). Actual intake data showed that the legume food
category contributed more dietary fiber to the diets of the exercisers than the non-exercisers
(p=.02).
No differences were found in body fat measures between the exercisers and
non-exercisers. The lack of observed differences between the two groups reinforces
what other researchers have found, that a large number of factors influence body
composition, of which exercise is only one. More research is needed to distinguish
the interactions of age, energy intake, and physical activity on the body fatness of
elderly women, as well as the most accurate instruments for assessing body
composition for this age group.
Exercise participation among elderly women in this study appeared to be
associated with several positive dietary behaviors. Elderly women exercisers
compared to non-exercisers made food choices leading to higher total vitamin A and
carotene intakes, and also reported making more changes in food consumption
behaviors in the direction of current dietary recommendations. These observed
outcomes provide support for designing health-promotion programs for elderly
women which include both nutrition education and exercise components. / Graduation date: 1993
|
113 |
The Effects of a Psychosocial Environment on College Women’s Exercise Regulations and Social Physique AnxietyAlvarez, Ana 05 1900 (has links)
A positive psychosocial intervention comprised of high autonomy support, task-involvement, and caring was implemented in physical activity classes to examine its effects on college women’s basic psychological needs (i.e. autonomy, competence, relatedness), exercise regulations (i.e. external, introjected, identified, integrated, intrinsic) and social physique anxiety (SPA). We hypothesized that at the end of the semester, participants in the intervention group (N = 73) would report greater need satisfaction, more self-determined regulations and less SPA than participants in the non-intervention group (N = 60). At T1 and T2, both the intervention and non-intervention participants reported “agreeing” with experiencing an autonomy supportive, task-involving, and caring environment. Furthermore, both groups at T1 and T2 reported moderate SPA. No significant group differences were found at T1. At T2, significant group differences were observed in the intervention and non-intervention groups’ report of external regulation and intrinsic regulation. The results suggests that group exercise instructors are capable of creating a positive psychosocial environment to enhance students’ intrinsic motivation.
|
114 |
Exercise determinants of Hong Kong Chinese female university students: a qualitative enquiry. / 從質性研究探討中國香港女性大學生運動習慣的決定因素 / Exercise determinants of Hong Kong Chinese female university students: a qualitative enquiry. / Cong zhi xing yan jiu tan tao Zhongguo Xianggang nü xing da xue sheng yun dong xi guan de jue ding yin suJanuary 2004 (has links)
Tam, Kok-wing = 從質性研究探討中國香港女性大學生運動習慣的決定因素 / 譚玨穎. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-116). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Tam, Kok-wing = Cong zhi xing yan jiu tan tao Zhongguo Xianggang nü xing da xue sheng yun dong xi guan de jue ding yin su / Tan Jueying. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE / Introduction --- p.1 / Background --- p.1 / Purpose of Study --- p.6 / Operational Definition of Terms --- p.6 / Assumptions --- p.7 / Delimitations --- p.8 / Limitations --- p.8 / Significance of the Study --- p.8 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO / Review of Literature --- p.10 / Psychological Aspects of Physical Activity --- p.10 / Theoretical Background --- p.10 / Reduction of Stress and Depression --- p.11 / Enhancement of Mood --- p.13 / Improvement in Self Concept --- p.14 / Higher Quality of Life --- p.15 / Reasons for Exercise Participation --- p.16 / Exercise Determinants --- p.17 / Research Related to the Determinants of Physical Activity --- p.18 / Personal Characteristics --- p.18 / Psychological and Behavioural Determinants --- p.19 / Environmental Determinants - Social factors --- p.21 / Environmental Determinants - Physical factors --- p.22 / Physical Activity Characteristics --- p.23 / Exercise Facilitators --- p.24 / Exercise Barriers --- p.24 / Gender --- p.25 / Decline of Young Adult Exercise Pattern --- p.27 / The Transtheoretical Model --- p.28 / Theoretical Background --- p.28 / The Five Stages of Change --- p.31 / Precontemplation Stage - --- p.31 / Contemplation Stage --- p.31 / Preparation Stage --- p.31 / Action Stage --- p.32 / Maintenance Stage --- p.32 / Research related to the Transtheoretical Model and physical activity --- p.33 / Summary --- p.35 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE / Method --- p.36 / Participants --- p.36 / Survey sample --- p.36 / Interview sample --- p.37 / Procedures --- p.37 / Surveying --- p.37 / In-depth interviewing process --- p.38 / Instrumentation --- p.39 / Questionnaire for the Survey Sample (818 students) --- p.39 / Exercise Stage Assessment --- p.39 / Interview guide for the interview sub-sample --- p.40 / Data Analysis --- p.42 / Questionnaire Analysis --- p.42 / Data analysis for the interview --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR / Results --- p.46 / The General Results from Exercise Stage Assessment --- p.46 / Background of the 15 Interviewees --- p.47 / Reasons for sedentary behaviour of the non-exercisers --- p.50 / Personal Characteristics --- p.52 / Psychological and Behavioural Determinants --- p.53 / Exercise Determinants - Physical aspects --- p.55 / Exercise Determinants - Social aspects --- p.58 / Physical Activity Characteristics --- p.60 / Reasons for the non-exercisers to change their sedentary behaviour- --- p.61 / Personal Characteristics --- p.62 / Psychological and Behavioural Determinants --- p.63 / Exercise Determinants - Physical aspects --- p.65 / Exercise Determinants - Social aspects --- p.66 / Physical Activity Characteristics --- p.67 / Reasons for the exercisers to be active --- p.67 / Personal Characteristics --- p.68 / Psychological and Behavioural Determinants --- p.70 / Exercise Determinants - Physical aspects --- p.72 / Exercise Determinants - Social aspects --- p.72 / Physical Activity Characteristics --- p.74 / Reasons for the exercisers to terminate their active behaviour --- p.75 / Personal Characteristics --- p.76 / Psychological and Behavioural Determinants --- p.76 / Exercise Determinants - Physical aspects --- p.78 / Exercise Determinants - Social aspects --- p.81 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE / Discussion --- p.83 / Exercise Determinants in Personal Characteristics --- p.85 / Exercise Determinants in Psychological and Behavioural Dimensions --- p.89 / Exercise Determinants in Environmental - Physical aspects --- p.91 / Exercise Determinants in Environmental - Social aspects --- p.95 / Exercise Determinants in Physical Activity Characteristics --- p.96 / Summary and Conclusion --- p.97 / Recommendations --- p.100 / References --- p.102 / Appendix A --- p.117 / Appendix B --- p.119 / Appendix C --- p.120 / Appendix D --- p.122 / Appendix E --- p.124 / Appendix F --- p.126 / Appendix G --- p.128 / Appendix H --- p.130 / Appendix I --- p.131 / Appendix J --- p.133 / Appendix K --- p.135
|
115 |
The development, implementation, and evaluation of a dietary and physical activity intervention for overweight, low-income mothersClarke, Kristine Kendrick, January 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
|
116 |
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 response to resistance exercise in young versus old men and womenHarper, Bradley M. Gordon, Scott Edward. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--East Carolina University, 2009. / Presented to the faculty of the Department of Exercise and Sport Science. Advisor: Scott E. Gordon. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 4, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.
|
117 |
Coping strategies for working women : aerobic exercise and relaxation interventionsHaney, Colleen Judith January 1986 (has links)
This study examined the effects of two 8-week stress-management interventions (aerobic exercise and progressive relaxation) on reductions in trait anxiety, increases in self-efficacy, and enhancement of coping strategies for sedentary working women. It was expected that aerobic exercise, a relatively new treatment, would be as effective or more effective than progressive relaxation, a well researched treatment, as a stress-management intervention.
The subjects were 72 females aged 24-59, (M = 39.8) solicited from the Vancouver community via newspaper advertisement asking for stressed volunteers to participate in two stress-management programs. They were interviewed and randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise or progressive relaxation treatment. The treatment sessions were conducted over an 8-week period with subjects meeting in groups for 1 1/2 hours per week. Prior to the first session subjects were administered: STAI-T (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (Sherer et al., 1982), Ways of Coping Checklist (Lazarus 6 Folkman, 1984), and a 7-Day Exercise Recall Inventory (Blair, 1984). Subjects were assessed again at post treatment and at 8-week follow-up. Repeated measures, multivariate analysis of variance with preplanned contrasts, indicated that both treatment groups were effective in decreasing trait anxiety and increasing self-efficacy from pre- to post-treatment. These changes were maintained at 8-week follow-up. In addition, a one-way multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that the total number of coping strategies, as well as the difference between the number of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies, did not change significantly from pre- to post-treatment.
Additionally, there was a negative relationship between low scores in self-efficacy and high scores in emotion-focused coping.
In response to ancillary post-treatment and follow-up questionnaires, aerobic exercise was perceived by the participants as a more satisfactory stress-management treatment. Implications of these results and suggestions for future studies are discussed. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate
|
118 |
The Effect of Post-exercise Ethanol Consumption on the Acute Hormonal Response to Heavy Resistance Exercise in WomenBudnar, Ronald Gene, Jr. 12 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to examine the hormonal response to acute ethanol ingestion following a bout of heavy resistance exercise in women. Eight resistance trained women completed two identical acute heavy resistance exercise tasks (AHRET). From 10-20 minutes post-AHRET, participants consumed either a grain ethanol or a placebo beverage. Blood was collected before (PRE) and immediately after the AHRET (IP) and then every 20 minutes for five hours. Blood collected after beverage ingestion was pooled into 3 batches (phases: 20-40 minutes, 60-120 minutes, and 140-300 minutes post-exercise) and analyzed for serum total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), human growth hormone (GH), cortisol (COR), and estradiol (E2) concentrations. Circulating concentrations of TT were significantly greater at P20-40 than at PRE, P60-120, and P140-300. Circulating concentrations of FT were significantly greater at P20-40 than at all other times. Circulating concentrations of GH were significantly greater at IP than at PRE, P60-120, and P140-300. Circulating concentrations of COR were significantly greater at P20-40 than at all other times. Additionally, COR concentrations at P140-300 were significantly lower than at all other times. Circulating concentrations of IGF-1 were significantly greater at P20-40 than at P60-120 and P140-300. Circulating concentrations of E2 were significantly greater at P20-40 than at all other times. In summary, the present study demonstrated an acute modulation of the neuroendocrine milieu following a heavy resistance exercise bout in women. Ethanol ingestion appeared to have no significant effect on the characteristics of acute hormonal augmentation in TT, FT, GH, COR, IGF-1, or E2.
|
119 |
The effects of a movement competence programme on the functional capacity, self-perception and resilience of older adult womenLouw, Emma 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M Sport Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global aging is occurring at an unprecedented rate. South Africa has the
highest proportion of older adults in Southern Africa, with nearly 7% of the
population over the age of 60 years in 1997. However, although people are living
longer, statistics show that they are not necessarily living healthier. The majority
of women who outlive men have to deal with more chronic diseases as well as a
poorer functional status than the latter. The purpose of the present study was to
implement a movement competence programme suited to the needs of South
African older adult women; requiring inexpensive apparatus and that can be
performed in any environment.
A time-series design was used which included follow up testing 9 months
after the cessation of the movement competence programme. The intervention
group consisted out of 21 (76.14±5.44 years) older adult women, who were
randomly selected from a retirement village. The movement competence
programme was broad based in nature and was performed in two one hourly
sessions a week for 12 weeks. After pre-tests of functional capacity, selfperception
and resilience, the older adult women were tested using the Physical
Self-Perception Profile (Fox & Corbin, 1989) and the Resilience Scale (Connor &
Davidson, 2003) respectively. Significant improvements (p<0.05) were observed
in the Berg Balance Scale, 8-Foot Up-and-Go and the Physical Self-Perception’s
results of the older adult women. No significant (p>0.05) difference was noted in
the Barthel Index and Resilience Scale after the 12-week movement competence
programme. Follow up testing indicated a significant improvement in the resilience
of the older adult women who continued to exercise, compared to those that chose
a sedentary lifestyle after the movement competence programme. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globale veroudering vind teen ’n ongekende tempo plaas. Suid-Afrika
beskik oor die hoogste verhouding ouer volwassenes in Suidelike Afrika met
amper 7% van die populasie in 1997 ouer as 60 jaar. Hoewel mense egter langer
lewe toon statistiek dat hulle nie noodwendig gesonder lewe nie. Die meerderheid
dames wat langer lewe as mans het te kampe met meer chroniese siektes asook
’n swakker funksionele status as dié van laasgenoemde. Die doel van die huidige
studie was om ’n bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram te implementeer wat aan die
behoeftes van ouer Suid-Afrikaanse volwasse dames voldoen, waar goedkoop
toerusting benodig word en in enige omgewing uitgevoer kan word.
’n “time-series” ontwerp was gebruik wat opvolgtoetse ingesluit het nege
maande ná die beëindiging van die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram. Die
intervensiegroep het bestaan uit 21 (76.14±5.44 jaar) ouer volwasse dames wat
lukraak geselekteer is by ’n aftree-oord. Die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram
was breed in fokus en was uitgevoer in twee eenuurlikse sessies per week vir 12
weke. Ná voortoetse oor funksionele kapasiteit, selfpersepsie en veerkrag, is die
ouer volwasse dames getoets deur respektiewelik gebruik te maak van die Fisieke
Selfpersepsie Profiel (Fox & Corbin, 1989) en die Veerkragskaal (Connor &
Davidson, 2003). Beduidende verbeterings (p<0.05) van die ouer volwasse
dames is waargeneem in die Berg Balansskaal, “8-Foot Up-and-Go” en die
resultate op die Fisieke Selfpersepsie. Geen beduidende (p>0.05) verskil is
waargeneem in die Barthel Indeks en Veerkragskaal ná die 12 weke aanbieding
van die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram nie. Opvolgtoetse het ’n beduidende
verbetering aangedui in die veerkrag van die ouer volwasse dames wat aangehou
het met oefening in teenstelling met dié wat gekies het om ’n sedentêre leefstyl te
volg nadat die bewegingsbevoegdheidsprogram voltooi is.
|
120 |
Promoting physical activity among postnatal women : the More Active Mums in Stirling (MAMMiS) studyGilinsky, Alyssa January 2014 (has links)
Background: Adults benefit from participating in physical activity (PA) for chronic disease prevention and treatment. Postnatal women are encouraged to commence a gradual return to PA 4-6 weeks after giving birth, with participation in line with PA guidelines. The potential benefits of postnatal PA include weight management, improvements in cardiovascular fitness and psychological wellbeing. There has been limited high-quality information about the efficacy, feasibility and acceptability of PA interventions in postnatal women and few studies in the UK. Behavioural counselling interventions informed by behaviour change theory have been shown to successfully increase PA in low-active adults. Physical activity consultations (PACs) use structured and individualised behavioural counselling to enhance individuals’ motivation for change, and improve self-management skills. This approach may support adoption of PA in low-active postnatal women with research demonstrating that modifiable socio-cognitive factors influence PA behaviour. This thesis reports on the efficacy of a postnatal PA intervention, the More Active MuMs in Stirling (MAMMiS) study on change in PA behaviour. Efficacy of the intervention was tested in a randomised controlled trial. The effect on secondary health and wellbeing outcomes and PA cognitions targeted by the intervention and feasibility results are also reported. Methods: The intervention comprised a face-to-face PAC of around 35-45 minutes and 10-week group pramwalking programme. Non-attenders to the pramwalking group received a support telephone call. A follow-up PAC (15-20 minutes) was delivered after three month assessments. The first PAC involved raising awareness about benefits of PA, developing self-efficacy for change, setting goals and action planning PA, developing strategies for overcoming barriers, encouraging self-monitoring, prompting social support and selecting/changing the environment to support PA. The second PAC involved feedback about changes and preventing a return to sedentary habits. The pramwalking group met weekly for 6 walks of 30-55 minutes at a brisk pace, providing opportunities to demonstrate moderate-intensity walking and to encourage and support PA behaviour change. The control group received an NHS leaflet, which encouraged PA after childbirth. Postnatal women (six weeks to 12 months after childbirth) were identified through a variety of NHS-based and community-based strategies plus local advertisements and word-of-mouth. The primary outcome measure was evaluation of PA behaviour change using the Actigraph GT3X/GT3X+ accelerometer, an objective measure of PA behaviour; self-reported moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was measured using a recall questionnaire (Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall) and cardiovascular fitness using a submaximal step-test (Chester step-test). Secondary health and wellbeing measures were; anthropometric (i.e. weight and body mass index (BMI)) and body composition (measured using a bioelectrical impedance), psychological wellbeing (measured using the Adapted General Wellbeing Index) and fatigue (measured on a 100-point visual analogue scale). PA cognitions were measured via a questionnaire with constructs adapted from previous studies. All were taken at baseline (prior to randomisation), three and six months follow-up from baseline. Process measures were used to investigate intervention fidelity and feasibility. Acceptability was investigated in a post-trial interviews, conducted by a researcher not involved in the trial. RESULTS: Sixty-five postnatal women (average 33 years old with an infant 24 weeks old) were recruited (77% of those eligible). There was a 91% rate of retention at six months; participants who missed a follow-up assessment were younger (30 versus 34 years old) and had younger infants (21 versus 34 weeks old). Participants were less deprived and older compared with postnatal women in Scotland. Objectively measured PA behaviour did not change in response to the intervention. There was no between-groups difference in change in mean counts/minute from baseline to three months (p=0.35, 95% CI -73.50, 26.17, d=0.22) or three to six months (p=0.57, 95% CI -39.46, 71.18, d=0.13). There was no change in MVPA 7 minutes/day in either group from baseline to three (intervention =-0.70, IQR -9.86, 8.36; control =1.65, IQR -4.79, 8.21) or three to six months (intervention =0, IQR -1.13, 1.10; control =0, IQR -9.86, 8.23), with no between-groups difference baseline to three (p=0.43; r=0.10) or three to six months (p=0.75, r=0.09). Results for relative MVPA were similar. Median steps/day from baseline to three months did not change in the intervention group (0, IQR –1619.44, 1047.94) and increased by 195.95 (IQR -1519.55, 1691.03) among controls. The between-groups difference was non-significant (p=0.37, r=0.18). From three to six month follow-up steps/day increased in the intervention group and not in controls (0, IQR -1147.50, 1303.52), this between-groups difference was also non-significant (p=0.35, r=0.16). From baseline to three months self-reported MVPA declined in the intervention group (15 minutes/week; IQR -111, 15) and increased in the control group (30 minutes/week; IQR –68, 75): a non-significant between-groups difference, with a small effect size (p=0.71, r=0.22). From three to six months a decline in self-reported MVPA was found in controls (53 minutes/week; IQR -41,-101) and no change among the intervention group (0, IQ range -26, 71); a significant between-groups difference with a small effect size (p=0.04, r=0.26). There were no differences between the groups for the change in aerobic capacity from baseline to three months or three to six months with no evidence for change over time in aerobic capacity or fitness category in either group. Change in secondary outcomes did not differ between the groups from baseline to three or three to six months (although fatigue did improve in the intervention group relative to controls from baseline to three months). Considering PA cognitions, outcome expectancies declined in both groups from baseline to three months and continued to decline only in the intervention group from three to six months, a between-groups difference with a small effect size (p=0.03, r=0.26). Self-efficacy increased in the intervention group from baseline to three months and declined in the control group with a small effect size for the between-groups difference (p=0.03, r=-0.27). An increase in action 8 planning was seen among the intervention group but not controls from baseline to three months (p<0.01, r=-0.34). Both groups showed an increase in coping planning and action control; the change was larger among the intervention group relative to controls (i.e. p<0.01, r=0.44, r=0.43, respectively). Increased self-efficacy and action control were maintained from three to six months in the intervention group. Coping planning increased relative to controls (p<0.01, r=0.41) and action planning increased among controls from three to six months (p<0.01, r=0.39). Intervention fidelity and feasibility was good. All intervention participants received the initial PAC and adoption of self-management strategies was high for ‘thinking about the benefits of PA’, ‘action planning’ and ‘self-monitoring’, between baseline and three months. Most participants attended at least one walk (61% attended five or more), 89% of planned walks were conducted with no evidence of poor attendance due to season. Walks were conducted at a brisk pace and met moderate-intensity thresholds. DISCUSSION: MAMMiS aimed to recruit low-active healthy postnatal women to test the efficacy of a PAC and group pramwalking intervention. There was no evidence for an intervention effect on PA or on secondary health and wellbeing outcomes.
|
Page generated in 0.0583 seconds