Dans un contexte de conduite automobile, afin de compenser la perte d’informations haptiques causée par la substitution d’interfaces mécaniques classiques par des écrans tactiles, nous avons envisagé d’étudier l’ajout d’un retour vibrotactile. Ces derniers seraient utilisés comme le témoin d’une rétroaction entre le système et l’utilisateur. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de fournir une meilleure compréhension des facteurs et des paramètres physiques influençant la perception et l’évaluation de ces courts signaux vibrotactiles, afin d’en optimiser la création. Les données recueillies ont été à la fois subjectives (échelles de Likert) et objectives (temps de réaction, pourcentage d’erreurs). Un lien étroit entre les préférences des utilisateurs et les boutons mécaniques existants a été envisagé. Le second objectif a été d’étudié les signaux multimodaux (audio-haptique ou visuo-haptique) pour modifier la perception haptique. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des paradigmes d’amorçage à court terme décomposés en deux phases : une phase d’apprentissage et une phase d’amorçage. La phase d’apprentissage se caractérise par l’association non explicite d’une composante haptique (une vibration de courte durée) et d’un autre composant sensoriel (soit un son, soit une image en mouvement ou statique). La phase d’amorçage se caractérise par la présentation du composant haptique seule (l’amorce) suivie d'un composant cible (soit sonore, soit visuelle). Nous avons ainsi observé que des composants perceptivement absents, mais préalablement associés, pouvaient modifier le traitement perceptif de composants en cours. Ce type de résultats nous a permis d’apporter de nouveaux arguments en faveur de mécanismes communs sous-jacents à la perception et à la mémoire à travers une modalité peu utilisée dans la littérature. Une meilleure compréhension de ces liens, nous a aidé à modifier la perception des utilisateurs, à partir de composants perceptivement absents. Une illusion a ainsi été créée à partir de signaux visuo-haptiques, permettant de se rapprocher des boutons mécaniques. / In the context of driving, in order to compensate the loss of haptic information caused by the substitution of conventional mechanical interfaces of touch screens, we proposed to study the addition of vibrotactile feedback. This would be used as a feedback control between the system and the user. The first objective of this work was to provide a better understanding of the factors and physical parameters influencing the perception and evaluation of these short vibrotactile signals in order to optimize their creation. The data collected were both subjective (Likert scales) and objective (reaction time, error rate). A link between the user’s preferences and existing mechanical buttons was considered. The second objective was to study multimodal signals (audio-haptic or visuo-haptic) in order to change haptic perception. For this, we used a short term priming paradigm divised in two phases : a learning phase and a priming phase. The priming phase is characterized by non-explicit association between a haptic component (a vibration) simultaneously with another sensorial component (either a sound, or a moving or static image). The priming phase is characterized by the presentation of one haptic component (prime) followed a target component (sound or visual). We observed that components perceptually absent, but previously associated, could change perceptual processing of target components. These types of results have allowed us to provide new arguments for common mechanisms underlying perception and memory through a modality rarely studied in scientific literature. A better understanding of these links, helped us to change the user’s perception from perceptually absent components. An illusion had been created with the visual-haptic signals allowing a closer approach to the mechanical buttons.

過去政府對於私有既成道路用地，除限制其使用外，並不積極辦理徵收補償，司法院大法官會議第四百號解釋明確指出，既成道路在私有土地上成立公用地役關係，導致土地所有權人財產權之損害，各級政府應依法辦理徵收補償。然目前各級政府財政困難，全面採徵收補償方式辦理，有財政難以負荷之困境。因此，本研究嚐試將美國發展權移轉／容積轉移制度運用於解決既成道路之問題，期能建立一個能減輕政府財政支出的既成道路用地取得方式。 本研究先就發展權移轉制度之應用與限制加以探討，藉以了解其是否具有解決既成道路用地問題之可能。其次就目前既成道路之問題加以分析，比較各種用地取得方式之優劣，並透過政策評估指標的建立與專家問卷分析的運用加以檢視，得出建築容積轉移制度是目前政府解決既成道路問題方法中的最佳方案。 為使建築容積轉移制度運用於解決既成道路用地取得問題之構想落實，本研究除試擬建築容積轉移的運用流程外，並就可能遭遇之課題加以分析，透過專家問卷調查之方式，評選較優之解決方案以回饋建立制度執行時的配合措施。此外，本研究採用財務分析方式模擬個案在建築容積轉移過程中是否對供需雙方產生經濟的利益，以佐證本研究先前建立之制度在經濟上的可行性。根據模擬試算的結果顯示。制度之實施使既成道路地主及開發者雙方，皆有機會獲得較多的利益。 本研究認為從財產權保護之觀點，政府有必要積極解決私有既成道路之問題。而利用本研究建立之建築容積轉移方式應可使政府在不須花費龐大的經費支出下順利解決問題，惟制度實施之初須考慮相關的配套措施及先以試行方式取得實施經驗，才能使建築容積轉移制度發揮其效用。

This thesis envisions a new way of living in the city of Toronto. It is a vision that evolves not from the ideologies on which Toronto was founded, set out over 100 years ago when all multi-family dwellings were called tenements and tenements were considered, among other things, immoral. Instead, it is a vision founded on a city that has seen immense change over the last century, and faces an even greater rate of change over the next. Our city prides itself on its cultural and social diversity, yet, architecturally, we still struggle to adapt within a fabric of single-family homes. The Dutch provide an edifying example of an architecture of daily life, embodied by their attitude toward issues of privacy, toward traffic, toward work and play. Based on a case study of housing in the Netherlands, a country that has successfully and creatively adapted to the demands of housing in a climate of rapid immigration and a diversifying population, this thesis proposes new, high density urban housing typologies for the city of Toronto. This new vision for the city serves not only to add the necessary density to our existing neighbourhoods, but to foster a strong community life and to provoke new ideas about urban living.

This thesis envisions a new way of living in the city of Toronto. It is a vision that evolves not from the ideologies on which Toronto was founded, set out over 100 years ago when all multi-family dwellings were called tenements and tenements were considered, among other things, immoral. Instead, it is a vision founded on a city that has seen immense change over the last century, and faces an even greater rate of change over the next. Our city prides itself on its cultural and social diversity, yet, architecturally, we still struggle to adapt within a fabric of single-family homes. The Dutch provide an edifying example of an architecture of daily life, embodied by their attitude toward issues of privacy, toward traffic, toward work and play. Based on a case study of housing in the Netherlands, a country that has successfully and creatively adapted to the demands of housing in a climate of rapid immigration and a diversifying population, this thesis proposes new, high density urban housing typologies for the city of Toronto. This new vision for the city serves not only to add the necessary density to our existing neighbourhoods, but to foster a strong community life and to provoke new ideas about urban living.

The purpose of this study has been to find out what possibilities the journalists at the newspaper Aftonbladet have to live up to the proposed ideas and values that defines journalism, as well as how these values are presented to the readers. With this as a starting-point we have studied what kind of society Aftonbladet presents to its readers as well as how this society is supposed to work and also what it`s like. To be able to answer this question we have first researched through theories and earlier studies, literature about journalism, media science, semiotics, history and laws. With the help of the investigation we found fitting tools to perform the analysis. With the theory as groundwork we have, through the qualitative approach analyzed seven news articles from seven Aftonbladet newspapers during one week. Our study shows that the Afonbladet’s journalists have not been able to present occurrences in society in a correct and impartial manner - because they exaggerate insignificant details and neglect to show real attention to serious societal structures by using sensationalism, dramatization and a very superficial approach to the stories that they are conveying. We have also been able to establish that it is impossible for journalists to follow up and live up to the ideals of journalism. Not only that, it’s also impossible for them to live up to the ideals that the Aftonbladet as a newspaper has assigned for itself. A probable explanation for this is that the journalism field is characterized by high productivity and demands that the news are supposed to be easily understood and have a specific news value. All of this combined amounts to that a lot of times the journalism becomes accentuated, one sided and simplified, all to lure readers every day because Aftonbladet’s main income comes from single copy sales.

Numerous reinforced concrete buildings vulnerable to earthquake induced collapse have been constructed in seismic zones prior to the 1970s. A major contributor to building collapse is the loss of axial load carrying capacity in non-seismically detailed columns. Experimental investigations have shown that non-seismically detailed columns will only experience axial failure after shear failure and subsequent lateral shear strength degradation have occurred. Therefore, column shear failure and degrading behavior must be modeled accurately before axial collapse algorithms can be properly implemented. Furthermore, accurate modeling of the degrading lateral-load behavior of columns is needed if lateral load sharing between structural elements is to be assessed with reasonable accuracy during seismic analyses. A calibrated analytical model was developed that is capable of estimating the lateral strength degrading behavior of RC columns prone to shear failure. Existing analytical models poorly approximate nonlinear column behavior and require several nonphysical damage parameters to be defined. In contrast, the proposed calibrated model provides the engineering community with a valuable tool that only requires the input of column material and geometric properties to simulate column behavior up to loss of lateral strength. In developing the model, a database of RC columns was compiled. Parameters extracted from database column-tests were scrutinized for trends and regression models relating damage parameters to column physical properties and boundary conditions were produced. The regression models were implemented in the degrading analytical framework that was developed in this project. Two reinforced concrete columns exhibiting significant inelastic deformations prior to failing in shear were tested in support of the analytical work. A newly developed Vision System was used to track a grid of targets on the column face with a resolution of three-thousands of an inch. Surface column deformations were measured to further the understanding of the fundamental changes in column behavior that accompany shear and axial failure and validate the proposed analytical model. This research provides the engineering community with an analytical tool that can be used to perform nonlinear dynamic analysis of buildings that are at risk of collapse and help engineers improve retrofit techniques. Further insight into shear behavior attained through this project is an important step toward the development of better shear and axial degradation models for reinforced concrete columns. / text

Before 1994 administrative law was dominated by parliamentary supremacy which dictated that Parliament is the supreme law-making authority in the state. This position was radically changed by the new democratic order. To protect the rights of citizens a Bill of Rights was introduced in South Africa. This research focuses on the uncertainty pertaining to the application of the audi alteram partem rule to the proceedings of commissions of inquiry. Section 24 of the interim Constitution, section 33 of the final Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 were introduced to safeguard the individual against unfair administrative action. These legislative measures as well as applicable case law are analysed in order to establish whether they have brought about greater clarity concerning the application of the audi alteram partem rule to the proceedings of commissions of inquiry. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

This study investigates the drivers and forms of business model innovation. It is built on the business model innovation typology proposed by Koen et al. (2011), we have developed its dimensions into Hurdle rate, technology, partners value network and customer value network. The study used these dimensions as a base to differentiate between the two approaches of the business model innovation which were identified as innovating the existing business model approach and multiple business model approach. The study used qualitative analysis, through a dual case study approach in the automotive industry, consequently Fiat and Tata Motors were selected as case studies. Furthermore, the study foundation is secondary data supported by primary data (i.e. interviews) to investigate how each of these two organizations has implemented business model innovation in each case study, by highlighting and contrasting their different approaches of business model innovation. The results of the study showed that each of the two approaches of business model innovation implies open innovation and expands the organization’s value network. However, innovating the existing business model focuses on improving the organizations’ performance, and sustaining innovation. On the other hand, the multiple business model approach aims to disrupt the industry or a competitor (i.e. New entrant), through disruptive innovation. Moreover, the study proposed a process based framework and a checklist on business model innovation, to assist the decision makers in organizations while choosing between innovating their existing business model or designing a new one.

Before 1994 administrative law was dominated by parliamentary supremacy which dictated that Parliament is the supreme law-making authority in the state. This position was radically changed by the new democratic order. To protect the rights of citizens a Bill of Rights was introduced in South Africa. This research focuses on the uncertainty pertaining to the application of the audi alteram partem rule to the proceedings of commissions of inquiry. Section 24 of the interim Constitution, section 33 of the final Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 were introduced to safeguard the individual against unfair administrative action. These legislative measures as well as applicable case law are analysed in order to establish whether they have brought about greater clarity concerning the application of the audi alteram partem rule to the proceedings of commissions of inquiry. / Thesis (LL.M. (Public Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Purpose: This thesis investigates the accessibility in the existing housing stock in Jönköping. The inventory was carried out with the help of the handbook Accessibility in Existing Housing abbreviated as TIBB.  The aim is to investigate the extent of accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping city with TIBB, and to calculate costs for eliminating these problems. This provides a basis that contributes to improving social sustainability. To achieve the goal, the following questions were asked: (1) How many multi-family houses from the selection of 40, 50 and 60s in Jönköping, have problems with accessibility according to TIBB? (2) What is the occurrence of different types of accessibility problems in the surveyed apartment buildings? (3) What might the cost estimate be to meet the requirements of TIBB, with and without subsidization for an elevator? Method: The main method that was used for this thesis where a case-study with observation. A total of 15 real estate’s where investigated and gave data that was analyzed and gave results through data processing. A document analysis was made for cost estimate to use the same calculations to obtain generalizable figures, as well as compare costs. To give background to the problem a literature study has been accomplished which confirms that there are accessibility problems in the existing housing stock. Findings: The findings that shows that all investigated multifamily housing in the city of Jönköping have accessibility problems. Since they only reach the lowest level in TIBB. The most common accessibility problems for the investigated housing are that the lowest and highest step of stairs aren’t marked, no place for a walker outside and inside the entry, no elevator and the thresholds are higher than 15 mm. To address accessibility problems with the highest possible accessibility level for each property, the cost was estimated to amount to approximately SEK 20.0 million without subsidization when installing an elevator. The cost amounts to approximately SEK 10.4 million with subsidization when installing a elevator. Implications: The conclusions drawn are that the identified the accessibility problems based on the selection in Jönköping's city must be addressed to accommodate housing for the increasing proportion of elderly people in the future. Real estate companies may raise the rent by a maximum of SEK 450 per month if an elevator is installed. For real estate companies to be able to adapt their properties, which contributes to improved social sustainability, the proposal for subsidization when installing an elevator needs to go through, otherwise property companies will lose at a loss if they address accessibility problems. Limitations: Limitations in the thesis is for the year’s forties, fifties and sixties and only five multifamily houses from each decade has been inventoried. Costs relate to many different factors from a socio-economic perspective and will be limited to reasonable rent increases according to the property managers. / Syfte: Detta arbete undersöker tillgängligheten av det befintliga bostadsbeståndet i Jönköping stad. Inventeringen utfördes med hjälp av handboken Tillgänglighet i befintligt bostadsbestånd, TIBB.  Målet är att undersöka omfattningen av tillgänglighetsproblem utifrån urvalet i Jönköping stad med TIBB, samt att beräkna kostnader för att eliminera dessa problem. Detta ger ett underlag som bidrar till en förbättring av den sociala hållbarheten. För att uppnå målet ställdes följande frågeställningar: (1) Hur många flerbostadshus utifrån urvalet från 40-, 50- och 60-tal i Jönköping stad, har problem med tillgängligheten enligt TIBB? (2) Vad är förekomsten av olika typer av tillgänglighetsproblem i de undersökta flerbostadshusen? (3) Vad kan kostnadsuppskattningen vara för att uppfylla kraven i TIBB, med och utan subventionering för en hiss?  Metod: Antalet fastigheter som undersökts var 15 stycken. En fallstudie med observation gav rådata som analyserats och gett resultat genom databearbetning. En dokumentanalys gjordes inför kostnadsuppskattningen för att använda sig av samma beräkningar för att kunna få fram generaliserbara siffror, samt jämföra kostnader. För att ge bakgrund till problemet har en litteraturstudie utförts vilket bekräftar att det finns tillgänglighetsproblem i det befintliga bostadsbeståndet.  Resultat: Resultatet utifrån arbetet visade att samtliga undersökta flerbostadshusen i Jönköping har problem med tillgängligheten då de endast uppnådde den lägsta nivån enligt TIBB. De vanligaste tillgänglighetsproblemen för de undersökta flerbostadshusen är att trappans nedersta och övertas steg är ej markerade, avsaknad av uppställningsplats för rollator utanför och innanför entrén, hiss saknas samt är trösklarna över 15 mm. För att åtgärda tillgänglighetsproblemen med högsta möjliga tillgänglighetsnivå för respektive fastighet beräknades kostnaden fram till cirka 20,0 miljoner kronor utan subventionering vid installation av hiss. Kostnaden uppgår till cirka 10,4 miljoner kronor med subventionering vid installation av hiss.  Konsekvenser: Slutsatserna som dras är att de identifierade tillgänglighetsproblemen utifrån urvalet i Jönköpings stad måste åtgärdas för att tillgodose bostäder för den ökande andelen äldre människor i framtiden. Fastighetsföretagen får höja hyran med max 450 kronor i månaden om hiss installeras. För att fastighetsbolagen ska kunna tillgänglighetsanpassa sina fastigheter, vilket bidrar till en förbättrad social hållbarhet, behöver förslaget till subventionering vid installering av hiss gå igenom, annars kommer fastighetsbolagen gå med förlust om de åtgärdar tillgänglighetsproblemen.  Begränsningar: Avgränsningar i arbetet är utifrån årtal, 40-, 50- och 60-talet samt att enbart fem objekt från varje tidsepok inventeras. Kostnader berör många olika faktorer inom ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv och kommer i arbetet begränsas till rimliga hyreshöjningar enligt fastighetsförvaltarna.