Bacillus cereus est une bactérie sporulante pathogène largement disséminée dans la nature. Les propriétés de résistance de ses spores aux traitements appliqués dans la chaîne de transformation des aliments font de B. cereus un contaminant à l’origine de toxi-infections alimentaires. La température est considérée comme l’un des facteurs environnementaux majeurs influençant la résistance de la spore. La variabilité des propriétés des spores liée à des modifications profondes dans leur structure contribue à une incertitude sur l’efficacité des processus de décontamination. Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif de caractériser le mécanisme d’assemblage des enveloppes de la spore en fonction de la température de sporulation, en particulier le rôle de la protéine morphogénétique CotE chez B. cereus. La protéine CotE est retrouvée en abondance dans les spores produites à 20°C, une température suboptimale, par rapport à celles produites à 37°C, température optimale de croissance de la souche ATCC14579. La protéine CotE est détectée dans les tuniques et l’exosporium, structures protectrices de la spore. L’observation en microscopie électronique à transmission de spores d’un mutant DcotE révèle un problème d’assemblage de l’exosporium à 37°C et 20°C, mais également un défaut d’assemblage des tuniques à 20°C, ce qui suggère un rôle fondamental de CotE dans la mise en place de ces deux enveloppes, dépendant de la température de sporulation. Par microscopie à fluorescence, nous avons montré la cinétique de production de la protéine CotE au cours de la sporulation ainsi que sa localisation finale dans la spore mature, qui ne sont pas significativement impactées par la température de formation des spores. Nos résultats suggèrent également que la protéine CotE puisse créer le lien maintenant l’exosporium au contact des tuniques et du cortex. Enfin, nous avons montré que la protéine CotE est impliquée dans la germination et la résistance physique et chimique des spores. / Spores of the pathogenic bacterium Bacillus cereus are widespread in the environment and responsible of foodborne poisonings. Spores are a major concern to public health because of high resistance to treatments applied in food processing operations. Sporulation temperature is a main environmental factor that influences spore resistance properties. The variability of the conditions in which spores are formed during the sporulation process deeply modified their structure and consequently the efficiency of decontamination treatments. The aim of this work was to study the mechanism of spore layers assembly as a function of the sporulation temperature, and more precisely the role of the CotE protein in B. cereus. This morphogenetic protein is more detected in spores formed at 20°C, a suboptimal growth temperature than at 37°C, the optimal growth temperature, of the ATCC14579 strain. Observations in transmission electronic microscopy of DcotE spores revealed an assembly default of the spore exosporium at 37°C and 20°C but also of the spore coat at 20°C, suggesting that CotE has a role in the assembly of both layers, depending of the sporulation temperature. By fluorescence microscopy, we evidenced the kinetics of CotE production during sporulation and its final localization in mature spore, which are not dependent on the temperature of spore formation. Our results suggest that CotE could make a link to maintain the exosporium close to coat and cortex structures. Finally we showed that CotE also plays a role in germination and resistance properties of B. cereus spores to physical and chemical treatments.

Phytonematodes are known to cause substantial losses in crop yields across the world. Since the middle of the last century, these pests have been adequately controlled by chemical nematicides. However, due to increasing public health concern, strict regulations in the EU and elsewhere have significantly reduced the usage of these environmentally not-so-safe chemicals. This has led us to look for reliable biological alternatives. The Pasteuria group of Gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria (phylum: Firmicutes) often associated with nematode-suppressive soils are potentially reliable nematode biocontrol agents. However, the highly specific interaction of Pasteuria to their nematode hosts poses a challenge to the management of heterogeneous populations of nematodes in the field; the mechanism behind this specificity remains unclear. One of the fundamental basis of host specificity is the attachment of Pasteuria endospores to the cuticle of their host nematodes which is the first and essential step in the infection process. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the attachment process is important in identifying suitable populations of Pasteuria for effective broad-range management of plant parasitic nematodes in soil. Previous studies suggest the presence of immunogenic collagen-like fibres and carbohydrates on the endospore coat of Pasteuria that may have a role in the initial interaction of the endospores with their nematode hosts. Published work on phylogeny relates Pasteuria to Bacillus spp. most of which have well annotated and characterized genomes while the genome of Pasteuria remains to be sequenced completely. In this thesis, I attempt to explore the endospore biology of obligate and fastidious Pasteuria spp. using the wide knowledgebase of well studied Bacillus endospores. The primary aim was to characterize the immunogeneic determinants that are possibly responsible for the attachment of Pasteuria endospores to the host nematode cuticle by a combination of computational and lab-based approaches. To approve the suggested phylogenetic closeness of Pasteuria to Bacillus, the first part of the study focused on phylogeny reconstruction of Pasteuria spp. amongst Bacillus spp. and other members of the phylum Firmicutes. This was followed by in silico studies to identify candidate collagen-like genes in P. penetrans; the putative functional proteins encoded by these candidate genes were then comparatively characterized with collagens from other organisms including the members of the genus Bacillus. The surface associated collagen-like proteins and other possible immunogens on the endospores of Pasteuria were characterized by protein immunoblotting, lectin blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy and comparisons were made with B. thuringiensis endospores. Lastly, endospore attachment assays were done to test the hypothesis that collagens and carbohydrates play a role in Pasteuria endospore attachment. The results of the computational analyses suggest a family of collagen coding putative genes in the Pasteuria genome, all of which are predicted to have varied biochemical properties and are seemingly of diverse evolutionary origin. The Western blot and microscopic analyses show that the endospores of P. penetrans and B. thuringiensis share some common immunodominant surface epitopes. The attachment assays confirm the involvement of collagens and at least one carbohydrate (N-acetylglucosamine) in the endospore attachment. However, the results also indicate possible involvement of other adhesins in the process; to support this, at the end of the thesis, I propose a new 'Multitype Adhesin Model' for initial interaction of Pasteuria endospores with the cuticle of their host nematodes. The outcomes of this project will help in identifying the molecular basis of the complex Pasteuria-nematode interaction. This will provide a basis to develop environmentally benign nematode bio-management strategies.