Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Merces da Silva Nunes.pdf: 5147157 bytes, checksum: 007e9a5e0741612e2c3aa1baf4001541 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-25 / In a Democratic Constitutional State - which elected the human being as the ultimate end of everything and the greatest value of all forms of coexistence, human dignity is the mother principle that inspires, guides and radiates all the legal and social order, is the value that drives and directs the society and its members to commit actions aimed at effecting and promoting the welfare of the human person. Therefore, at the time the Constitution states the dignity of the human being as the founding principle of the Federative Republic of Brazil, it is actually explaining that Brazilian society as a whole has the duty to protect, support and respect the citizen in what the they have as the most sacred and essential to their existence, which is the equality of all human beings in their personal dignity. Recognizing the equality of the human being, in his personal dignity implies that this equality must be respected and observed in all its aspects, especially the political, economic, legal and social conditions regardless of the nature and differences of gender, race, belief, color, language, wealth, birth, national or social origin, as stated in Section II of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, from 1948. Due to this, the human being must be protected by society and all its members, not only in the sense that this protection has to be a guarantee for them to remain alive, but mainly not to be attacked in their dignity of human people, because their right to live with dignity and the right to a dignified existence is ensured. Regarding the delimitation and scope of the present study, it is crucial to emphasize that when providing the Unified Health System SUS, free of charge, with expensive drugs for rare diseases and treatment of needy people, the pharmaceutical industry gives to the Property a social function - that in a Democratic Constitutional State goes far beyond the payment of taxes and the availability of vacancies, since the hiring of employees and the payment of taxes are prerequisites to the exercise of the economic activity itself without which even the existence of the company would not be considered. In fact, the business activity directed to the exploration of drugs, as in the pharmaceutical industry, should be developed seeking the social interest, to the recovery and improvement of human health . Thus, for the property to meet its social function, as determined by the article 170, III of the Federal Constitution, the pharmaceutical industry has the duty to participate and engage with the state, sharing the responsibility for ensuring the right to health - fundamental social right, and contributing to the achievement of the basic objectives stated in the article 3 of the Federal Constitution / o valor maior de todas as formas de convivência, a dignidade da pessoa humana é o princípio matriz que inspira, norteia e irradia todo o ordenamento jurídico e social, é o valor que move e direciona a sociedade e seus integrantes à prática de ações destinadas à efetivação e promoção do bem estar da pessoa humana. Bem por isso, no momento em que a Constituição Federal explicita a dignidade da pessoa humana como princípio fundante da República Federativa do Brasil, na verdade, está afirmando que a sociedade brasileira, como um todo, tem o dever de proteger, amparar e respeitar o cidadão naquilo que o Homem tem de mais sagrado e essencial à sua existência, que é a igualdade de todo ser humano em sua dignidade de pessoa. Reconhecer a igualdade do ser humano, em sua dignidade de pessoa, implica dizer que essa igualdade deve ser respeitada e observada em todos os seus aspectos, sobretudo, os de natureza política, econômica, jurídica e social independentemente das condições e diferenças de sexo, raça, credo, cor, língua, riqueza, nascimento, origem nacional ou social, tal como explicitado no Artigo II, da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, de 1948. Por essa razão, o ser humano deve ser protegido pela sociedade e por todos os seus integrantes, não apenas no sentido de essa proteção ser uma garantia de que o ser humano permaneça vivo, mas, principalmente, para que não seja atingido em sua dignidade de pessoa humana, porquanto lhe é assegurado o direito de viver de forma digna, o direito a uma existência digna. No que concerne à delimitação e ao alcance do presente estudo, imperioso destacar que ao destinar, gratuitamente, em favor do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS- medicamentos de alto custo e doenças raras para tratamento de pessoas carentes, a indústria farmacêutica confere à propriedade uma função social que, num Estado Democrático de Direito, vai muito além do pagamento de tributos e da disposição em oferecer postos de trabalho, uma vez que a contratação de funcionários e/ou colaboradores e o pagamento de tributos são condições indispensáveis ao exercício da própria atividade econômica sem as quais sequer a existência da empresa haveria de ser considerada. Na verdade, a atividade empresarial voltada para a exploração de medicamentos, como é o caso da indústria farmacêutica, deve ser desenvolvida no interesse social, visando a recuperação e a melhoria da saúde humana. Assim, para que a propriedade atenda a sua função social, como determina o artigo 170, III da Constituição Federal, a indústria farmacêutica tem o dever de participar e de agir em conjunto com o Estado, compartilhando a responsabilidade pela efetivação do direito à saúde - direito fundamental social e contribuindo para a consecução dos objetivos fundamentais explicitados no art. 3º da Constituição Federal

Computational tools such as finite element analysis and simulation are commonly used for system performance analysis and validation. It is often impractical to rely exclusively on the high-fidelity simulation model for design activities because of high computational costs. Mathematical models are typically constructed to approximate the simulation model to help with the design activities. Such models are referred to as “metamodel.” The process of constructing a metamodel is called “metamodeling.” Metamodeling, however, faces eminent challenges that arise from high-dimensionality of underlying problems, in addition to the high computational costs and unknown function properties (that is black-box functions) of analysis/simulation. The combination of these three challenges defines the so-called high-dimensional, computationally-expensive, and black-box (HEB) problems. Currently there is a lack of practical methods to deal with HEB problems. This dissertation, by means of surveying existing techniques, has found that the major deficiency of the current metamodeling approaches lies in the separation of the metamodeling from the properties of underlying functions. The survey has also identified two promising approaches - mapping and decomposition - for solving HEB problems. A new analytic methodology, radial basis function–high-dimensional model representation (RBF-HDMR), has been proposed to model the HEB problems. The RBF-HDMR decomposes the effects of variables or variable sets on system outputs. The RBF-HDMR, as compared with other metamodels, has three distinct advantages: 1) fundamentally reduces the number of calls to the expensive simulation in order to build a metamodel, thus breaks/alleviates exponentially-increasing computational difficulty; 2) reveals the functional form of the black-box function; and 3) discloses the intrinsic characteristics (for instance, linearity/nonlinearity) of the black-box function. The RBF-HDMR has been intensively tested with mathematical and practical problems chosen from the literature. This methodology has also successfully applied to the power transfer capability analysis of Manitoba-Ontario Electrical Interconnections with 50 variables. The test results demonstrate that the RBF-HDMR is a powerful tool to model large-scale simulation-based engineering problems. The RBF-HDMR model and its constructing approach, therefore, represent a breakthrough in modeling HEB problems and make it possible to optimize high-dimensional simulation-based design problems.

Computational tools such as finite element analysis and simulation are commonly used for system performance analysis and validation. It is often impractical to rely exclusively on the high-fidelity simulation model for design activities because of high computational costs. Mathematical models are typically constructed to approximate the simulation model to help with the design activities. Such models are referred to as “metamodel.” The process of constructing a metamodel is called “metamodeling.” Metamodeling, however, faces eminent challenges that arise from high-dimensionality of underlying problems, in addition to the high computational costs and unknown function properties (that is black-box functions) of analysis/simulation. The combination of these three challenges defines the so-called high-dimensional, computationally-expensive, and black-box (HEB) problems. Currently there is a lack of practical methods to deal with HEB problems. This dissertation, by means of surveying existing techniques, has found that the major deficiency of the current metamodeling approaches lies in the separation of the metamodeling from the properties of underlying functions. The survey has also identified two promising approaches - mapping and decomposition - for solving HEB problems. A new analytic methodology, radial basis function–high-dimensional model representation (RBF-HDMR), has been proposed to model the HEB problems. The RBF-HDMR decomposes the effects of variables or variable sets on system outputs. The RBF-HDMR, as compared with other metamodels, has three distinct advantages: 1) fundamentally reduces the number of calls to the expensive simulation in order to build a metamodel, thus breaks/alleviates exponentially-increasing computational difficulty; 2) reveals the functional form of the black-box function; and 3) discloses the intrinsic characteristics (for instance, linearity/nonlinearity) of the black-box function. The RBF-HDMR has been intensively tested with mathematical and practical problems chosen from the literature. This methodology has also successfully applied to the power transfer capability analysis of Manitoba-Ontario Electrical Interconnections with 50 variables. The test results demonstrate that the RBF-HDMR is a powerful tool to model large-scale simulation-based engineering problems. The RBF-HDMR model and its constructing approach, therefore, represent a breakthrough in modeling HEB problems and make it possible to optimize high-dimensional simulation-based design problems.

Competition over access for mates has led to the evolution of many striking examples of morphological traits and behaviour in animals. The rapid development of the sexual selection field in recent decades have dramatically advanced our understanding of what traits make individuals more successful in attracting mates and how preferences for mates evolve over time. However, till now, research in this field has put less emphasis on the mechanisms that underlie variation in mate choice and sexual behaviour. Cognitive processes could potentially be key drivers of individual variation in mating preferences and sexual behaviours and therefore deserve further investigation. In this thesis, I used guppies artificially selected for relative brain size as the model system to study the association between brain size, cognitive ability and various aspects of mate choice. Previous studies in this model system showed that large-brained individuals of both sexes outperformed small-brained individuals in cognitive tests. Here I quantified their sexual behaviours and mating preferences to provide novel empirical data concerning the association between brain size, cognitive ability and sexual selection. In dichotomous choice preference tests based on visual cues, comparisons between large-brained and small-brained guppies showed important differences in their assessment of mate quality. These results are not driven by pre-existing visual biases caused by the artificial selection since further investigation of the visual capacity of these fish detected no differences between large-brained and small-brained individuals in their sensitivity to colour or in their capacity to resolve spatial detail. I also quantified sexual behaviour in male guppies artificially selected for relative brain size and found no difference in the behaviours of large-brained and small-brained males in a single male-single female non-competitive scenario. On the contrary, in a more complex social setting I found a reduction in large-brained males in the rate of courtship towards females and dominance displays towards other males when exposed to different degrees of predation threat and different numbers of male competitors. However, this reduction in behavioural intensity did not result in a lower access to copulation with females for large-brained males. I likewise evaluated female sexual behaviour and found that large-brained females had higher behavioural flexibility such that they decreased their receptiveness towards males more strongly under higher levels of predation threat. Together, these results provide novel empirical evidence that brain size and cognitive ability are tightly linked to mating preferences and sexual behaviours. These findings suggest that brain size and cognitive ability might be important mechanisms behind variation in mating preferences and in sexually selected traits across and within species. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

The aim of the work was the usage of the Building Information Modelling system to ensure the complete building-up, including the working part of the line constructions. In the first part of my thesis I was dealing with the costs of the total life of the line construction, the line construction life-cycle, with the difference between the Building Information Modelling model and traditional projecting, with the participators participants of the Building Information Modelling model and which levels in the Building Information Modelling exist. In the practical part I was dealing with two levels of the Building Information Modelling designing, in which I set the total price of the building researched and then I was comparing them. In the final chapter of the thesis working expenses were set which are involved in the expenses of the total life.

Our planet has been facing enormous challenges over the last century, caused by population growth, an ever-evolving industry, resulting in ever-increasing CO2 production, rising water levels, misuse of agricultural land and the extinction of animal species. This causes the destruction of the Biome. Architectural and urban tendencies in the construction of cities, which do not change even today, use the maximum area, materials that cannot be recycled, also have a large share in this. Insufficient use of renewable resources, modern agriculture, self-sufficiency, both housing and urban structures. The reason for not using these technologies is largely a political and commercial problem. The aim of this work is to examine the problems we face today and find meaningful solutions. Change existing architectural and urban trends. To create a self-sufficient structure in places where Biomes were destroyed and to create new ones accordingly. These places often have poor living conditions, such as high temperatures, lack of drinking water and overcrowding. With the help of simple rules of working with the landscape and the use of modern technology, create a new biosphere environment, change the climatic conditions in a given place and create suitable conditions for the life of both plant and animal communities. The structure should be inhabited by a certain number of people who will live in modules that will be fully self-sufficient, following the ISS model. Provide plenty of drinking water, food and energy. The structure should be created from plastic waste by new construction technologies, such as 3D printing using nanotechnology and carbon fiber. This should make it fully recyclable and renewable. The goal is to work with one structure and subsequently create another structure.