Bakgrund: Att föräldrar är med i vården av sitt sjuka barn har många fördelar och är något att sträva efter. Samtidigt kan föräldrar känna sig stressade och osäkra och har ofta ett behov av att rådfråga en sjuksköterska. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva föräldrars förväntningar på och upplevelse av sjuksköterskans bemötande i omvårdnad av barn med sjukdomar. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie och artikelsökning gjordes i Cinahl. Resultat: Tre domäner utformades efter resultatet. Föräldrars förväntningar, upplevelser samt deras syn på gott bemötande. Resultatet visade att föräldrar har stort informationsbehov och önskar en nära relation med sjuksköterskan. De är oroliga över att bli dömda av sjuksköterskan och önskar att bli stärkta i sin föräldraroll. Slutsats: För att föräldrar skall känna sig inkluderade i vården av sitt barn krävs god kommunikation med mycket information samt ett starkt partnerskap. / Background: Involving parents in the healthcare of their sick child has many advantages and is something to strive for. Parents may feel stressed and insecure and they often have a need to consult a nurse. Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe parents’ expectations and experiences of the nurse’s attitudes in the care of their sick child. Methods: The study was conducted as a literature review and article search was made in Cinahl Results: Three domains were formed for the results. Parents expectations, experiences and their views on good treatment. The results showed that parents have a great need for information and they desire a close relationship with the nurse. They are worried about being judged by the nurse and want to be empowered in their parental role. Conclusion: Good communication with a lot of information and a strong partnership is what is needed for parents to feel included in the care of their sick children.

Obesity is a steadily growing problem, and has both physiological and psychological consequences during pregnancy. Obese women may face discrimination which could shape their perceptions of maternity care. To date, few studies have studied the influence of body weight on patient satisfaction with care. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare childbirth experiences and satisfaction with intrapartum care of normal weight (BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI greater than or equal to 30.0 kg/m2) women and (2) to determine factors associated with satisfaction with intrapartum care. Guided by Barker’s (1997) pragmatic model of patient satisfaction, a descriptive comparative and correlational design was used to examine the relationship between childbirth experiences, weight discrimination, and satisfaction with intrapartum care among normal weight and obese women. Postpartum primiparous women (N = 138) in two Winnipeg hospitals completed a questionnaire package and had their chart reviewed (70 normal weight, 68 obese weight). Results: Using independent t-test, no significant differences in satisfaction with intrapartum care or childbirth experiences were found in the two weight groups. In the linear multiple regression model, perceived weight discrimination during labour and delivery was negatively associated (β = -5.78, p = 0.032), while professional support (β = 13.11, p < .001) and perceived control and safety (β = 3.25, p = 0.032) were positively associated with satisfaction with intrapartum care. Understanding factors that influence satisfaction with intrapartum care will assist healthcare providers and administrators to improve satisfaction in all women regardless of their weight. / May 2016

As community gardens (CGs) become increasingly popular, it is timely to investigate whether they further sustainability goals. Underpinning my research were questions like why people get involved in CGs, what benefits they derive, what they learn from gardening, and how governance facilitates that learning. Through interviews with gardeners, my data show that key benefits of gardening included building community, environmental protection, improved health, and resisting the industrialization of food. CG membership also facilitated learning in all three domains of Transformative Learning: communicative, instrumental, and transformation. Learning outcomes included gardening skills, improved insight into self and others, and increased prevalence of pro-environmental perspectives. The primary source of learning was interaction with other gardeners. CG involvement may contribute to sustainability by providing an environment which allows people to connect with nature, learn from others (if governance, garden organization, and social capital are strong), and choose more pro-environmental behaviours. / May 2016

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act emphasized the importance of parents’ participation in all educational decisions concerning their children with disabilities. However, parents’ ability to actively participate in, and contribute to, their children’s special education process is influenced by a variety of parent and school related factors. For immigrant Latino parents, these factors may include additional issues related to cultural and linguistic diversity not experienced by most parents. This study examined the experiences of immigrant Latino parents when navigating the special education system as well as the impact that such experiences had on parents’ participation in the special education process of their children with disabilities. A researcher-developed survey (Special Education Parent Participation Survey, SPED-PPS) was used to collect the data. Findings indicated that, although about half of the participants were unable to communicate in English with educators, parents still communicated and collaborated often with school personnel. In addition, most immigrant Latino parents trusted professionals working with their children and had a positive perception of school personnel. A minority of parents believed that teachers knew best about their children’s needs, believed that teachers thought that parents interfered too much in their work, and/or felt uncomfortable with having many professionals in the Individual Educational Plan meetings. Immigrant Latino parents’ participation in their children’s special education process appeared to be influenced by the child’s disability as well as parents’ knowledge of the American education system, perception of school personnel, English language communication skills, and ability to confront school personnel about the child’s needs.

Abstract According to McAuliffe and Lovell (2006), regardless of the training received in skills classes, master’s level counseling students continue to be rote in their approach to clients and their use of counseling skills as opposed to understanding how skills fit into the helping process. Students also experience confusion manifested by fear, anxiety, self-doubt, and questioning of abilities to perform the required skills (Skovholt & Jennings, 2005). The purpose of this research study was to explore the lived experiences of master’s level counseling students in a beginning counseling skills class. I used Perry’s (1970) scheme of cognitive and intellectual development as a framework for my study. Participants were nine students from three counseling programs in the southern part of the United States, selected by criterion sampling. I used a psychological phenomenological design to gain insights into the nine counseling students’ skills-learning experiences. Data collection methods included student interviews, weekly journals, and course syllabi. To analyze the data, I used a modified version of Moustakas’ (1994) six-step method of data analysis. Four themes resulted from my data analysis: (1) developmental progression, (2) instructional methodology, (3) personal reactions, and (4) pre-defined structures. These themes were used to answer my three research sub-questions and the central research question. Based on the results of my study, students believed that class format, teaching interventions, personality traits, experiences outside of class, peers, time and class schedules influenced their learning of beginning counseling skills. Keywords: Counseling Students, Developmental Model, Pedagogy, Perry’s Scheme

Bakgrund: Forskningen visar att kvinnor tycker det finns en vinst i att ha ett postpartumsamtal, de värdesätter att få stämma av sin förlossningsupplevelse. Ändå erbjuds inte alla kvinnor detta. Tidigare forskning har visat att barnmorskor likaså värdesätter postpartumsamtal för kvinnans skull men att barnmorskorna saknar utbildning i att genomföra postpartumsamtal på ett tillfredsställande sätt. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva barnmorskors erfarenheter och upplevelser kring postpartumsamtal. Metod: Tre fokusgruppsintervjuer genomfördes med barnmorskor som arbetar på förlossningsavdelning. Semistrukturerad intervju genomfördes utifrån en frågeguide. Som analysmetod användes kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Ett tema, fyra kategorier och 15 underkategorier identifierades. Temat var: Postpartumsamtal idag: Att möta behovet och framtidens utmaningar. Kategorierna var: Postpartumsamtalets betydelse för kvinnan, Postpartumsamtal inte för alla, Genomförande av postpartumsamtal och Förutsättningar för postpartumsamtal. Slutsats: Barnmorskornas upplevelse var att postpartumsamtalet är viktigt för kvinnor, deras partners samt för barnmorskorna själva. Anpassning av organisationen behövs för att erbjuda postpartumsamtal utifrån föräldraparets behov. Kunskap från postpartumsamtal kan tillvaratas för utveckling både för personlig yrkesutveckling för barnmorskan och vårdutveckling för organisationen. Detta kan vara ett steg mot en mer kvinnocentrerad vård. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Studiens resultat skulle kunna leda till utveckling av rutiner kring postpartumsamtal. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att utveckla en samtalsmodell som kan tydliggöra postpartumsamtalets utförande och innehåll. / Background: Previous research shows postpartum counselling beneficial, women value to talk about their childbirth experiences. Still, not all women are offered the option of postpartum counselling. Midwives find it beneficial for women to have a postpartum counselling. Midwives find they have a lack of knowledge to perform fulfilling postpartum counselling. Aim: The aim was to describe midwives’ experiences of postpartum counselling. Method: Three focus group interviews were conducted with midwives employed at the maternity ward. The interviews were semi-structured, based on a questionnaire. Qualitative content analysis was used as the analyze method. Results: One theme, four categories and 15 subcategories were identified. The theme was: Postpartum counselling today: To meet the need and challenges for the future. The categories were: The meaning of postpartum counselling for the woman, Postpartum counselling, not for everyone, To perform postpartum counselling, Conditions to perform postpartum counselling. Conclusion: The midwives’ experiences were that postpartum counselling was of importance to women, their partners but also for the midwive. The organization is in need for adjustment to be able to offer postpartum counselling based on the parents’ needs. Knowledge could be drawn from postpartum counselling for both professional development and care development. This could be one step closer to women centered care. Clinical application: The results of the study could lead to development of routines surrounding postpartum counselling. Yet there is a need for more research in the development of a postpartum counselling model. The model could clarify the content and how to perform postpartum counselling.

Bakgrund: Att tillämpa kunskaper om sexualitet och samlevnad samt ge samtalsstöd efter förlossning är en del av den sexuella och reproduktiva hälsan och ingår i barnmorskans kompetensområde. Forskning visar att kvinnor upplever en transition i sexualiteten upp till ett år efter förlossning, samt att det finns ett behov hos kvinnor att få stöd och samtala om detta med vårdpersonal. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva barnmorskors erfarenheter av att stödja kvinnor i deras sexualitet första året efter förlossning. Metod: Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats. Data inhämtades från individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta barnmorskor verksamma på barnmorskemottagning. Data bearbetades med kvalitativ induktiv innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat visade att barnmorskorna gav stöd i sexualiteten första året efter förlossning till kvinnor genom samtalsstöd där barnmorskans bemötande var viktigt. Samtalsstödet utformades som information och normalisering, undersökande och rådgivning. Hinder för stöd angavs vara integritet, andra personer närvarande vid mötet, kulturskillnader och tidsbrist. Informanterna ansåg att behov av fortbildning inom sexologi finns, för att ge stöd i sexualiteten för kvinnor året efter förlossning. Klinisk tillämpbarhet: Denna studie kan genom barnmorskornas erfarenheter av att stödja kvinnor i sexualiteten året efter förlossning användas som inspiration för andra barnmorskor verksamma inom området. / Background: To apply knowledge on sexuality and relationships and providing support by dialogue is part of sexual and reproductive health, and part of the midwives’ competence. Research shows that women experience transition in their sexuality up to one year post partum, and that women express the need for support on the subject from health professionals. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe midwives’ experiences of giving support to women in their sexuality in the first year post partum. Method: The study was conducted through a qualitative method with an inductive approach. Data was collected from semi-structured individual interviews with eight midwives. The data was processed by qualitative inductive content analysis. Results: The result of the study showed that the midwives provided support in sexuality the first year post partum to women by dialogue, where the midwives approach was important. The dialogue support was provided by information and normalisation, investigation and consulting. The informants felt that further education in sexology was needed to give support to women in their sexuality the first year post partum. Clinical application: Through the experiences of the midwives in supporting women in their sexuality the first year post partum, this study might be used as inspiration for other midwives active in the field.

ABSTRAKT Bakgrund: I världen diagnostiseras cirka 160 000 barn under 15 år varje år med cancer. När ett barn drabbas av cancer förändras livet för hela familjen, föräldrarnas fokus hamnar på det sjuka barnet och ensam kvar blir det friska syskonet. Alla familjemedlemmars behov bör uppmärksammas och tillgodoses. Syfte: Att beskriva friska syskons upplevelser av att leva med ett barn i familjen som drabbats av cancer. Metod: En litteraturstudie sammanställdes av åtta kvalitativa studier som samtliga kvalitetsgranskats och analyserats.   Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i tre kategorier och tio subkategorier. Kategorierna är: Att hantera den svåra situationen - omvälvande känslor, behov av information och delaktighet och tröst och stöd från omgivningen. Förändrade relationer i familjen - familjen splittras, syskonrelationen förändras, känsla av utanförskap och minskad uppmärksamhet. En annorlunda vardag - längtan efter ett normalt liv, ett ökat ansvar och gynnsamma konsekvenser av sjukdomen. Konklusion: Att känna delaktighet och vara nära sin familj är viktigt för de friska syskonen. Vården måste se syskonens behov, ge stöd och information för att de ska kunna hantera den svåra situationen. / ABSTRACT Background: Every year approximately 160 000 children under 15 years are diagnosed with cancer. When a child suffering with cancer life changes for the whole family, the parents have the focus on the sick child and the healthy sibling will be left alone. All family members’ needs must be recognized and accommodated. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe the healthy siblings’ experiences of living with a child in the family affected by cancer. Method: A literature study of eight qualitative studies have been reviewed and analyzed. Result: The results are presented in three categories and ten subcategories. The categories are: Dealing with the difficult situation - disruptive feelings, needs for information and involvement and comfort and support from the environment. Changing relationships in the family - to divide the family, sibling relationships change, a sense of alienation and decreased attention. A different everyday - the longing for a normal life, greater responsibility and favorable consequences of the disease. Conclusion: To feel involved and being close to the family is important for the healthy siblings. Healthcare must see the siblings' needs, provide support and information to enable them to cope with the difficult situation.

Bakgrund: Cancer är en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna globalt sett. En halv miljon svenskar har någon gång fått en cancerdiagnos. Varje dag förlorar cirka tre barn under 18 år en förälder i cancer i Sverige. För att hjälpa dessa utsatta barn behöver samhället öka kunskapen i ämnet för att kunna skapa bättre förutsättningar inför framtiden. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa barns och tonåringars upplevelser av att leva med en förälder som drabbats av avancerad cancersjukdom. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativa artiklar valdes. Artiklarna söktes upp i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO. Åtta vetenskapliga studier har valts ut som överensstämmer med syftet. Resultatet i studierna har sammanställts med hjälp av Fribergs 5-stegsmodell.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 5 kategorier och 13 underkategorier. Kategorierna är: känslomässiga reaktioner, barns sätt att hantera situationen, det viktiga stödet, förändrat familje- och socialt liv och att växa med erfarenheten. Konklusion: En öppen kommunikation och att bli involverade i förälderns sjukdom är viktigt för barnen. Sjuksköterskan bör arbeta efter ett familjecentrerat förhållningssätt för att lättare kunna hjälpa barnen. / Background: Cancer is, globally, one of the most common diseases. Half a million Swedes recive a cancer diagnosis during their lifetime. In one day, approximately 3 Swedish children experience the loss of their parent due to cancer. To help these vulnerable children the community needs to increase knowledge of the subject in order to create better conditions for the childrens future.  Aim: The aim of this litterature study was to illuinate the experiences of children and adolescents living with a parent diagnosed with advanced cancer. Metodhs: A literature study with qualitative articles was selected. The articles were found in Cinahl, PubMed and PsycINfO. Eight scientific articles conformed to the aim. The result in the studies were analyzed with help of a 5-stepmodel as described by Friberg. Results: The analysis resulted in 5 categories and 13 subcategories. The categories are: emotional reactions, how children cope with the situation, the main support, changes in family- and social life and growing with the experience.  Conclusion: An open communication and to be involved in the parent´s desease is important for the children. The nurse should work in a family-centred approach to provide good care for the children.

Bakgrund: Överviktsoperationer ökar i stadig takt med att övervikt och fetma ökar. Samtidigt beskriver patienterna upplevelser av en stigmatiserad  livsvärld som påverkar deras självbild och självidentitet. Patienterna erbjuds olika behandlingsmetoder som kost, fysisk aktivitet och förändrade  beteendemönster. Men den slutliga behandlingsformen blir ofta kirurgisk metod som innebär att minska magsäcken med målet att reducera vikt och ge patienterna möjlighet till en god livsstil.                  Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienters upplevelser efter en överviktsoperation. Metod: En litteraturstudie med nio kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet framkom som tre kategorier som belyser patienters upplevelser efter en överviktsoperation: Förändrade känslor till kroppen, Förändrat ätbeteende, Sociala reaktioner och förändringar. Slutsats: Eftersom upplevelserna av överviktsopererade patienters livsstilsförändring är varierande, är stöd och hjälp av vårdpersonal ett behov som behöver utvecklas.