Avui en dia no es pot negar el fet que els humans són un component més de les conques fluvials i que la seva activitat afecta enormement la qualitat de les aigües. A nivell europeu, l'elevada densitat de població situada en les conques fluvials ha comportat un increment de la mala qualitat de les seves aigües fluvials. En les darreres dècades l'increment de les càrregues de nutrients en els sistemes aquàtics ha esdevingut un problema prioritari a solucionar per les administracions competents en matèria d'aigua.La gestió dels ecosistemes fluvials no és una tasca fàcil. Els gestors es troben amb què són sistemes molt complexos, donada l'estreta relació existent entre els ecosistemes fluvials i els ecosistemes terrestres que drenen. Addicionalment a la complexitat d'aquests sistemes es troba la dificultat associada de la gestió o control de les entrades de substàncies contaminants tant de fonts puntuals com difoses. Per totes aquestes raons la gestió de la qualitat de les aigües fluvials esdevé una tasca complexa que requereix un enfocament multidisciplinar. Per tal d'assolir aquest enfocament diverses eines han estat utilitzades, des de models matemàtics fins a sistemes experts i sistemes de suport a la decisió. Però, la major part dels esforços han estat encarats cap a la resolució de problemes de reduïda complexitat, fent que molts dels problemes ambientals complexos, com ara la gestió dels ecosistemes fluvials, no hagin estat vertaderament tractats. Per tant, es requereix l'aplicació d'eines que siguin de gran ajuda en els processos de presa de decisions i que incorporin un ampli coneixement heurístic i empíric: sistemes experts i sistemes de suport a la decisió. L'òptima gestió de la qualitat de l'aigua fluvial requereix una aproximació integrada i multidisciplinar, que pot ésser aconseguida amb una eina intel·ligent construïda sobre els conceptes i mètodes del raonament humà. La present tesi descriu la metodologia desenvolupada i aplicada per a la creació i construcció d'un Sistema Expert, així com el procés de desenvolupament d'aquest Sistema Expert, com el principal mòdul de raonament d'un Sistema de Suport a la Decisió Ambiental. L'objectiu principal de la present tesi ha estat el desenvolupament d'una eina d'ajuda en el procés de presa de decisions dels gestors de l'aigua en la gestió de trams fluvials alterats antròpicament per tal de millorar la qualitat de la seva aigua fluvial. Alhora, es mostra el funcionament de l'eina desenvolupada a través de dos casos d'estudi.Els resultats derivats del Sistema Expert desenvolupat, implementat i presentat en la present tesi mostren que aquests sistemes poden ésser eines útils per a millorar la gestió dels ecosistemes fluvials. / Nowadays it is not possible to deny the fact that the human are one more component of river basins and that their activity affects enormously the water quality. To European level, the high density of population placed in the river basins has supposed an increase of the bad river water quality. In the last decades the increase of nutrient loads in the aquatic systems has turned into a priority problem to solve for the competent water agencies.The management of the fluvial ecosystems is not an easy task. They are complex systems due to the narrow relationship among fluvial and terrestrial ecosystems. Additional to the complexity of these systems, one finds the associate difficulty of the management or control of pollutant inputs (from point and/or non-point sources). For all these reasons the management of the river water quality is a complex task that requires a multidisciplinary approach.With the aim to reach this approach, different tools have been used, from mathematical models to expert systems and decision support systems. However, most of the efforts have been directed to the resolution of limited complexity problems, doing that many of the environmental complex problems, as river ecosystems management, have not been really treated. For this reason, there is needed the application of helping tools in the decision-making processes and that incorporate wide heuristic and empirical knowledge: expert systems and decision support systems. The ideal management of the river water quality requires an integrated and multidisciplinary approach, which can be reached by an intelligent tool based on the concepts and methods of the human reasoning.The present thesis describes the methodology developed and applied in the building of an Expert System, as well as the development process of this Expert System, as the main module of reasoning of an Environmental Decision Support System. The main objective of the present thesis has been the development of a tool to help water managers in the decision-making processes to improve water quality of altered reaches. In addition, the thesis shows the functioning of the developed tool by means two study cases.The results derived from the developed, implemented and presented Expert System show that these systems can be useful tools to improve the management of fluvial ecosystems.

Th. doct.-ing.--Informatique--Nancy--I.N.P.L., 1984.

本篇論文的主要目的是檢測會計師是否會影響其客戶投資效率。本研究以2007至2016年間的中國上市公司為樣本，實證結果顯示:（1）事務所層級的產業專家對客戶投資效率有積極影響。（2）會計師個人、事務所皆為產業專家時相對於非產業專家可以提高其客戶的投資效率且其對客戶的投資效率的影響大於單一產業專家。（3）會計師個人、事務所皆為產業專家時，對於國有企業投資效率的影響小於非國有企業。綜上會計師在提高客戶的投資效率方面起著至關重要的作用。 / The objective of this thesis is to examine whether the auditors affect the investment efficiency of its client. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during 2007~2016, I find that: (1) Audit-firm-level industry expert is positively associated with its clients’ investment efficiency. (2) Industry expert at both firm and partner levels has stronger effect on investment efficiency than industry expert, either at firm-level alone, or at partner level alone. (3) When auditors are industry expert at both firm and partner levels, the effect of industry expertise on investment efficiency is more pronounced for non-state-owned enterprises than state-owned enterprises. In sum, auditors play a critical role in enhancing firm’s investment efficient.

Cette thèse se situe en organisation industrielle appliquée à l’analyse des marchés des labels privés et des labels collectifs gérés au sein des coopératives. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons théoriquement, comment le pouvoir de négociation entre certificateurs de labels et firmes peut avoir un effet sur le niveau de qualité offert sur le marché. Nous montrons alors que la présence du pouvoir de négociation a pour effet de diminuer le niveau du standard de la certification privée. L’analyse montre également que la présence du pouvoir de négociation peut modifier l’efficacité des politiques de régulation environnementale telles que la taxe et la subvention. Dans unsecond temps, nous analysons empiriquement, comment que le paiement incitatif peut réduire le problème du passager clandestin et améliorer la réputation des labels collectifs gérés au sein des coopératives. Nous montrons donc que la rémunération en fonction de la qualité peut écarter l’option de frauder des membres d’une coopérative. Cette rémunération a un effet positif sur la performance de la coopérative. Ces deux grandes approches sont précédées d’un état de la littérature sur les labels certifiés par les certificateurs privés à but lucratif et sur les labels collectifs. / This thesis applies industrial organization to the analysis of private and collective label markets managed within cooperatives. First, we analyze theoretically how bargaining power between certifiers of labels and firms can have an effect on the level of quality offered on the market. We then show that the presence of bargaining power has the effect of lowering the standard of private certification. The analysis also shows that the presence of bargaining power can change the effectiveness of environmental regulation policies such as taxes and subsidies. Secondly, we analyze empirically how an incentive payment can reduce the free rider problem and improve the reputation of collective labels managed within cooperatives. We therefore show that quality-basedremuneration can exclude the option of defrauding members of a cooperative. Thisremuneration has a positive effect on the performance of the cooperative. These two major approaches are preceded by a review of the literature on labels certified privately for profit and collective labels.

Submitted by Adriano Faria (afaria@fgvmail.br) on 2017-12-13T19:49:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_deFaria.pdf: 3657553 bytes, checksum: 11ec67914c866ca46d83c67c1592e093 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2017-12-21T11:41:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_deFaria.pdf: 3657553 bytes, checksum: 11ec67914c866ca46d83c67c1592e093 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-27T12:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_deFaria.pdf: 3657553 bytes, checksum: 11ec67914c866ca46d83c67c1592e093 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-16 / This thesis is a collection of essays in empirical finance mainly focused on term structure models. In the first three chapters, we developed methods to extract the yield curve from government and corporate bonds. We measure the performance of such methods in pricing, Value at Risk and forecasting exercises. In its turn, the last chapter brings a discussion about the effects of different metrics of the optimal portfolio on the estimation of a CCAPM model.In the first chapter, we propose a segmented model to deal with the seasonalities appearing in real yield curves. In different markets, the short end of the real yield curve is influenced by seasonalities of the price index that imply a lack of smoothness in this segment. Borrowing from the flexibility of spline models, a B-spline function is used to fit the short end of the yield curve, while the medium and the long end are captured by a parsimonious parametric four-factor exponential model. We illustrate the benefits of the proposed term structure model by estimating real yield curves in one of the biggest government index-linked bond markets in the world. Our model is simultaneously able to fit the yield curve and to provide unbiased Value at Risk estimates for different portfolios of bonds negotiated in this market.Chapter 2 introduces a novel framework for the estimation of corporate bond spreads based on mixture models. The modeling methodology allows us to enhance the informational content used to estimate the firm level term structure by clustering firms together using observable firm characteristics. Our model builds on the previous literature linking firm level characteristics to credit spreads. Specifically, we show that by clustering firms using their observable variables, instead of the traditional matrix pricing (cluster by rating/sector), it is possible to achieve gains of several orders of magnitude in terms of bond pricing. Empirically, we construct a large panel of firm level explanatory variables based on results from a handful of previous research and evaluate their performance in explaining credit spread differences. Relying on panel data regressions we identify the most significant factors driving the credit spreads to include in our term structure model. Using this selected sample, we show that our methodology significantly improves in sample fitting as well as produces reliable out of sample price estimations when compared to the traditional models.Chapter 3 brings the paper “Forecasting the Brazilian Term Structure Using Macroeconomic Factors”, published in Brazilian Review of Econometrics (BRE). This paper studies the forecasting of the Brazilian interest rate term structure using common factors from a wide database of macroeconomic series, from the period of January 2000 to May 2012. Firstly the model proposed by Moench (2008) is implemented, in which the dynamic of the short term interest rate is modeled using a Factor Augmented VAR and the term structure is derived using the restrictions implied by no-arbitrage. Similarly to the original study, this model resulted in better predictive performance when compared to the usual benchmarks, but presented deterioration of the results with increased maturity. To avoid this problem, we proposed that the dynamic of each rate be modeled in conjunction with the macroeconomic factors, thus eliminating the no-arbitrage restrictions. This attempt produced superior forecasting results. Finally, the macro factors were inserted in a parsimonious parametric three-factor exponential model.The last chapter presents the paper “Empirical Selection of Optimal Portfolios and its Influence in the Estimation of Kreps-Porteus Utility Function Parameters”, also published in BRE. This paper investigates the effects on the estimation of parameters related to the elasticity of intertemporal substitution and risk aversion, of the selection of different portfolios to represent the optimal aggregate wealth endogenously derived in equilibrium models with Kreps-Porteus recursive utility. We argue that the usual stock market wide index is not a good portfolio to represent optimal wealth of the representative agent, and we propose as an alternative the portfolio from the Investment Fund Industry. Especially for Brazil, where that industry invests most of its resources in fixed income, the aforementioned substitution of the optimal proxy portfolio caused a significant increase in the risk aversion coefficient and the elasticity of the intertemporal substitution in consumption.

In this thesis we provide a unifying framework for two decades of work in an area of Machine Learning known as cost-sensitive Boosting algorithms. This area is concerned with the fact that most real-world prediction problems are asymmetric, in the sense that different types of errors incur different costs. Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) is one of the most well-studied and utilised algorithms in the field of Machine Learning, with a rich theoretical depth as well as practical uptake across numerous industries. However, its inability to handle asymmetric tasks has been the subject of much criticism. As a result, numerous cost-sensitive modifications of the original algorithm have been proposed. Each of these has its own motivations, and its own claims to superiority. With a thorough analysis of the literature 1997-2016, we find 15 distinct cost-sensitive Boosting variants - discounting minor variations. We critique the literature using {\em four} powerful theoretical frameworks: Bayesian decision theory, the functional gradient descent view, margin theory, and probabilistic modelling. From each framework, we derive a set of properties which must be obeyed by boosting algorithms. We find that only 3 of the published Adaboost variants are consistent with the rules of all the frameworks - and even they require their outputs to be calibrated to achieve this. Experiments on 18 datasets, across 21 degrees of cost asymmetry, all support the hypothesis - showing that once calibrated, the three variants perform equivalently, outperforming all others. Our final recommendation - based on theoretical soundness, simplicity, flexibility and performance - is to use the original Adaboost algorithm albeit with a shifted decision threshold and calibrated probability estimates. The conclusion is that novel cost-sensitive boosting algorithms are unnecessary if proper calibration is applied to the original.

Submitted by Roberto Godoy Junior (betorules_00@yahoo.com) on 2018-07-20T21:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versão - biblioteca_2.docx: 1481466 bytes, checksum: 11094ff065f489e48891c814fdae1ae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-07-24T16:18:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versão - biblioteca_2.docx: 1481466 bytes, checksum: 11094ff065f489e48891c814fdae1ae6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-24T17:04:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versão - biblioteca_2.docx: 1481466 bytes, checksum: 11094ff065f489e48891c814fdae1ae6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T17:04:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versão - biblioteca_2.docx: 1481466 bytes, checksum: 11094ff065f489e48891c814fdae1ae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-25 / Esta dissertação investiga a nomeação de peritos judiciais no processo civil. Teve como intuito analisar impropriedades identificadas no modo pelo qual a relação jurídica entre o Estado-juiz e o particular toma forma no momento da eleição do auxiliar e se desenvolve ao longo da execução dos serviços técnicos. A observação profissional, aliada à pesquisa acadêmica, permitiu constatar que o tratamento legal e regulamentar de ato processual típico, que lhe é dispensado pelo Novo Código de Processo Civil e pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), dá margem a profundos questionamentos quanto à sua adequação para a dinâmica de resolução de conflitos empresariais no cenário contemporâneo. Isso apesar de a perícia se tratar de espécie probatória, que figura há muito no ordenamento nacional, de produção corriqueira em milhares de ações todos os anos. As apuradas deficiências, diante do caráter de imperatividade que o ato ostenta, têm o potencial de disseminar improbidades no Poder Judiciário, considerando-se a magnitude de recursos financeiros e interesses econômicos envolvidos em um grande número de processos judiciais. Ademais, geram insegurança jurídica a todos os envolvidos — magistrado, peritos e partes — naquilo que se refere à relação comercial de prestação de serviços entabulada. Suscitam-se, assim, prejuízos ao exercício jurisdicional propriamente dito e desestímulo ao incremento de mercado de negócios promissor para a indústria de consultoria. Traçada a problematização, elegeu-se, a fim de realizar a avaliação crítica do tema, o viés do cotejamento das peculiaridades das nomeações, com os elementos de (i) ato processual complexo; (ii) obrigações legais; (iii) contratos civis e (iv) contratos administrativos, observando os sinais distintivos de cada uma dessas categorias e alcançando conclusão de que seria judicioso o repensar da qualificação do ato — realidade que, se aceita, demandaria novos balizamentos à atividade pericial. A partir daí desenvolveram-se proposições de lege lata como possíveis encaminhamentos a serem dados à matéria, pautados pelos princípios da administração pública, com vistas à reflexão jurídica sobre a hodierna interpretação da legislação e a adequação da regulamentação do CNJ: tudo com vistas ao aprimoramento do modelo vigente no ordenamento, inibindo, dessa forma, improbidades e proporcionando segurança jurídica negocial. / This dissertation investigates the appointment of court experts in civil proceedings. The purpose of this study was to analyze improprieties identified in the way in which the legal relationship between the Judge-State and the individual takes shape at the time of the election of the court expert and throughout the execution of their technical services. Professional observation, coupled with academic research, made it possible to ascertain that the legal and regulatory treatment of a typical procedural act as established by the New Civil Procedure Code and by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) evokes deep questions about its suitability for the dynamics of business conflict resolution in the contemporary context — an unexpected reality, given that the appointment of judicial experts is a type of evidence which has enduringly been contemplated in the national legal system, having been employed in thousands of lawsuits every year. In view of the imperative nature of the act, the identified deficiencies have the potential of spreading misconducts in the Judiciary, considering the magnitude of financial resources and economic interests involved in a large number of lawsuits. Furthermore, they create legal uncertainty for all actors involved: magistrates, court experts and parties, with reference to the business relationships of service provision encapsulated. This generates, thus, damages to the jurisdictional exercise as well as a discouragement to the development of a promising business market for the advisory industry. In order to critically evaluate the subject, a comparative assessment of the particularities of the appointment of court experts was carried out, with regard to the following elements: (i) complex legal proceedings; (ii) legal obligations; (iii) civil contracts; and (iv) administrative contracts, observing the distinctive signs of each of these categories, having reached the conclusion that it would be judicious to rethink the qualification of the appointment of court experts — a reality, which, if accepted, would require a new characterization of the court expert activity. Hence, lege lata propositions were developed as possible directives to be given to the subject, guided by the principles of Public Administration, aiming to encompass the legal reflection on the current interpretation of the legislation and the adequacy of the CNJ regulations: all with a view to improve the model in effect in the national legal system, thus inhibiting misconducts and allowing for contractual legal certainty.

Orientadores: Paulo Morelato França, Celso Cavelucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:06:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_Joselainede_M.pdf: 6148218 bytes, checksum: 1ef511889e4a35f380f54407917e0268 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As concessionárias de energia elétrica devem projetar adequadamente as redes de distribuição, incluindo: definição da localização e capacidade dos transformadores; definição dos traçados de rede primária (15 kV) e de rede secundária (127/220V); e definição e instalação de elementos construtivos, tais como postes, estruturas primárias, estruturas secundárias, transformadores. Projetar estas redes é uma tarefa complexa e demorada que exige amplo conhecimento das normas técnicas e experiência por parte dos projetistas. Neste trabalho é proposto um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) para projetos de redes aéreas de distribuição de energia elétrica, englobando as diversas etapas de especificação do projeto. Também é detalhado um sistema especialista para definição dos elementos construtivos (módulo de projeto de execução da rede). Os ganhos potenciais desta abordagem são avaliados em estudos de caso de diversos tipos de projetos. Os principais benefícios da utilização do SAD são: diminuição da dispersão das soluções de projeto; diminuição dos erros; soluções de menor custo e redução no tempo de elaboração dos projetos / Abstract: Electric power companies must design distribution networks, which is a task that includes: the determination of the capacity and position of distribution transformers; the routing of primary feeders (15 kV) and secondary distribution circuits (127/220V); and the selection and installation of constructive elements such as poles, primary structures, secondary structures, street transformers. The design of these networks is a complex and demanding task that requires a great knowledge about technical norms and experience from the network designers. This thesis presents a Decision Support System (DSS) to assist designers to elaborate the several steps of the distribution networks projects specification. An expert system that defines the constructive elements (Network Execution Project module) is also proposed. The advantages of this approach are evaluated through case studies based on different types of projects. The benefits of this DSS are the less variation of project solutions and the reduction of errors, solution costs and completion time / Mestrado / Automação / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

Dès le XIe siècle, le royaume de France est témoin du retour d’un mal terrifiant : la lèpre. L’Auvergne n’est pas épargnée et souffre de la maladie dès le début du XIIe siècle au moins. L’endémie frappe alors les populations et contraint les autorités locales à réagir pour stopper la propagation du mal avec, notamment, l’installation de plusieurs léproseries. Au sein du diocèse de Clermont, ce sont les Montferrandais qui sont les plus organisés avec un tribunal fondé sur une procédure inquisitoire atypique et unique en France : « la Purge ». Les origines de cette juridiction sont obscures. L’historien n’en saisit l’existence et le fonctionnement qu’au début du XIVe siècle, quand elle est créée ou officialisée sous la forme d’un tribunal royal, utilisé ensuite jusqu’au XVIIe siècle. La Purge, détenue et présidée par les consuls de Montferrand, a pour but de convoquer, d’examiner, de juger puis d’écarter de la société saine les lépreux en Auvergne, mais aussi dans les pays voisins. La recherche porte sur l’histoire de la lèpre (premières mentions de la maladie en Auvergne, installation des léproseries, cartographie hospitalière), mais s’attache surtout au tribunal de la Purge. L’étude s’intéresse particulièrement à cet organe juridico-médical, à son origine, à son fonctionnement, à son ressort et aux difficultés rencontrées par la cour royale. Les origines sociales et géographiques des officiers composant l’institution comme leurs carrières sont également appréhendées au moyen de l’outil prosopographique. Le but de la recherche, enfin, est de déterminer quel est le statut du lépreux en Auvergne à la fin du Moyen Âge et au début de l’époque moderne. Les ladres sont-ils traités comme de simples malades ou comme des « criminels » tels que le suppose la masse documentaire de la Purge ? / From the 11th century, the kingdom of France witnesses the return of the terrifying evil : the leprosy. Auvergne is not spared and suffers from the disease from the beginning of the 12th century at least. The endemic disease strikes then the populations and forces the local authorities to react to stop the distribution of the evil with, in particular, the installation of several leper-houses. Within the diocese of Clermont, it is the city of Montferrand which is the most organized with a court based on a procedure atypical and unique in France name "the Purge". The origins of this jurisdiction are dark. The historian seizes the existence with it and the functioning only at the beginning of the 14th century, when it is created or officialized under the shape of a royal court, used then until 17th century. The Purge, held and chaired by the consuls of Montferrand, aims at summoning, at examining, at judging then at pushing aside from the healthy society the lepers in Auvergne, but also in the nearby countries. The research concerns the history of the leprosy (first mentions of the disease in Auvergne, installation of leper-houses, hospitable mapping), but becomes attached especially to the court of the Purge. The study is particularly interested in this juridical-medical organ, in its origin, in its functioning, in its competence and in the difficulties met by the royal court. The social and geographical origins of the officers composing the institution as their careers are also studied by means of the prosopographique tool. The purpose of the search, finally, is to determine what is the status of the leper in Auvergne at the end of the middle Ages and at the beginning of modern time. Are the lepers treated as simple patients or as "criminals" such as supposes it the documentation of the Purge?

L'objet de la thèse est de faire une synthèse de la manière dont le droit est représenté dans la musique classique occidentale. Elle constitue une réponse à M. Carbonnier qui, dans son précis de Sociologie juridique, appelle de ses voeux une recherche sur la possibilité pour la musique de "suggérer" du droit. Un premier axe de recherche aura pour ambition - après une confirmation de la présence de phénomènes juridiques et d'acteurs du droit dans des oeuvres musicales - de circonscrire les raisons de la présence du droit dans une oeuvre, ainsi que la place du droit et les fonctions attribuées au droit dans cette oeuvre. Un second axe de recherche consistera, au décours des nombreux moyens utilisés par un compositeur (instrumentation et voix, harmonie et contrepoint, phrases et motifs musicaux) à identifier la façon dont l'écriture musicale représente le droit. Cette partie sera naturellement illustrée par des exemples musicaux. Ces deux premiers axes de recherche sont susceptibles de faire ressortir en facteur commun les différents caractères que la musique attribue au droit (l'importance de consensualisme, un monde contraignant, un cadre formaliste, un milieu conservateur,...) ainsi que la singularité du regard de la musique sur le droit. / This thesis, the subject of which is “Rights and law in according to music” is in response to Mr Carbonnier's “Précis de sociologie juridique” (Précis of legal Sociology) in which the writer suggest doing a research about the rights and law’s representation in music. The aim of this thesis, accordingly, is to enquire whether music does indeed involve rights and law – an associated legal phenomenon – and if so, what extent. In this context, all aspects covered by the terms “rights and law” are considered: the law, the judgement, the contract and the basis of authority – whether human or divine. As used here the term “music” represents solely that which falls within the scope of western classical music, be it of a religious or non-religious nature. The wording “in according to” refers therefore to the different aspects inherent in “the rights and law’s representation in music” which is the subject’s problematic: - rights and law for the use of music: after confirmation of the presence of rights, law and legal actors in the five hundred or so works reviewed, the purpose of this first part is to explain why these legal requirements exist in a musical work, what these requirements define and how they apply in this work. - rights and law concerning musical composition: this second part , based on many of the musical procedures used by composers (instrumentation and voices, the use of harmony and counterpoint, musical phrasing and motifs, expression and rhythm), aims at identifying how the musical composition represents rights and law.