No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

A programme of study was undertaken to assess the safety and palatability of fermented liquid feed. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to select an inoculant capable of fermenting liquid feed at 20°C. Whilst combinations of cultures dropped the pH the most rapidly, the Lb. plantarum (PC) strain decreased the pH the lowest. A series of trials were conducted using a rifampicin mutant of Lb. plantarum (PC) to examine the fate of the starter culture. In an experiment using liquid milled wheat the addition of the starter culture resulted in an improvement in the inhibition of coliforms over the control (no inoculant). A series of fermentations prepared using Lb. plantarum (PC) were challenged with potential porcine pathogens at three temperatures (20°, 30° and 37°C) and after the feed had been fermented for different periods of time (24, 48, 72 and 96h). This study demonstrated that fermentation is an effective mechanism for eliminating potential porcine pathogens from liquid feed, However, the rate at which these pathogens are inactivated is dependent on temperature, duration of fermentation and challenge strain. The effect of temperature on the ability of E. coli and Salmonella spp. to survive in fermented liquid feed has implications for the management of liquid feeding systems. A study was conducted to examine the effect of feed form on the microbiology of the young piglets' gut. The benefits of feeding a FLF diet compared with a non-fermented liquid feed (NFLF), a conventional pelleted dry feed (DF) and leaving the piglet to continue to suckle the dam (S) for two weeks post-weaning were assessed. No coliforms bacteria (< 3.0 log10 cfu gˉ¹) were detected at the terminal ileum section of pigs fed FLF compared with 8.5, 8.1 and 6.0 log10 cfu gˉ¹ digesta in DF, NFLF and S pigs respectively. These results have implications in terms of .piglet health and dietary prevention of enteric diseases.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1956. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 122).

Seventeen male deer fawns of the year (Odocoileus hemionus colum- bianus) were raised to ages of four or six months. During this time, the nutrition of these animals was controlled so that five different patterns of alimentation were produced. The changes in the growth increments of the various regions of the skeleton with the pattern of alimentation were documented. An analysis of the changes led to an interpretation of the relative growth priority exhibited by each skeletal element up to four months, and from four to six months of age. The magnitude of the increment to each skeletal dimension was related to the total digestible energy intake of the animal over the experimental period, and to the pattern of alimentation which led to this energy intake. The growth gradients described in the literature as a typical mammalian pattern were confirmed for deer and were quantitated graphically. The principles evolved from the experiment were applied to estimating the total energy intakes of two field animals at six months of age. The results of this study showed that this method of energy evaluation possesses a potential for direct field application. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

A critical element to the successful operation of activated sludge systems is efficient solid liquid separation achieved by bioflocculation. Bioflocculation refers to the process of microbial aggregation to form activated sludge flocs, dependent on the interaction of exocellular polymeric substances (EPS) to form the matrix that holds microbes, other organics and inorganic particles in a flocculent mass. Numerous factors affect bioflocculation; two key parameters are the Solid Retention Time (SRT) and the substrate loading rate. The latter is related to the two basic designs in activated sludge bioreactor configurations: the Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) and the Completely Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR). PFR systems have a high substrate loading rate, whereas CSTRs have a low substrate loading rate. Research has shown that the PFR configurations produce better sludge quality, in terms of settleability and dewaterability, and subsequently better effluent quality than CSTR systems. In this experiment, the effect of SRT and substrate loading rate on activated sludge was investigated using bench scale SBRs. PFR and CSTR configurations were simulated by adjusting the fill period to be shorter or longer respectively. A series of SBRs were operated, each with an operating volume of 6L, to obtain data for PFR (fast feed) versus CSTR (slow feed) configurations at 10 Day, 5 Day and 2 Day SRTs. Effluent quality was monitored by measuring effluent TSS, VSS, total and soluble COD and soluble biopolymers. Sludge quality was monitored for the aerobic phase by measuring total and suspended solids, total and suspended volatile solids, Sludge Volume Index (SVI), Capillary Suction Time (CST) and Zeta Potential. Anaerobic digestibility was measured for the sludge produced in these systems by measuring gas production, similar to estimating biogenic methane potential (BMP) and determining short term odor productions, specifically Total Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds (TVOSCs). As expected the change in feeding pattern and SRTs affected the effluent and sludge quality during the aerobic operation phase. Effluent quality was found to be better for the fast feed system at all SRTs, with all monitored parameters being of similar or significantly lower concentration than for the slow feed system. In terms of sludge quality, the fast feed system was found to retain more of its biomass in solution, indicating better flocculation and settleability in this system. COD was given a lower rank as an effluent quality indicator, since the 5 Day and 2 Day SRT datasets did not correlate well with other datasets, specifically effluent TSS and biopolymers. The data was included because it is believed that the trends were accurate representations of fast versus slow feed system behavior. The trends were comparable to those of effluent TSS and solution biopolymer datasets. In terms of anaerobic digestion potential, the fast feed sludge exhibited greater volumetric gas production per gram of solid at the 5 and 2 Day SRTs. Gas production was similar for both systems at the 10 Day SRT. Total and Volatile Solid reduction were however found to be higher for the slow feed sludge than for the fast feed. This may indicate higher gas and potential odor production per gram of solid degraded for the fast feed sludge. This theory is supported by the odor analyses, which revealed that the fast feed sludge had a higher TVOSC production at each SRT. This was related to the higher protein content of the sludge, indicated by the effluent biopolymers being much higher in protein content than carbohydrates. Shearing, which is part of the solids handling process at most plants, releases these proteins and makes them bioavailable, allowing them to be oxidized to produce TVOSCs and hence higher odors. In conclusion it was found that the fast feed effluent and sludge quality appeared to be overall better at each SRT simulated; the higher TVOSC content may indicate a problem with solids handling, but research has shown that these can be overcome with the addition of iron. Additionally, both systems, the fast and slow feed systems operated better at longer SRTs, with the fast feed system performing better in all cases. The difference was not completely significant in all cases and this is attributed to being a by-product of operating at the optimal M:D salt ratio. This project has strength in terms of its potential for large scale applications. SRT is the considered the most important design parameter and one of the more complicated parameters to manipulate due to its widespread effect on reactor behavior, specifically sludge and effluent quality. Additionally, the fast feed versus slow feed concept is one that has been gaining significant interest, since bioreactor configuration impacts the effluent and sludge quality. Feed configurations have been investigated more frequently within the past decade. The novel approach taken by this project is that it combines these two parameters, both of which are important to large scale plants, both industrial and municipal. / Master of Science

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 38-43). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries