Experiments were designed to investigate the possibility of using mice as model animals for the evaluation of protein quality, and to compare it with rats under the same conditions. Parameters measured were protein efficiency ratio, net protein ratio, protein digestion and relative protein value. Six sources of protein were tested at three dietary levels for each. Measurements were taken at four different periods of feeding, thus, the effects of dietary level of protein and the length of the feeding period were studied. Results on mouse experiment indicated that the highest PER values were obtained at 6 and 8% levels of dietary protein with significantly lower values when 11% levels were fed. The highest NPR values were obtained at 6% level of dietary protein then declined when 8 or 11% levels were fed. The highest efficiency regarding PER and NPR were obtained when mice were fed for 10 days than when they were fed for 14, 21, or 28 days of experiment. High quality protein sources were needed at lower levels in the diet for shorter periods of time to obtain the maximum efficiency when compared to poor quality sources of protein. Results for protein digestion did not correlate with those of PER, NPR or RPV indicating that protein digestion is a poor measurement. However, PER, NPR, and RPV were highly correlated. Results of rat experiment were in agreement with what was reported in the numerous works for rat bioassay in the literature review. Rate of body weight gain increased with increasing levels of dietary protein and the PER reached a maximum value, then decreased. Values of NPR tended to fall with increasing levels of dietary protein. PER values tended to increase gradually with prolonged period of feeding, then decline. The maximum PER values were obtained when 10% level of dietary protein was fed for a period of 15 days. Likewise mice experiment, PER, NPR, and RPV correlated highly while protein digestion correlated poorly with the other methods used. In general mice appeared to be influenced by the same factors as rats when used for the evaluation of protein quality. Mouse could be used as a model animal for protein quality evaluation with the advantages of small animal size, lower feed intake, shorter period of feeding, plus is highly desirable for experiments involving the use of isotopes or whole carcass analysis. A dietary protein level of 8% for a feeding period of 10 days would be suitable for use with mice instead of a 10% dietary level for a 28 day feeding experiment in rats. Whole eggs could be used as a suitable reference standard protein for mouse bioassay.

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Nuo 2004 metų Lietuvos užsienio prekybos deficitas nuolat augo ir 2007 metais siekė beveik 18 milijardų litų. Norint sumažinti tokį didlelį užsienio prekybos deficitą, būtina intensyvinti eksportą. Darbo tikslas: išsiaiškinti pašarų, pašarų papildų ir premiksų rinkos tendencijas Lietuvoje ir UAB „Biofabrikas“ eksporto apimtis bei struktūrą. Išanalizavus užsienio klientų poreikius pateikti pasiūlymus eksporto plėtrai. Tyrimo objektas - kombinuotųjų pašarų, pašarų papildų ir premiksų gamintojo UAB „Biofabrikas“ eksporto apimtys ir struktūra. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti UAB „Biofabrikas“ eksporto kitimą 2004-2007 m.m. ir jo priežastis; 2. Išanalizuoti UAB „Biofabrikas“ eksporto struktūrą 2007m. ; 3. Apklausos būdu išsiaiškinti UAB „Biofabrikas“ užsienio klientų poreikius, kurie leistų planuoti ateities eksporto struktūrą bei apimtis; 4. Pateikti UAB „Biofabrikas“ rekomendacijas, kokiais būdais galima išlaikyti ir padidinti eksporto į Latviją, Rusiją ir Baltarusiją apimtis bei pelningumą. Pagrindin����s išvados ir pasiūlymai: 1. UAB „Biofabrikas“ 2004-2006 m.m. eksporto apimtys augo, o 2007 m. sumažėjo dėl sumažėjusio kombinuotųjų pašarų eksporto į Rusiją. 2. 2007 m. UAB „Biofabrikas“ daugiausiai eksportavo kombinuotųjų pašarų, o premiksai ir pašarų papildai nesudarė ketvirtadalio eksportuotos produkcijos. 3. Daugelis UAB „Biofabrikas“ užsienio klientų pageidauja papildomo serviso bei greitesnio produkcijos pristatymo. Ateityje planuoja iš UAB... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Since 2004 deficiency of foreign trade of Lithuania has constantly increased and it has reached nearly 18 milliard Litas in 2007. In order to reduce such big deficiency of foreign trade it is necessary to intensify export. The aim of this work is: to ascertain market tendencies of forage, feed additives and premixes in Lithuania, as well as to explore the structure and export extent of Joint Stock Company “Biofabrikas”. Moreover, after analyzing the requirements of foreign clients, it was decided to propose suggestions for the development of export. The object of the research is- export extent and structure of Joint Stock Company “Biofabrikas”, which is a manufacturer of combinative forage, feed additives and premixes. The main tasks are: 1. To analyze export movement and its reasons of Joint Stock Company “Biofabrikas” in 2004-2007; 2. To analyze export structure of Joint Stock Company “Biofabrikas” in 2007; 3. Using the method of polling to find out the requirements of foreign clients, which could help to plan the prospective export structure and movements; 4. To present guideline to Joint Stock Company “Biofabrikas”, to introduce patterns how to maintain and increase extent and profitability of export to Latvia, Russia and Belarus. Basic findings and suggestions: 1. In 2004-2006 export extent of Joint Stock Company “Biofabrikas” was increasing, whereas in 2007 it reduced due to diminished export of combinative forage to Russia. 2. In 2007 Joint Stock Company... [to full text]

Nutritious and quality feed as well as balanced feeding has the greatest effect on the productivity and health of cattle. According to American scientists, 50- 57% of animal productivity depends on feed and improvement of feeding. Thus trying to avoid the loss of nutrients, different technologies like ensilage (sugar- beet bagasse’, maize’, feed cabbages’, etc.) and withering (clovers’, lucernes’, cultivated plants’, etc.) were invoked. The Practical part of the work (carried forward in LVA Practical Training and Research Centre) confirmed facts stated in Theoretical part. The alterations of nutrition were sampled out of the silage made of perennials (Uzliedziai); also out of withered oat and pease mixture (Muniskiai); corn/ maize (Giraite and Muniskiai), and heylage, made out of cultivated plants (Giraite). With the help of researches it was diagnosed that Muniskiai and Uzliedziai silage mix’s nutritive value had not changed a lot. To both lots of mixtures were characteristic the loss of green proteins accordingly 210.1 g/kg- 4.7 g/kg, sugar ~1.65 g/kg, carotene 8.5 g/kg. The amount of lactic acid was notably decreased in both in Muniskiai and Giraite mixes, meanwhile the amount of acetic and butyric acid increased. Corn in Giraite were cut in the end of September, while other lot in Muniskiai was cut in October. This fact influenced a better nutritive value of Muniskiai corn silage. After six months period the greatest change was noticed in reduction of the following... [to full text]

Identifying molecular mechanisms regulating cellular energy utilization may lead to increased understanding of maintenance energy cost and improved feed efficiency in beef cows. Three experiments were conducted to characterize measures of residual feed intake (RFI) in pregnant beef cows; to examine the effects of moderate dietary restriction on visceral organ mass and proteins relating to energy metabolism; and to investigate the influence of pregnancy on visceral organ mass and proteins relating to energy metabolism. The first experiment combined data from five experiments using 321 pregnant Angus × Simmental cows. Including ultrasound fat measures and diet/management information increased the feed intake prediction model R2 by 7.3% and > 20%, respectively. Individual experiment RFI models varied greatly in accuracy. In the second experiment, 22 pregnant beef cows were fed at 85% (LOW; n=11) or 140% (HIGH; n=11) of net energy requirements during mid- to late-gestation. Tissue samples from liver, kidney, muscle, ruminal papillae, pancreas, and small intestinal muscosa were collected. Western blots were conducted to quantify abundance of: proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ATP synthase, ubiquitin, and Na/K+ ATPase for all tissues; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), and 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and phosphorylated-AMPK (pAMPK) for liver, muscle, and rumen; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase for liver and kidney; and uncoupling protein 2 for liver. Cows fed HIGH had greater (P ≤ 0.04) ADG and final BW than cows fed LOW. Ubiquitin abundance in muscle was greater (P = 0.009) in cows fed LOW, and PCG-1α in liver was greater (P = 0.03) in cows fed HIGH. In the third experiment, 18 pregnant (PREG; n =9) or non-pregnant (OPEN; n=9) Angus × Simmental cows were fed for ad libitum intake during mid- to late-gestation. Tissues were weighed and collected and analyzed for protein abundance as described in the second experiment. Liver mass was lower (P ≤ 0.02), abundance of Na+/K+-ATPase was greater (P =0.04) and rumen pAMPK abundance was increased (P = 0.006) in PREG cows. These experiments indicate that measuring RFI in pregnant cows may pose some challenges, and nutrient restriction and pregnancy can influence molecular factors influencing feed efficiency. / Financial support was provided by Canadian Beef Cattle Industry Science Cluster, through funding provided by the Beef Cattle Research Council and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agriculture Adaptation Council-Farm Innovation Program, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and the Ontario Cattleman’s Association.

Šiuo metu populiariausias konservavimo būdas yra džiovinimas. Džiovinimas – tai technologinis procesas, kurio metu yra pašalinama iš produkto drėgmė, tokiu būdu prailginamas produkto tinkamumo laikas, tuo pačiu išlaikomos arba pagerinamos medžiagų savybės. Džiovinimo metu svarbiausia išlaikyti kokybę, kad džiovinamoje medžiagoje nepakistų pagrindinės medžiagų savybės. Ekstrudavimo procesas suintensyvina kombinuotųjų pašarų džiovinimo procesą. Magistrantūros darbo tikslas – ištirti ekstruduotų kombinuotų pašarų šunims džiovinimo procesą konvejerinėje džiovykloje. Atlikus informacijos šaltinių apžvalgą yra išanalizuotas džiovinimo procesas,džiovinimo būdai, džiovinimo proceso teoriniai pagrindai, šilumos rekuperatorių panaudojimo studija ir kombinuotų pašarų šunims procesas. Ekstruduotieji kombinuotieji pašarai konservuojami išgarinant perteklinę drėgmę konvejerinėje džiovykloje, sumažinant drėgnumą nuo 19,60 iki 8,51 %, kuris atitinka standarto reikalavimus. Džiovinant pašarus konvejerinėje džiovykloje buvo sunaudota 14000 kJ/kgvandens šilumos vienam kilogramui drėgmės išgarinti. Šilumos kiekis reikalingas džiovinimo procesui 654,48 kW. Nustatyta, kad rekuperatoriaus naudingumo koeficientai yra 72%. Šilumos kiekis reikalingas džiovinimo procesui 654,48 kW. Rekuperatorimi konpensuojamos grąžinamos šilumos kiekis yra 471,50 kW. / Currently drying is the most popular conservation method. Drying is a technological process, which removes moisture from the product, in this way the shelf life of the product is extended, at the same time the properties of materials are maintained or upgraded. It is important to maintain the quality in the process of drying in order to avoid unwanted changes of main characteristics of the drying material. The aim of master thesis is to explore drying process in conveyor dryer for the extruded combined feed for dogs. The analysis of the material data was performed specific attention paying to the process of drying, the methods of drying, theoretical background of drying, the study of the heat recuperator use and the process of combined feed for dogs. Extruded combined feed in conveyor dryer is preserved by evaporating excess moisture, the moisture is reduced from 19,60 to 8,51%, which complies with the requirements of the standard. For the feed drying the amount of heat to evaporate one kilogram of water in the conveyor dryer is 14000 kJ/kgH2O. The quantity of heat needed for the drying process is 654,48 kW. It was established that the efficiency units of recuperator are 72 %. The quantity of heat needed for the drying process is 654,48 kW. Compensated returned heat amount in recuperator is 471,50 kW.

In the first of three experiments, four Holstein multiparous dairy cows, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used to determine the impact of different methods of treating soybean meal (SBM) on ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of CP and amino acids (AA). Solvent extracted SBM (SE), expeller SBM (EP), lignosulfonate SBM (LS) and heat and soy hulls SBM (HS) were incubated in the rumen, in nylon bags, for various intervals up to 48h. Additional samples incubated for 16 h were pre-treated with pepsin HCI, and then used for determination of intestinal digestibility either in situ (mobile bag technique) or in vitro. Treatment of SBM (EP, LS, HS) increased rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and AA availability in 30%. Estimates of intestinal digestibility of AA and CP were lower when measured in vitro than in situ. Among the treated SBM products, four EAA (Ile, Leu, Phe and Val) showed differences in availability, with values consistently lower for HS than for LS. The second experiment involved a comparative assessment of the availability of lysine in SE and rumen protected SBM products (EP and LS). Lysine availability was assessed either by the increment in plasma flux of 15N lysine, the increment in intestinally digestible lysine (using chromic oxide as a digesta marker) or by the use of a "plasma lysine response curve" designed to predict intestinally available lysine. The plasma Lys flux was not different between the different SBM products. However, SE + 70 g.d-1 omasal infusion of Lys (SE70) increased Lys flux by exactly 70 g.d -1 above the SE treatment. No differences were observed on duodenal Lys flow, post-ruminal digestion and digestible Lys between the SBM diets (SE, EP, LS). Irrespective of the method of assessment, lysine availability was not altered by the method of treating SBM. The third study evaluated the relative impact of supplying rumen-undegraded protein (RUP) versus altering the carbohydrate source on milk yield and efficiency N usage for milk production. Protein supplementation (SE and EP) increased DMI, whereas the inclusion of beet pulp (BP) replacing 50% of high moisture shelled corn decreased DMI. The results of this research suggest that, under normal conditions of feeding, supplying rumen protected SBM to enhance the supply of intestinally available essential AA does not improve lactation performance; providing beet pulp as a source of readily fermentable fibre also failed to affect milk yield or efficiency of N usage for milk production by dairy cattle.

Feeds werden unter anderem eingesetzt, um Nutzer in einem einheitlichen Format und in aggregierter Form über Aktualisierungen oder neue Beiträge auf Webseiten zu informieren. Da bei Feeds in der Regel keine Benachrichtigungsfunktionalitäten angeboten werden, müssen Interessenten Feeds regelmäßig auf Aktualisierungen überprüfen. Die Betrachtung entsprechender Techniken bildet den Kern der Arbeit. Die in den verwandten Domänen Web Crawling und Web Caching eingesetzten Algorithmen zur Vorhersage der Zeitpunkte von Aktualisierungen werden aufgearbeitet und an die spezifischen Anforderungen der Domäne Feeds angepasst. Anschließend wird ein selbst entwickelter Algorithmus vorgestellt, der bereits ohne den Einsatz spezieller Konfigurationsparameter und ohne Trainingsphase im Durchschnitt bessere Vorhersagen trifft, als die übrigen betrachteten Algorithmen. Auf Basis der Analyse verschiedener Metriken zur Beurteilung der Qualität von Vorhersagen erfolgt die Definition eines zusammenfassenden Gütemaßes, welches den Vergleich von Algorithmen anhand eines einzigen Wertes ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus werden abfragespezifische Attribute der Feed-Formate untersucht und es wird empirisch gezeigt, dass die auf der partiellen Historie der Feeds basierende Vorhersage von Änderungen bereits bessere Ergebnisse erzielt, als die Einbeziehung der von den Diensteanbietern bereitgestellten Werte in die Berechnung ermöglicht. Die empirischen Evaluationen erfolgen anhand eines breitgefächerten, realen Feed-Datensatzes, welcher der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft frei zur Verfügung gestellt wird, um den Vergleich mit neuen Algorithmen zu erleichtern.