SOARES, Marcelo Borges. Inclusão do farelo da amêndoa da castanha de caju na ração de postura para codornas. 2005. 37 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2005 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:42:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsoares.pdf: 252283 bytes, checksum: 3a050dd6211d5e5be7874a1f5a27c149 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:43:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsoares.pdf: 252283 bytes, checksum: 3a050dd6211d5e5be7874a1f5a27c149 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T13:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsoares.pdf: 252283 bytes, checksum: 3a050dd6211d5e5be7874a1f5a27c149 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / This study was undertaken to evaluate bird performance and egg characteristics of japanese quails fed diets containing 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 and 20% of cashew nut meal (CNM). A total of 270 japanese quails with 17 weeks of age were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of five birds in each experimental unit. Diets were isonutrient and during nine weeks of experimental period birds received feed and water ad libitum along with 16 hours lighting. Feed intake was not affected by the inclusion of CNM. Regression analysis, excluding diet with 0% CNM, showed that egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion decreased linearly as dietary CNM levels increased in diets. Percentages of albumen and yolk as well as yolk color, however, showed a quadratic effect as dietary CNM levels increased.Albumen percentage and yolk color increased and yolk percentage decreased as CNM increased up to the level of 9% of the diet. Comparing to the control diet only treatment with 20% CNM produced significantly (P<0.05) lower egg production, egg weight, egg mass, yolk color and bird feed conversion. In conclusion CNM can be included in japanese quail diets in levels up to 16%. / Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho e as características dos ovos de codornas japonesas alimentadas com rações contendo 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 e 20% de farelo da amêndoa da castanha de caju (FACC). Duzentos e setenta codornas com 17 semanas de idade foram pesadas e distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e nove repetições de cinco aves cada. As rações foram formuladas para conterem os mesmos níveis de (PB, EM, Ca, P, Metionina + cistina e Sódio) e durante as nove semanas do período experimental as aves receberam ração e água á vontade e 16 horas de luz. O consumo de ração não foi afetado pela inclusão do FACC, mas a análise de regressão, excluindo-se a ração com 0% de FACC, mostrou que a produção de ovos, peso e massa de ovo e a conversão alimentar decresceu linearmente com a inclusão do FACC. Para a percentagem de albúmem e gema, assim como, para coloração da gema houve efeito quadrático. A percentagem de albúmem e a coloração da gema aumentaram e, a percentagem de gema diminuiu com a inclusão do FACC em níveis acima de 9%. Comparado ao controle, apenas o tratamento com 20% de inclusão do FACC resultou em menor produção de ovos, peso e massa de ovo, coloração da gema e pior conversão alimentar. Conclui-se que o FACC pode ser incluido nas rações de postura para codornas japonesas em níveis de até 16%.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castro_cs_me_botfmvz.pdf: 574026 bytes, checksum: a3b5e4a6e9a6c9f9da758f541856b136 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Essa pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da frequência alimentar no desempenho produtivo da rã-touro (Lithobates catesbeianus) e determinar os coeficientes de disponibilidade de cálcio e fósforo e o coeficiente de digestibilidade da proteína da ração. Foram testadas três frequências de alimentação (6, 24 e 46 refeições/dia) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas rãs com peso médio de 70,59 ± 1,05 g, distribuídas em 12 baias de recria com piso alagado localizadas dentro de uma estufa. A ração foi fornecida por meio de alimentadores automáticos. Para determinação da digestibilidade da proteína e disponibilidade de cálcio e fósforo utilizou-se a sílica (SiO2) como marcador interno. O melhor crescimento foi observado com a maior frequência de alimentação aos 20, 40 e 60 dias. Ao final do experimento, as frequências de 6, 24 e 46 refeições/dia proporcionaram valores de conversão alimentar aparente de 2,31; 1,88 e 1,20, respectivamente. As diferentes frequências de alimentação não influenciaram na digestibilidade aparente da proteína e na disponibilidade aparente do cálcio e fósforo da ração fornecida para a rã-touro. Recomenda-se a alimentação de rã-touro em alta frequência (46 refeições/dia) / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency in the productive performance of bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) and to determine the availability coefficients of calcium and phosphorous and the digestibility coefficient of protein contained in diet. Three feeding frequencies were tested (6, 24 and 46 meals/day) in a randomized completely design, with four repetitions. Bullfrogs were used with mean weight of 70.59 ± 1.05 g, distributed in 12 frog production stalls with flooded floor. The diet was supplied through automatic feeders. For determination of protein digestibility contained in diet and calcium and phosphorous availability used the silica (SiO2) as internal marker. The best growth was obtained using the largest feeding frequency during 20, 40 and 60 days. At the end of the experiment, the frequencies of 6, 24 and 46 meals/day provided values of apparent feed conversion ranged from 2.31; 1.88 and 1.20, respectively. The different feeding frequencies didn't influence in the apparent digestibility of the protein and about the apparent availability of calcium and phosphorous contained in diet supplied for the bullfrogs. It is recommended high feeding frequency (46 meals/day) for the bullfrogs

The aim was to assess the level of nutrition of dairy cows with regard to the parameters of milk in the farm economy and appreciation of farming. Nutrition cows was assessed on the basis of rations compiled a profile of the ruminal sample cows. Content of milk constituents were identified from the analysis supplied by dairy and compared with the standard. Evaluation of economics of farming has been carried out both on the total cost and sales business. Cows were fed the same year pooled rate. The basis of each mix was preserved voluminous fodder own production. According to the spreadsheet from the ration nutrient differed slightly, but without significant differences. Content of milk constituents in both years was relatively balanced and meet the standards. In the evaluation of protein content and urea were observed in compound doses deficit protein or energy. When comparing the economics of farming, production of milk in 2009 suffered a loss due to low purchasing prices of milk.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho e as caracterÃsticas dos ovos de codornas japonesas alimentadas com raÃÃes contendo 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 e 20% de farelo da amÃndoa da castanha de caju (FACC). Duzentos e setenta codornas com 17 semanas de idade foram pesadas e distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e nove repetiÃÃes de cinco aves cada. As raÃÃes foram formuladas para conterem os mesmos nÃveis de (PB, EM, Ca, P, Metionina + cistina e SÃdio) e durante as nove semanas do perÃodo experimental as aves receberam raÃÃo e Ãgua à vontade e 16 horas de luz. O consumo de raÃÃo nÃo foi afetado pela inclusÃo do FACC, mas a anÃlise de regressÃo, excluindo-se a raÃÃo com 0% de FACC, mostrou que a produÃÃo de ovos, peso e massa de ovo e a conversÃo alimentar decresceu linearmente com a inclusÃo do FACC. Para a percentagem de albÃmem e gema, assim como, para coloraÃÃo da gema houve efeito quadrÃtico. A percentagem de albÃmem e a coloraÃÃo da gema aumentaram e, a percentagem de gema diminuiu com a inclusÃo do FACC em nÃveis acima de 9%. Comparado ao controle, apenas o tratamento com 20% de inclusÃo do FACC resultou em menor produÃÃo de ovos, peso e massa de ovo, coloraÃÃo da gema e pior conversÃo alimentar. Conclui-se que o FACC pode ser incluido nas raÃÃes de postura para codornas japonesas em nÃveis de atà 16%. / This study was undertaken to evaluate bird performance and egg characteristics of japanese quails fed diets containing 0; 4; 8; 12; 16 and 20% of cashew nut meal (CNM). A total of 270 japanese quails with 17 weeks of age were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and nine replicates of five birds in each experimental unit. Diets were isonutrient and during nine weeks of experimental period birds received feed and water ad libitum along with 16 hours lighting. Feed intake was not affected by the inclusion of CNM. Regression analysis, excluding diet with 0% CNM, showed that egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion decreased linearly as dietary CNM levels increased in diets. Percentages of albumen and yolk as well as yolk color, however, showed a quadratic effect as dietary CNM levels increased.Albumen percentage and yolk color increased and yolk percentage decreased as CNM increased up to the level of 9% of the diet. Comparing to the control diet only treatment with 20% CNM produced significantly (P<0.05) lower egg production, egg weight, egg mass, yolk color and bird feed conversion. In conclusion CNM can be included in japanese quail diets in levels up to 16%.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim L. Nelssen / The overall objective of these experiments was to develop management and feeding programs to increase sow longevity and productivity by improving welfare conditions. In Exp. 1, 208 gestating sows and 288 gestating gilts were utilized to determine the effect of feeding frequency (2 vs. 6) on performance and welfare issues. Feeding frequency had no affect on growth and reproductive performance in gestating sows; however, increasing the feeding frequency did improve the welfare measurements in this trial. Gilts fed six times a day did have increase ADG during d 0 to 42; however, there was no affect on performance from d 42 to farrowing. In Exp. 2 (630 pigs in 4 studies), increasing the feeding frequency (2 vs. 6) of a restricted feeding level increased growth performance of finishing pigs. This affect is likely due to the increase of available energy above maintenance when compared with the gestating sows. In Exp. 3, different feed drops used for delivering feed were evaluated. The Accu and the Ultra feed drops were more accurate than the Econo feed drop at angles of 90, 75, and 60°. The difference in accuracy is potentially related to the way that the drops attach to the feed line. However, the amount of feed that is collected in each drop appears to increase linearly as the feeder settings are increased. Thus, regression equations for the angle of the feed drop can be developed to adjust for the variability in the amount of accumulated feed. In Exp. 4, Alimet® was used to determine the TID TSAA:Lys ratio for ADG and G:F of 63 and 66% for Genetiporc and 61 and 56% for PIC pigs weighing between 10 to 20 kg. In Exp. 5, the optimal TID Lys:Calorie ratio was estimated to be 3.7 and 4.1 g Lys/Mcal ME for the Genetiporc and PIC pigs weighing between 10 to 20 kg . The ratios were than validated at two energy levels and the amount of TID Lys that was used for lean gain was similar for both genetic lines at approximately 20 g of Lys for each kg of gain.

Corn is widely used as animal feed as well as for fuel ethanol production. Fiber present in corn is not digested well by non-ruminants such as chicken and swine. Also, this fiber does not participate in conversion of starch to ethanol. Fiber separation from corn flour using the Elusieve process, a combination of sieving and air classification, would result in high starch animal feed and increase ethanol productivity. The objective of the first part of this dissertation was to understand the effect of retention screen size in the hammer mill on fiber separation from corn flour using the Elusieve process. Four different retention screen opening sizes were studied. The highest starch content of 65.2% was in the enhanced flour obtained by using 3.2 mm (8/64") retention screen; starch content of the original corn flour was 62.5%. The objective of the second part was to evaluate Elusieve process for sorghum flour. The combination of hammer milling and Elusieve process was less effective for sorghum flour compared to corn flour. The objectives of the third part were to determine the operating air velocities for corn particles and to compare physical properties of corn particles with that of Distillers’ dried grains with soluble (DDGS) particles. The operating air velocities for large, medium and small corn size fractions were 2.9 to 3.8, 2.8 to 3.0 and 2.5 to 2.6 m/s, respectively. Densities of nonfiber particles for corn flour were higher than for DDGS (earlier study). Compared to DDGS, the difference between fiber and nonfiber particle terminal velocities was higher for corn, signifying relative ease of operability for fiber separation from corn flour. The objective of the fourth part was to study the effect of corn moisture content on fiber separation. There was no effect of moisture content on fiber separation. The objective of the fifth part was to assess the economics of the Elusieve process. For ethanol plant of 50 million gallons/year capacity (50 MGY), payback period would be 3.1 years. The payback period for implementing Elusieve process in an integrated broiler operation with 8 million birds capacity would be 0.4 to 1.3 years.

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No description available.

In this experiment, we used four male llamas that were three to four years of age from the Khara race. They were divided into two ad libitum feeding groups. The digestible energy (ED) was determined using samples that were sent to the laboratory. These samples were derived from a conventional in vivo assay using the method of total fecal collection in order to determine the difference between energy consumed and energy excreted. Metabolizable energy was calculated by deducting digestible energy, energy loss in the urine and energy loss in the gases (methane). Urinary energy was determined through the measurement of nitrogen in the urine as urea. Other studies have reported the energy values of alfalfa hay and barley as 414.05 Kcal/100g and 405.11 Kcal/100g, respectively. Additionally, alfalfa hay and barley have been recorded as having gross energy values of 6,973.92 Kcal/day and 4,373.65 Kcal/day, respectively. In this study, the energies excreted in the feces were 2,365.42 Kcal/day for alfalfa and 1,643.26 Kcal/day for barley. In order to determine the value of metabolizable energy, it is first necessary to obtain the urinary energy values (EU) by measuring the amount of nitrogen excretion as well as the energy of the gases (methane). Then, by deducting the energy calculated from the digestible energy, metabolizable energy may be estimated. The nitrogen content in urinary excretions from the llamas tested was highly variable from one treatment to another. With barley, the observed content was 0.59 g/day whereas with alfalfa hay it was 7.36 g/day. According to the data obtained for nitrogen content in urinary excretions, the amount of urea excreted each day was also obtained. It was also found to be variable from one food to another. Values of urea excretion for alfalfa and barley were 15.76 and 1.27 grams of urea/day respectively. By multiplying the daily amount of urea excreted by its caloric value (2.528 Kcal/g), the energy lost in the urine was determined to be 38.84 Kcal/day for alfalfa and 3.23 Kcal/day for barley. It was not possible to determine the energy of the gases. Instead, we used data obtained from llamas fed with forage (Engelhardt and Schneider, 1977). The data established that the energy loss as methane gas is approximately 7.1% of the gross energy. With this value as a reference for llamas, the energy losses as methane gas in this study were 495.08 Kcal/Kg/MS for alfalfa hay and 310.53 Kcal/Kg/MS for barley. By definition, the metabolic energy (EM) is the amount of energy from food that is calculated by determining the difference between the digestible energy (ED) and the energy lost in urine (EU) and gases (EG) according to the following equation (NRC, 1981): EM = ED - (EU + EG). Based on the equation, the metabolizable energy of alfalfa hay and barley are as follows: EB = 4140.49 Kcal/Kg/MS and EM = 2408.43 Kcal/Kg/MS for alfalfa compared to EB = 4051.20 Kcal/Kg/MS and EM = 2061.32 Kcal/Kg/MS for barley.

South American camelids are a source of fiber and meat for the inhabitants of the Andean region of Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. When camelids are well fed they efficiently convert the Andean flora into meat with high protein content. Vicuñas have a great capacity to produce wool to be used as a high quality fiber. However, the yield of vicuña meat production is generally low. There have been several studies concerning nutritional forage sources for camelids, resulting in improved nutrition, decreased morbidity and mortality, and intensified production systems. Soft straw is a source of tough forage with low protein content. Soft straw is rich in insoluble carbohydrates that are difficult to digest. However, camelids are able to easily digest these carbohydrates. For this reason, this study compared the digestibility of soft straw with alfalfa in vicuñas.