京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22131号 / 人博第914号 / 新制||人||218(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||914(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 水野 眞理, 教授 桂山 康司, 准教授 池田 寛子, 教授 金子 幸男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This essay argues that Little Women does not promote breaking stereotypical gender norms and nineteenth century gender roles, contrary to what several critics say. This paper will be using feminist criticism and analyzing two of the novel’s main characters, Meg and Jo, and examining their behavior towards stereotypical gender norms and rules. This essay concludes that while Jo challenges certain gender norms and roles, such as having “manly” emotions (anger) and taking on male-dominated jobs (author), within the narration she is punished for these and forced to become a conventional woman of the nineteenth century in order to live a happy life. On the other hand, Meg follows the rules of societal gender expectations and is rewarded for her behavior. By examining these two characters, this essay establishes that Little Women, because it is a didactic novel, delivers the moral that women can only be truly happy if they fit into stereotypical gender norms and roles.

The diploma thesis examines the construction of masculinity and femininity of young transsexual individuals who have not undergone surgical gender reassignment. The work is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part builds on the theory of gender stereotype and the research of Gagné and Tewksbury, according to which transsexual individuals try to suppress their feminine or masculine selves as expected, while maintaining relationships. Furthermore, the work is based on Mandal's and Jakubowski's study, which confirms the theory that transsexual women live more in a gender stereotype than transsexual men who live in accordance with their original and new gender roles. In the practical part, a qualitative survey is carried out using the method of grounded theory, and six transsexual respondents were interviewed using semi- structured interviews: three transsexual men and three transsexual women. The sample is selected from transgender individuals who have not undergone operative gender reassignment and have decided to share their story on social networks. The aim of the research part is to find out how transsexual people without operative gender reassignment construct their masculinity and femininity. The main finding was that transsexual individuals who chose not to undergo sex...

Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta Ústav germánských studií Filologie-germánské jazyky a literatury REPRESENTATIE VAN MANNELIJKHEID ENVROUWELIJKHEID IN DEHAAGSE ROMANS VAN LOUIS COUPERUS REPREZENTACE MASKULINITY A FEMININITY VHAAGSKÝCH ROMÁNECH LOUISE COUPERUSE THEREPRESENTATION OF MASCULINITY ANDFEMININITY INTHE HAGUE NOVELS BY LOUIS COUPERUS Abstract in English Anna Phillips Vedoucí práce: doc. dr. Ellen J.Krol 2018 1 Abstract in English This dissertation examines masculinity and femininity in what are referred to as the 'Hague novels' of Louis Couperus: Eline Vere, The Books of the Small Souls (De boeken der kleine zielen), and Old People and the Things that Pass (Van oude menschen, de dingen, die voorbijgaan…). The following research questions were asked: 1) In what ways are masculinity and femininity represented in the Hague novels of Louis Couperus? 1) Are these representations of the masculine and the feminine diametrically op- posed, and if so, in what ways does the opposition manifest? 2) Do the representations of masculinity and femininity in the individual Hague novels differ? If so, how? The research method is theoretically grounded in views of masculinity and femininity common to the 'fin de siècle' period (1878-1914) in which the Hague novels were published, and which forms the setting of...

abstract: The horror genre contains a broad spectrum of tropes and archetypes surrounding gender. There is an increasing body of films involving the adolescent girl who embodies the monstrous-feminine, and whose will is tied to supernatural and often destructive powers, which has not been thoroughly explored by feminist film theory. Enough recurring themes exist to merit the definition of a trope, the Willful Girl. Framed using the Brothers Grimm fairytale “The Willful Child,” this trope can be seen in films such as Carrie (1976) and The Witch (2015), among others. Through a close reading of both films, similarities are uncovered. These similarities not only support the trope’s themes, but also provide insight to persistent ideologies, struggles, and prejudices against the adolescent girl throughout the decades. Acknowledging these ongoing issues, and their representation in horror films over the years, challenges the “waves” or “progress” model of feminism and begs the question of how “feminist” films should be defined. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Women and Gender Studies 2019

In this study I qualitatively explore how women who choose not to have children account for this choice in the South African context. I consider the reasons for women to remain childfree and the changing discourses of femininity that enable women to make the choice not to have children. I am also concerned with the possible implications of this choice for women’s interpersonal relationships. This study is conducted from a feminist social constructionist framework. Dominant discourses of femininity revolve around motherhood, which is considered to be the most important role. Motherhood is believed to be a “natural” identity. Mothers are highly regarded in most societies; they are perceived to be devoted to the care of others and to be self-sacrificing. Although most societies consider motherhood to be an essential feature of femininity, it can also cause ambivalent feelings and not all women wish to take on the role of motherhood. The number of women who choose to remain childfree is growing in various societies. Women increasingly have the power to choose whether they want to remain childfree. Through resisting discourses that meld femininity with motherhood, childfree women create alternative discourses that have the potential to change constructions of femininity. I used feminist social constructionism to endeavour to understand the ways in which women’s realities inform their decision not to have children. I also explore how society serves to either problematise or promote this decision. Finally, I attempt to gain a deeper understanding of how being female and childfree impacts on women’s beliefs about themselves. Interview data from semi-structured interviews conducted with women who choose to remain childfree are analysed using thematic analysis. The women interviewed were white and middle class and were found via convenience and snowball sampling. The women participating in the study report various reasons for remaining childfree. Freedom from childcare responsibility and the resulting greater opportunity for self3 fulfilment is shown to be one of the strongest reasons for remaining childfree. Other important reasons include unequal labour division in the family, concerns about the physical aspects of childbirth and recovery, life partners’ acceptance of the choice to remain childfree as well as early socialising experiences. Other reasons cited less frequently include the negative impact of childrearing on women’s emotional well-being, concerns regarding the overpopulation of the planet and a general dislike of children. Two of the themes identified in the text are not evident in the existing literature. The first of these relates to the fact that the women participating in the study do not regard motherhood as the central feature of femininity. Instead, they tend to associate femininity with the act of nurturing, rather than with the act of mothering. These women are able to strongly identify with the female role, as they do not believe that choosing to remain childfree conflicts with their female gender role. The second theme relates to the belief that the world is an evil or unsafe place and that it is therefore better to remain childfree. This belief appears to be context dependent and is based on the women’s perceptions of the crime situation in South Africa. This study contributes to the expansion of the existing literature concerning childfree women, specifically within the South African context. The findings of the research support the findings of previous studies and offer a fresh perspective through the identification of new themes. By exploring reasons women cite for remaining childfree, I argue that some women refute motherhood. The challenging of the dominant discourse that “all women are mothers” is aimed at changing the dialogue about women and thus altering existing dominant discourses. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Psychology / unrestricted

Gender and stereotypes in advertising is a critical discourse analysis aimed at studying how femininity and masculinity is portrayed in Gillette and Gillette Venus marketing on YouTube. Both brands have, after the #metoo campaign, opted to approach their marketing from different point of view since their previous advertising has been heavily criticized for endorsing negative gender stereotypes. The theoretical framework consists of commodity feminism, the male gaze, stereotyping and hegemonic masculinity. The material studied were three commercials taken from each brand’s YouTube channel since the change in marketing direction. The videos were posted in 2018-2019. The results show that although both brands have made a change in how they portray femininity and masculinity there are still sizeable differences in how women and men are approached as target groups.

As the rate of the murder of Black trans women at the hands of Black cisgender men rises steadily every year (HRC, 2017), discourses regarding the detrimental impact of toxic masculinity within Black communities continue to increase within different branches of feminist literature. However, the role that Black cisgender women and toxic femininity play in the violent and systematic subjugation of Black trans women is largely ignored in feminist literature. In this thesis, I conduct a cultural analysis of the representations of the Black trans character Cotton Brown (from the Fox show Star) to examine how the show illustrates toxic femininity and complex intersections of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Through a cultural analysis and review of current literature, I bridge the gap between the representation of cultural politics in Star, literature regarding the same cultural politics, and the realities of the lives of Black trans women in the United States. I argue that Black cisgender women and toxic femininity play significant roles in sociocultural understandings of sexuality and gender identity within Black American communities, as well as the facilitation of violent transphobia that specifically targets Black trans women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether traditional advertising strategies exist on social media posts made by Swedish fashion influencers. Furthermore the aim was also to identify any differences and similarities between influencers on Instagram. To do so twelve Instagram posts from six influencers were analyzed with a semiotic qualitative content analysis. When analyzing, several semiotic tools were also applied, including; Roland Barthes denotation, connotation and myths, and Charles Sanders Pierce three category system. To improve the studies reliability several theoretical frameworks were applied to our semiotic analysis. The theoretical framework included theories about gender, stereotypes and norms.  The analysis identified several patterns in the influencers posts. The most significant one was the fact that influencers in many ways have embraced stereotypes portrayed in traditional media. Women were portrayed with feminine stereotypes, and men with masculine. The stereotypes existed in both private and sponsored posts, but most frequently in the sponsored ones. Worth mentioning is that deviant behaviors were identified, from both women and men, in the Instagram posts. The deviant behavior consisted of portraits that deviated from stereotypical representations. In conclusion, our study also shows that influencers Instagram posts probably are primarily aimed at recipients of the same sex.