<p>Ovom tezom je obuhvaćena analiza genetičke strukture i filogeografskog položaja vuka (<em>Canis lupus L. </em>1758) na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine, na uzorku od ukupno 79 jedinki. Analize su sprovedene primjenom (i) 18 mikrosatelitskih lokusa nDNK pomoću kojih su detektovani: nivo genetičke varijabilnosti, populaciona struktura, prolazak populacije kroz genetičko usko grlo, te ukr&scaron;tanje u srodstvu, i (ii) kontrolnog&nbsp; regiona&nbsp; (CR)&nbsp; regiona&nbsp; mtDNK&nbsp; pomoću&nbsp; kojih&nbsp; su sprovedene filogeografske analize.&nbsp; U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je&nbsp; uočeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; grupisanje&nbsp; jedinki&nbsp; vuka&nbsp; Bosne&nbsp; i Hercegovine&nbsp; u&nbsp; dva&nbsp; genetička&nbsp; klastera&nbsp; &scaron;to,&nbsp; s&nbsp; obzirom&nbsp; na&nbsp; slabu&nbsp; statističku&nbsp; podržanost, najvjerovatnije&nbsp; ukazuje&nbsp; na&nbsp; prisustvo&nbsp; strukture&nbsp; na&nbsp; većem&nbsp; nivou.&nbsp; Prethodno&nbsp; navedeno&nbsp; je detektovano analizama populacione strukture dijela dinarsko - balkanske populacije vuka,gdje je uočena distribucija vukova Bosne i Hercegovine i Srbije u odvojene genetičke klastere. Statistički značajni signali prolaska populacije vuka Bosne i Hercegovine kroz genetičko usko grlo u skorijoj pro&scaron;losti nisu detektovani. Sekvence kontrolnog regiona mtDNK vuka pokazale su se dovoljno informativnim za detekciju jedinstvenih haplotipova vuka Bosne i Hercegovine, za&nbsp; koje&nbsp; je&nbsp; uočena&nbsp; distribucija&nbsp; u&nbsp; dvije,&nbsp; prethodno&nbsp; u&nbsp; literaturi, detektovane haplogrupe bez jasnog alopatrijskog obrasca. Pored toga, analizama sekvenci dijela kontrolnog regiona mtDNK&nbsp; uzorka&nbsp; vuka&nbsp; Evrope,&nbsp; uočeno&nbsp; je da se demografska ekspanzija haplogrupe 2 desila mnogo ranije u pro&scaron;losti u odnosu na period ekspanzije haplogrupe 1, koji se poklapa sa periodom razdvajanja navedenih haplogrupa, prije oko 13000 godina, &scaron;to ukazuje da je posljednji glacijalni maksimum imao uticaja u oblikovanju strukture genetičkih linija vuka u pro&scaron;losti. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom istraživanju su veoma informativni u cilju uspostavljanja pravilnog menadžmenta vrste i kreiranja plana za&scaron;tite vuka na nivou Bosne i Hercegovine, odnosno, na nivou dinarsko - balkanske populacije vuka iz koje se vr&scaron;e rekolonizacije jedinki u susjedne populacije.</p> / <p>In this thesis, the genetic structure and phylogeography of the wolf (Canis L. 1758) in the territory of Bosnia and Hercegovina were analysed, from a total sample of 79 individuals. Analyses were conducted by applying (i) 18 microsatellite loci of nuclear DNA, by which we estimated: the level of genetic&nbsp; variability, population structure, kinship, bottleneck and inbreeding, and (ii) control region of mtDNA by which we analysed phylogeography. Two genetic clusters were observed for the wolf population&nbsp; from Bosnia and Hercegovina, although with statistically low support, which may point to structuring at the higher level. Indeed, after analysing the population structure at the higher, Dinaric - Balkan level, the distribution of wolves&nbsp; from Bosnia and Hercegovina and&nbsp; Serbia was observed as falling into two distinct genetic clusters. Statistically significant signs of the recent bottleneck were not observed in the wolf&nbsp; population from Bosnia and Hercegovina. Analyses of control region mtDNA were conducted with the aim of detecting haplotypes in the Bosnia and Hercegovina population, as well as in the European&nbsp; samples. Distribution of&nbsp; haplotypes into two haplogroups, described in previous literature, was&nbsp; observed, without a clear alopatric phylogeny pattern. Furthermore, the analyses of the same&nbsp; molecular marker showed that demographic expansion of haplogroup 2 occurred significantly earlier when compared to the demographic explosion of haplogroup 1 . Results from this study are extremely&nbsp; important for the creation of a management plan for wolves from Bosnia and Hercegovina, and at the higher Dinaric - Balkan level.</p>

<p>U radu je analzirana struktura populacija i stepen genetičke varijabilnosti u<br />populacijama divlje svinje u Evropi.&nbsp; Određena je polimorfnost jedanaest<br />tetranukleotidnih mikrosatelita u uzorku od 664 divljih svinja u Evropi, utvrđivanjem<br />alela prisutnih u populacijama i utvrđivanjem njihove frekvencije. U analiziranom<br />uzorku definisano je prisustvo 13 subpopulacija divljih svinja u Evropi i određeni su<br />osnovni parametri intra-&nbsp; i interpopulacione varijabilnosti. Pokazano je da je&nbsp; protok<br />gena između definisanih subpopulacija relativno mali&nbsp; obzirom da je utvrđen&nbsp; srednji i<br />visok nivo genetičke divergencije između definisanih subpopulacija. Utvrđen je visok<br />nivo genetičkog diverziteta u populacijama divlje svinje Evrope, &scaron;to ukazuje na<br />činjenicu da populacije ove vrste poseduju visok genetički potencijal.&nbsp; Analizom<br />polimorfnosti&nbsp; CR1-mtDNK nađeni su jedinstveni haplotipovi za Balkansko<br />poluostrvo i utvrđena je stuktuiranost populacija divljih svinja na Balkanu.<br />Poređenjem dobijenih sekvenci CR1-mtDNK sa dostupnim sekvencama divljih svinja<br />iz čitavog sveta rasvetljena je demografska i filogeografska istorija vrste&nbsp; <em>Sus scrofa</em>&nbsp; i<br />potvrđeno je važna uloga Balkana u rekolonizaciji Evrope nakon poslednjeg ledenog<br />doba.&nbsp; Pokazano je da su sva tri južna poluostrva Evrope (Balkansko, Iberijsko i<br />Apeninsko) učestvovala&nbsp; u rekolonizaciji Evrope i da se filogeografska&nbsp; istorija&nbsp; vrste<br /><em>Sus scrofa</em> može predstaviti u tri koraka: (1) povlačenje jedinki iz Centralne Evrope u<br />južna poluostrva tokom poslednjeg ledenog doba, (2) nezavisna diverzifikacija u<br />svakom od tri poluostrva, (3) rekolonizacija Evrope od strane haplotipova koji su bili<br />na severu poluostrva (u ekspazivnom frontu).&nbsp; Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanja<br />data je preporuka da&nbsp; za svaku definisanu subpopulaciju treba razviti odgovarajuće<br />strategije menadžmenta u skladu sa njenim genetičkim potencijalom, a u cilju<br />očuvanja evolucionog potencijala svake od njih kako bi se obezbedila i očuvala<br />stabilnost vrste.</p> / <p>In this paper an assessment of the wild boar genetic structure and phylogeography was&nbsp;performed&nbsp; based on the analysis of microsatellites and CR-1 region of mitochondrial&nbsp;DNA. Polymorphism of eleven tetranucletide microsatellites was determined in a&nbsp;sample of 664 wild boars in Europe&nbsp; by detection of&nbsp; alleles present in the populations&nbsp;and their frequency. In the analyzed sample of 664 wild boars, 13 genetically different&nbsp;subpopulations were defined and basic parameters of intra-&nbsp; and interpopulation&nbsp;variability were estimated.&nbsp; It was shown that&nbsp; gene flow&nbsp; between&nbsp; defined&nbsp;subpopulations&nbsp; is relatively&nbsp; small&nbsp; since estimated genetic distances between&nbsp;subpopulations indicated a moderate to high genetic differentiation.&nbsp; According to&nbsp;derived data,&nbsp; high genetic diversity is present in wild boar populations in &nbsp;Europe,&nbsp;indicating high genetic potential of the species.&nbsp; In the analysis of mtDNA control&nbsp;region sequences in wild boars from the Balkan peninsula unique haplotypes &nbsp;were&nbsp;found and population structure was observed.&nbsp; A detailed inspection of results reveals&nbsp;that a similar phylogeographic pattern emerges in all&nbsp; southern European peninsulas,&nbsp;arising from post-LGM expansion, and that all three peninsulas had a similar role in&nbsp;the wild boar post-glacial recolonization of Europe.&nbsp; This pattern could be explained&nbsp;by: the southward migration of Central-European haplotypes during the LGM to&nbsp;southern peninsulas; independent diversification in each peninsula; and post-LGM&nbsp;leading edge recolonization of Europe&nbsp; involving all three peninsulas.&nbsp; Based on the&nbsp;results of this research, it was recommended that&nbsp; for each defined subpopulation&nbsp;adequate&nbsp; manegament strategies should be defined and each subpopulation&nbsp; should be&nbsp;managed separately in order to preserve their evolutionary potential and to secure the&nbsp;long-term stability of wild resources.</p>

<p>U&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; radu&nbsp; sagledan&nbsp; je&nbsp; molekularni&nbsp; diverzitet,&nbsp; filogeografska&nbsp; struktura,<br />prostorna&nbsp; distribucija&nbsp; molekularnog&nbsp; diverziteta,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; prisustvo&nbsp; selekcionih<br />signala i genetičkih signala lokalnih adaptacija kod 251 jedinke&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; Lepus<br />europaeus (Pallas,&nbsp; 1778)&nbsp; sa&nbsp; teritorije&nbsp; Evrope&nbsp; i&nbsp; Bliskog&nbsp; Istoka,&nbsp; a&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu<br />analize&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; sekvenci&nbsp; D&nbsp; petlje&nbsp; mtDNK, MT-ND2,&nbsp; MT-ND6,&nbsp; MHCDQA, MHC-DQB i TLR2 gena. Uočen je visok nivo parametara molekularnog<br />diverziteta&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitivane&nbsp; molekularne&nbsp; markere.&nbsp; Utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; postojanje<br />filogeografske&nbsp; strukturiranosti&nbsp; vrste&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; mtDNK,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; asimetričan<br />protok gena jedinki sa teritorije Anadolije na teritoriju Balkana&nbsp; na osnovu D<br />petlje mtDNK, MT-ND2 i MT-ND6 gena, dok je na osnovu sekvenci D petlje<br />mtDNK uočena gotovo tri puta veća stopa protoka gena sa Balkana u centralnu<br />i&nbsp; zapadnu&nbsp; Evropu.&nbsp; Utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; prisustvo&nbsp; signala&nbsp; poizivne&nbsp; selekcije&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru<br />MT-ND6&nbsp; gena,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; efekat&nbsp; klimatskih&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; (precipitacije)&nbsp; na<br />distribuciju&nbsp; proteinskih&nbsp; varijanti&nbsp; ND6C&nbsp; i&nbsp; ND6F,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; moguća&nbsp; posledica<br />regionalnih adaptacija na razlike u sredinskim uslovima. Pokazano je odsustvo<br />signala&nbsp; filogeografske&nbsp; strukturiranosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu MHC-DQA, MHC-DQB i<br />TLR2 gena.&nbsp; Uočeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; postojanje&nbsp; prostorne&nbsp; strukturiranosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; gena<br />imunskog&nbsp; sistema,&nbsp; i&nbsp; definisane&nbsp; su&nbsp; dve&nbsp; prostorne&nbsp; grupe,&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; koja&nbsp; je<br />obuhvatala&nbsp; jedinke&nbsp; sa&nbsp; teritorije&nbsp; Bliskog&nbsp; Istoka,&nbsp; i&nbsp; druga&nbsp; koja&nbsp; je&nbsp; obuhvatala<br />jedinke&nbsp; sa&nbsp; teritorije&nbsp; Evropi.&nbsp; Vi&scaron;e&nbsp; vrednosti&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; molekularnog<br />diverziteta uočene su u anadolijskoj grupi, u poređenju sa evropskom grupom.<br />Uočen je signal delovanja pozitivne i negativne selekcije u MHC-DQA i MHCDQB genima, kao i signal negativne selekcije u TLR2 genu. Pokazan je efekat<br />klimatskih&nbsp; parametara&nbsp; na&nbsp; distribuciju&nbsp; najzastupljenijih&nbsp; proteinskih&nbsp; varijanti<br />MHC-DQA&nbsp; i&nbsp; MHC-DQB&nbsp; gena kao&nbsp; indirektni&nbsp; pokazatelj&nbsp; imunogenetičkih<br />adaptacija&nbsp; na&nbsp; sredinski&nbsp; uslovljene&nbsp; pretpostavljene&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; distribuciji<br />patogena.&nbsp; Mehanizam&nbsp; oblikovanja&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; MHC&nbsp; gena&nbsp; rezultat&nbsp; je<br />uzajamnog delovanja mutacija, rekombinacija i selekcije.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; molecular&nbsp; diversity,&nbsp; phylogeographic&nbsp; structure,<br />spatial&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; molecular&nbsp; diversity,&nbsp; detection&nbsp; of&nbsp; possible&nbsp; selection<br />signals&nbsp; shaping&nbsp; the&nbsp; evolution of&nbsp; these&nbsp; genes,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; the&nbsp; presence&nbsp; of<br />local/regional&nbsp; adaptations&nbsp; in&nbsp; correlation&nbsp; was&nbsp; examined&nbsp; in&nbsp; 251&nbsp; brown&nbsp; hares<br />from&nbsp; Europe&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; Middle East&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; analyses&nbsp; of&nbsp; mitochondrial&nbsp; D<br />loop,&nbsp; mitochondrially&nbsp; Encoded&nbsp; NADH&nbsp; Dehydrogenase&nbsp; 2&nbsp; (MT-ND2),<br />mitochondrially&nbsp; Encoded&nbsp; NADH&nbsp; Dehydrogenase&nbsp; 6&nbsp; (MT-ND6),&nbsp; exon&nbsp; 2&nbsp; of<br />MHC Class II genes MHC-DQA,MHC-DQB and Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2)<br />gene sequences. A high level of molecular diversity was found based on the all<br />applied&nbsp; markers.&nbsp; Strong&nbsp; signal&nbsp; of&nbsp; phylogeographical&nbsp; and&nbsp; spatial&nbsp; structuring<br />was&nbsp; observed&nbsp; for&nbsp; mtDNA,&nbsp; most&nbsp; likely&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; consequence&nbsp; of&nbsp; climatic<br />perturbations&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; Pleistocene.&nbsp; The&nbsp; evolutionary&nbsp; development&nbsp; of&nbsp; hares<br />from&nbsp; Anatolia/Israel&nbsp; to&nbsp; the&nbsp; Balkans,&nbsp; and&nbsp; furthermore&nbsp; to&nbsp; central&nbsp; and&nbsp; western<br />Europe was suggested by several lines of evidences, which include dating the<br />population&nbsp; demography&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; D-loop&nbsp; sequences,&nbsp; the&nbsp; observed&nbsp; migration<br />patterns,&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; demographic&nbsp; tests,&nbsp; and&nbsp; apparent&nbsp; reduction&nbsp; in&nbsp; molecular<br />diversity&nbsp; indices&nbsp; along&nbsp; this&nbsp; trajectory.&nbsp; Positive&nbsp; selection&nbsp; acting&nbsp; on MT-ND6<br />gene&nbsp; was&nbsp; detected,&nbsp; together&nbsp; with&nbsp; significant&nbsp; climatic&nbsp; effect&nbsp; shaping&nbsp; the<br />distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; most&nbsp; prevalent&nbsp; protein&nbsp; variants&nbsp; found&nbsp; in&nbsp; this&nbsp; gene,<br />supposedly&nbsp; as&nbsp; a&nbsp; consequence&nbsp; to&nbsp; local/regional&nbsp; adaptations&nbsp; due&nbsp; to&nbsp; the<br />environmentally induced different energetic requirements and optimization of<br />OXPHOS&nbsp; genes.&nbsp; On&nbsp; the&nbsp; other&nbsp; side,&nbsp; less&nbsp; evident&nbsp; phylogeographic&nbsp; signal&nbsp; and<br />absence&nbsp; of&nbsp; strong&nbsp; structuring&nbsp; was&nbsp; revealed&nbsp; in&nbsp; MHC&nbsp; genes.&nbsp; High&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; at<br />MHC genes seems to be shaped by the interplay of recombination, selection<br />mechanisms&nbsp; and&nbsp; adaptations.&nbsp; Balancing&nbsp; selection&nbsp; seems&nbsp; to&nbsp; maintain&nbsp; a&nbsp; high<br />molecular&nbsp; diversity&nbsp; within&nbsp; these&nbsp; genes,&nbsp; while&nbsp; directional selection&nbsp; promotes<br />local/regional adaptations to pathogenic landscapes, as indirectly suggested by<br />a&nbsp; significant&nbsp; effect&nbsp; of&nbsp; climatic&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; distribution&nbsp; of&nbsp; protein<br />variants in both examined MHC genes.</p>