Os nódulos de tireoide são frequentemente encontrados na prática clínica e, com o auxílio de ultrassonografia de alta resolução, podem ser identificados em 17 a 67% da população. A alta prevalência desses nódulos causa preocupação frequente aos pacientes e aos clínicos devido ao risco de malignidade, o que, por sua vez, leva a investigações laboratoriais de alto custo, invasivas e, eventualmente, a cirurgias desnecessárias. A punção aspirativa com agulha fina (PAAF) é o método diagnóstico pré-operatório mais preciso para identificação de um nódulo maligno de tireoide, mas não consegue excluir malignidade nos casos de citologia inadequada, nódulos com diagnóstico citológico de lesão folicular ou atipia de significado indeterminado e nas citologias sugestivas de neoplasia folicular. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características clínicas, laboratoriais, ultrassonográficas e citológicas de uma população de pacientes com nódulos de tireoide submetidos a tireoidectomia e a relação entre estes achados e o risco de malignidade. Além disto, em relação aos nódulos malignos, verificar se o valor de TSH esteve associado a um estadiamento mais avançado da doença. Foram avaliados prontuários de 353 pacientes submetidos a tireoidectomia, acompanhados no Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP de São Paulo, no período de fevereiro de 2002 a abril de 2010. O número total de nódulos nestes pacientes foi 392. As características clínicas e laboratoriais analisadas em cada paciente foram idade, sexo, valores séricos de TSH e T4 livre, presença de anticorpo anti-tireoperoxidase (anti- TPO) e anti-tireoglobulina (anti-TG). Foram avaliadas a presença de características ultrassonográficas sugestivas de benignidade (presença de halo periférico hipoecoico, aparência espongiforme, aspecto isoecóico ou hiperecoico) e de malignidade (nódulo sólido hipoecoico, contornos irregulares, presença de microcalcificações). Baseados nestas características, os nódulos foram classificados em benignos, indeterminados e suspeitos para malignidade. O diagnóstico citológico foi classificado em benigno, indeterminado, suspeito e maligno, e a análise combinada das características ultrassonográficas e citológicas também foi avaliada. Ao exame histopatológico, 200 nódulos eram malignos e 192 nódulos eram benignos. Os nossos resultados mostraram que sexo, idade, valores séricos de TSH e T4 livre e presença de anticorpo anti-TPO e anti-TG não estiveram associados a uma maior chance de malignidade. O valor de TSH sérico também não esteve associado a maior risco de recorrência ou estadiamento mais avançado nos pacientes com câncer Os nódulos maiores estiveram mais associados a benignidade quando avaliamos toda amostra. Na análise multivariada de toda amostra, após regressão logística, apenas a citologia maligna, hipoecogenicidade e presença de microcalcificações foram associados a malignidade. Já, a classificação ultrassonográfica que não se baseia em apenas uma característica mas em um conjunto de características, apresentou um alto valor preditivo de benignidade e foi útil na identificação de nódulos com citologia indeterminada. A classificação ultrassonográfica tem o potencial de reduzir o número de cirurgias para nódulos com citologia indeterminada / Thyroid nodules are often encountered in clinical practice, and with the use of high-resolution ultrasound may be identified in 17 to 67% of the population. The high prevalence of these nodules cause frequent concern to patients and clinicians due to the risk of malignancy, wich in turn leads on costly investigations, use of invasive diagnostic methods and sometimes unnecessary surgeries. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most accurate preoperative diagnostic method to identify a malignant thyroid nodule. However, FNAB cannot rule out malignancy in cases of inadequate cytology, follicular lesions, atypia of undetermined significance, and in cytology suggestive of follicular neoplasm. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, laboratory, ultrasound and cytopathologic characteristics of a group of patients with thyroid nodules undergoing thyroidectomy and the relationship between serum levels of TSH and the risk of malignancy. In nodules found to be malignant in this cohort, we analyzed the association of TSH levels with advanced disease stage and risk of recurrence. We analyzed the records of 353 patients who were followed at Hospital das Clínicas - São Paulo Medical School, between February 2002 and April 2010, and who subsequently underwent thyroidectomy. The total number of nodules in these patients was 392. The clinical and laboratory characteristics included in the analysis were age, gender, serum levels of TSH and free T4, and presence of serum thyroid anti-peroxidase (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) antibodies. We evaluated the presence of ultrasonographic features suggestive of benignity (isoechoic or hyperechoic appearance, presence of hypoechoic peripheral halo, spongiform appearance) and malignancy (hypoechoic appearance, irregular border, presence of microcalcifications). Based on these ultrasonographic characteristics, we classified the nodules as benign, indeterminate or suspicious for malignancy. According to the FNAB cytology, we also subdivided the nodules into benign, indeterminate, suspicious and malignant. The combined analysis of ultrasonographic features and cytopathology was also evaluated. On histopathology, 200 nodules were malignant and 192 were benign. Our results showed that gender, age, serum levels of TSH and free T4, as well as the presence of anti-TPO and anti-TG were not associated with increased risk of malignancy. Similarly, serum TSH value was not associated with increased risk of recurrence or more advanced stage in patients with thyroid cancer. A large nodule size was associated with benignity. In multivariate analysis, after logistic regression, only malignant cytology, hypoechoic appearance and presence of microcalcifications were associated with malignancy. Furthermore, the ultrasonographic classification, wich was not based in only one feature but in a set of characteristics, showed a high predictive value for benignity and seems to be useful in identifying nodules with indeterminate cytology at risk for malignancy. The use of ultrassonographic classification has the potential to reduce the number of surgeries for nodules with indeterminate cytology

Immunhistokemi (IHC) och immuncytokemi (ICC) är viktiga verktyg inom cancerdiagnostik för att fastställa diagnoser. Både histologiskt och cytologiskt material kan användas för immunokemisk analys men kräver olika förberedelser. Den preanalytiska fasen påverkar epitop och antigenens tillgänglighet samt immunoreaktivitet, vilket gör valet av pre- och postfixering och hur de påverkar cytologiskt material, viktiga att förstå. ICC tillämpas vanligen på cytologiskt material som preparerats enligt cellblockteknik (CBT) men ibland saknas extraherat material för analys. Antikroppar kan användas för att differentiera tumörursprung, tumörsubtyper och inflammatoriska tillstånd, vilket är avgörande för klinisk diagnostik och behandlingsbeslut för individen. Vid klinisk patologi och cytologi i Kalmar är ett återkommande problem bristen på cellmaterial för CBT-preparering vid punktionscytologi. Syftet med denna studie var att validera antikroppar (kalretinin, CD45, CK5, CK7, SOX-10, EpCAM och TTF-1) på cytologiskt material (pleuraexsudat från 10 patienter) som preparerats enligt ThinPrep™- metoden (TP-metoden). Studien syftade även till att undersöka effekterna av post-fixering i 4 % formalin, 96% etanol eller ingen post-fixering inför ICC-analys för att se om valet av post-fixeringsmedel påverkar antikropparnas färgningsmönster (nukleärt, cytoplasmatiskt eller membranöst). CD45, CK5, CK7 och TTF-1 kunde valideras i studien. Det fanns inte någon signifikant skillnad (p > 0,05) i bedömningskategorierna (bakgrund, inmärkning och cellantal) mellan olika post-fixeringsmedel. Det fanns heller inga indikationer som visade att en särskild post-fixering gynnande ett särskilt färgningsmönster. Fler studier behövs för att förstå den preanalytiska fasens påverkan på ICC- analys av cytologiskt material. I samband med punktionscytologi skulle preparering enligt TP-metoden säkerställa tillgången på cellmaterial för ICC-analys. / Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) are crucial tools in cancer diagnostics for establishing diagnosis. Both histological and cytological materials can be used for immunochemical analysis, but they require different preparations. The pre-analytical phase affects the epitope and antigen availability as well as immunoreactivity, making the choice of pre- and post-fixation and their impact on cytological material important to understand. ICC is usually applied to cytological material prepared using the cell block technique (CBT), but sometimes there is a lack of extracted material for analysis. Antibodies can differentiate tumor origins, subtypes, and inflammatory conditions, which is essential for clinical diagnostics and treatment decisions. In clinical pathology and cytology in Kalmar, a recurring issue is the lack of cell material for CBT preparation in fine-needle aspiration cytology. This study aimed to validate antibodies (calretinin, CD45, CK5, CK7, SOX-10, EpCAM, and TTF-1) on cytological material (n=10 pleural effusions) prepared using the ThinPrep™ method (TP method). The study also aimed to study the effects of post-fixation in 4% formalin, 96% ethanol, or without fixation medium before ICC analysis to see if the choice of post-fixation medium affects the staining patterns of the antibodies (nuclear, cytoplasmic, or membranous). CD45, CK5, CK7, and TTF-1 were validated in the study. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the assessment categories (background, staining, and cell count) between different post-fixation media. There were also no indications that a particular post-fixation medium favored a specific staining pattern. Further studies are needed to understand the pre-analytical phase's impact on ICC analysis of cytological material. In fine-needle aspiration cytology, preparation using the TP method would ensure the availability of cell material for ICC analysis.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is extremely severe malignant disease with a five-year survival of less than 5%. Currently there is no reliable tool for the diagnosis of PC in its early stages. At the time of clinical symptoms most patients are in an advanced stage of the disease and the treatment does not usually have a significant effect. For these reasons emphasis is gradually shifting to the search for the suitable molecular markers for improvement of the diagnosis and assessment of the survival prognosis with respect to a possibility of surgical treatment. MiRNA represent one of the most promising markers, although, their examination in pancreatic tissue is a complicated process. One of the reasons is the very small amount of the source material coming from a fine needle biopsy. A second cause of problems is the subtle character of the pancreatic tissue resulting in significantly lower yields of molecular genetic analysis when compared to other epithelial tissues. An additional negative factor is heterogeneity of the tissue resulting in disproportionate representation of tumor cells within the sample. A suitable choice of procedures for isolation of nucleic acids (NA) and subsequent analysis including quantification of tumor cells is critical for accurate evaluation of the miRNA levels. This work is...

This doctoral thesis is dealing with the correlation of morphological, immunohistochemical and genetical findings in malignant tumors of salivary glands. The first half of the thesis comprises the summary of current knowledge about salivary malignancies. The second half is presenting the research itself. The research results are divided into three parts. The first part is presenting the method of "2-step diagnostic test" of malignant tumors. This screening test aims to find new, so far not described gene aberrations with a focus on malignant tumors of salivary glands. This method takes place in two consecutive steps. In the first step the material is examined by an immunohistochemical mixture of antibodies, which non-specifically detects aberration in the genes NTRK1-3, ALK and ROS1. In the second step all positive cases are subjected to highly sensitive and specific molecular-genetic examination by the method of next generation sequencing (NGS) using the Archer kit. In the second part of the work there has been designed the approach to the cytological diagnosis of salivary secretory carcinoma by the fine-needle aspiration (FNA). This part is describing to the details the cytomorphology of secretory carcinoma in both, Pap smears and cell blocks, from which additional immunocytochemical and genetic...

INTRODUÇÃO: O status linfonodal da axila ainda permanece como importante fator prognóstico em pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. Muitos estudos já relataram a importância da ultrassonografia axilar e da punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) na avaliação pré-operatória das pacientes com câncer de mama. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar as características ultrassonográficas dos linfonodos axilares relacionadas à metástase linfonodal e o papel da PAAF na avaliação pré-operatória de pacientes com câncer de mama. Nosso objetivo secundário foi avaliar se, dependendo das características dos tumores, linfonodos sem alterações na ultrassonografia poderiam ter comprometimento metastático. MÉTODOS: Este estudo foi realizado no Instituto de Radiologia e no Instituto do Câncer do HCFMUSP. Foram incluídas 182 pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo recém-diagnosticado, sendo que, destas, apenas 145 realizaram cirurgia - 74 prosseguiram direto para cirurgia e 71 realizaram tratamento neoadjuvante e após cirurgia. Foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica da axila ipsilateral ao tumor e punção aspirativa por agulha fina de um linfonodo selecionado pelo radiologista. Os dados ultrassonográficos dos linfonodos e os achados citológicos da PAAF foram correlacionados com os resultados anatomopatológicos da biópsia do linfonodo sentinela ou do esvaziamento axilar. RESULTADOS: Nas 74 pacientes (75 axilas) que não realizaram tratamento neoadjuvante, as características ultrassonográficas do linfonodo associadas à metástase na análise univariada foram espessamento cortical difuso e a obliteração parcial ou completa do hilo gorduroso. A sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) da ultrassonografia foram, respectivamente, 72,7%, 57,1%, 64,0%, 57,1% e 72,7% (p=0,009), e da PAAF: 36,4%, 97,6%, 70,7%, 92,3% e 66,1% (p < 0,001). Incluindo apenas linfonodos alterados na ultrassonografia, obtivemos, respectivamente, sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, VPP e VPN de 50%, 94%, 69%, 92% 59% (p=0,001). Nenhuma PAAF de linfonodo classificado como normal na ultrassonografia teve resultado positivo. Obtivemos, nas análises das curvas ROC, um valor de corte da espessura da cortical de 2,65 mm (p < 0,001) e do tamanho do tumor pré-cirúrgico de 2,45 cm (p=0,042). Na análise multivariada, as seguintes características foram associadas à metástase linfonodal: espessura da cortical (p = 0,005), tamanho do tumor pré-cirúrgico (p = 0,030), status pré-menopausa (p = 0,017), tipo histológico não especial (p = 0,034) e localização do tumor no quadrante superolateral (p = 0,011). Construiu-se um modelo de predição de risco de metástase axilar usando estas características. Nas 71 pacientes que realizaram tratamento adjuvante, a única característica do linfonodo associada à metástase linfonodal foi a forma redonda ou irregular. Os demais resultados deste grupo não podem ser generalizados, pois não é possível separar o efeito do tratamento nesta população. CONCLUSÕES: Linfonodos axilares com espessamento cortical difuso e com obliteração parcial ou completa do hilo gorduroso estão associados à malignidade. A PAAF apresentou-se mais útil nos linfonodos alterados, com sensibilidade de 50%. Pacientes com PAAF positivas devem ser encaminhadas para esvaziamento axilar ou quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Não há benefício da realização da PAAF em linfonodos sem alterações na ultrassonografia / BACKGROUND: The lymph node status of the axilla remains an important prognostic factor in patients with invasive breast cancer. Many studies have already reported the importance of axillary ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the preoperative evaluation of patients with breast cancer. Our objectives were to evaluate the ultrasound characteristics of axillary lymph nodes related to lymph node metastasis and the role of FNA in the preoperative evaluation of patients with breast cancer. Our secondary objective was to assess whether, depending on the tumor characteristics, lymph nodes that showed no change on ultrasonography could have metastatic involvement. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Institute of Radiology and the Institute of Cancer of HCFMUSP. A total of 182 patients with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer were included, of whom only 145 had undergone surgery - 74 went straight to surgery and 71 underwent neoadjuvant treatment and after surgery. Ultrasound evaluation of the axilla ipsilateral to the tumor and fine needle aspiration of a lymph node selected by the radiologist were performed. The ultrasound data of the lymph nodes and the cytological findings of FNA were correlated with pathology results from sentinel lymph node biopsy or surgical dissection. RESULTS: In the 74 patients (75 axillae) who did not undergo neoadjuvant treatment, the ultrasound characteristics of the lymph nodes associated with metastasis in the univariate analysis were diffuse cortical thickening and partial or complete fatty hilum obliteration. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound were respectively 72.7%, 57.1%, 64.0%, 57.1% and 72.7% (p = 0.009) and of the FNA 36.4%, 97.6%, 70.7%, 92.3% and 66.1% (p <0.001). Including only atypical lymph nodes on ultrasonography, we obtained respectively sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV of 50%, 94%, 69% 92% and 59% (p = 0.001). No FNA of lymph node classified as normal on ultrasonography had a positive result. With ROC curves analysis we obtained a cut-off value of cortical thickness of 2.65 mm (p <0.001) and pre-surgical tumor size of 2.45 cm (p = 0.042). In the multivariate analysis, the following characteristics were associated with lymph node metastasis: cortical thickness (p = 0.005), preoperative tumor size (p = 0.030), premenopausal status (p = 0.017), non-special histological type and tumor location in the upper outer quadrant (p = 0.011). A predictive model of axillary metastasis risk was constructed using these characteristics. In the 71 patients who underwent adjuvant treatment the only feature of the lymph node associated with lymph node metastasis was the round or irregular shape. The other results of this group cannot be generalized since it is not possible to separate the treatment effect in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary lymph nodes with diffuse cortical thickening and with partial or complete fatty hilum obliteration are associated with malignancy. FNA was more useful in atypical lymph nodes, with a sensitivity of 50%. Patients with positive FNA should be referred for axillary surgical dissection or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. There is no benefit of performing FNA in lymph nodes without changes in ultrasound

Nódulos tireoidianos são um problema clínico comum, com prevalência de 1 a 76% a depender do método de avaliação e da população estudada. Cerca de 7 a 15% deles são malignos, podendo corresponder ao Carcinoma Papilífero (CPT), Carcinoma Folicular (CFT), Carcinoma Medular (CMT) ou Carcinoma Anaplásico. Estudos epidemiológicos recentes mostram um aumento de incidência do câncer de tireoide (CT), sobretudo devido ao CPT. Na avaliação etiológica do nódulo tireoidiano, são utilizados principalmente a ultrassonografia e a análise citológica por punção aspirativa com agulha fina (PAAF). Os resultados citológicos em nosso meio são reportados de acordo com o Sistema Bethesda, onde cada categoria (I a VI) tem seu risco de malignidade estimado e a conduta clínica recomendada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da citologia de nódulos tireoidianos em um grupo populacional na região nordeste do estado de São Paulo, correspondente ao DRS VIII: quantificar os resultados pertencentes a cada categoria Bethesda e correlacionar com achados de tireoidectomia; calcular a prevalência do CT na amostra estudada; calcular o tempo entre a citologia e a cirurgia e verificar diferenças entre os tipos de assistência à saúde. Foram coletados dados de identificação, resultados de citologia dos nódulos e anatomopatológico das tireoidectomias do ano de 2014 nos três laboratórios de patologia do município de Franca, responsáveis por uma ampla cobertura local e regional, o que resultou numa amostra de 597 pacientes, 803 nódulos avaliados e 127 cirurgias. Dos 597 pacientes, 229 (38,3%) realizaram a PAAF utilizando o SUS, 312 (52,3%) a Saúde Suplementar (SS) e 56 (9,4%) foram exames particulares; 215 nódulos (26,7%) tiveram tamanho desconhecido e dos 588 nódulos com tamanho conhecido, o tamanho médio foi 1,8 cm (1,8 ± 1,2). Os resultados da citologia foram: Bethesda I 135 (16,8%); Bethesda II 475 (59,2%); Bethesda III 107 (13,3%); Bethesda IV 32 (4%); Bethesda V 20 (2,5%); Bethesda VI 34 (4,2%). Dos nódulos avaliados, 65,9% tiveram citologia B II, B V e B VI e 34,1% tiveram citologias B I, B III e B IV. Foram realizadas 127 tireoidectomias em 125 pacientes. De 210 nódulos operados, foi possível fazer a correlação entre a citologia e o laudo antomopatológico em 162 deles. Foram identificadas diferenças entre os sistemas público e privado na avaliação e tratamento da doença nodular tireoidiana na amostra. O tempo entre a citologia e cirurgia, o tamanho dos nódulos avaliados pela PAAF e dos nódulos operados foi maior em pacientes tratados pelo SUS. O principal motivo desta diferença seria a dificuldade de acesso a consultas especializadas, exames diagnósticos e cirurgias no SUS. A prevalência de CT na amostra foi 9,2% (55/597: 51 CPT, 3 CFT minimamente invasivos e 1 CMT), semelhante à descrita na literatura. 16/55 (29%) dos pacientes com CT, tiveram CPT menores que 1 cm. A citologia teve sensibilidade de 95%, especificidade de 50% e acurácia de 67,8% na detecção do CT. Este estudo confirmou que a citologia é um bom teste de triagem para CT em suas categorias B II, B V e B VI. Porém, existe grande limitação de desempenho da citologia nas categorias B I, B III e B IV, o que reforça a necessidade de combinação de testes diagnósticos como a US e os testes moleculares. / Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, with prevalence of 1 to 76% depending on the method of evaluation and the population studied. About 7 to 15% of them are malignant, and may correspond to Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC), Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC), Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) or Anaplastic Carcinoma. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), mainly due to PTC. Ultrasound scanning and cytological analysis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) are used for the etiologic evaluation of thyroid nodules. In Brazil, cytological results are reported according to the Bethesda System, which estimates the risk of malignancy of each category (I to VI) and recommends the clinical management. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of FNA of thyroid nodules in a population group from the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo corresponding to DRS VIII; to quantify the results for each Bethesda category and to correlate them with thyroidectomy findings; to calculate the prevalence of TC in the sample studied, to calculate the time between cytology and surgery and to determine differences between the types of health care. Identification data, nodule cytology and anatomopathological diagnosis of thyroidectomies performed in 2014 were collected from three pathology laboratories in the city of Franca, responsible for a wide local and regional coverage, which resulted in a sample of 597 patients, 803 nodules evaluated and 127 surgeries. Taking all the 597 patients into consideration, 229 (38.3%) were submitted to FNA using the Unified Health System (SUS), 312 (52.3%) using the supplementary health (SS) and 56 (9.4%) were private examinations; 215 nodules (26.7%) were of unknown size and the mean size of 588 nodules of known size was 1.8 cm (1.8 ± 1.2). The results of FNA were Bethesda I 135 (16.8%); Bethesda II 475 (59.2%); Bethesda III 107 (13.3%); Bethesda IV 32 (4%); Bethesda V 20 (2.5%); Bethesda VI 34 (4.2%). Of the nodules evaluated, 65.9% had cytology B II, B V and B VI and 34.1% had cytologies B I, B III and B IV. A total of 127 thyroidectomies were performed in 125 patients. For 162 of the 210 operated nodules it was possible to correlate the cytology and anatomopathological results. Differences between the public and private systems were identified in the evaluation and treatment of thyroid nodular disease in the sample. The time between cytology and surgery, the size of the nodules assessed by FNA and the operated nodules were higher for the SUS cases. The main reason for this difference could be the difficulty in accessing specialized consultations, diagnostic exams and surgeries in SUS. The prevalence of TC in the sample was 9.2% (55/597: 51 PTC, 3 minimally invasive FTC and 1 MTC), similar to that described in the literature. 16/55 (29%) of TC patients had PTC less than 1 cm. Cytology showed 95% sensitivity, 50% specificity and 67.8% accuracy for the detection of TC. This study confirmed that cytology is a good screening test for CT in its B II, B V and B VI categories. However, the performance of cytology is greatly limited in categories B I, B III and B IV, supporting the need for a combination of diagnostic tests such as US and molecular tests.

Nódulos tireoidianos são um problema clínico comum, com prevalência de 1 a 76% a depender do método de avaliação e da população estudada. Cerca de 7 a 15% deles são malignos, podendo corresponder ao Carcinoma Papilífero (CPT), Carcinoma Folicular (CFT), Carcinoma Medular (CMT) ou Carcinoma Anaplásico. Estudos epidemiológicos recentes mostram um aumento de incidência do câncer de tireoide (CT), sobretudo devido ao CPT. Na avaliação etiológica do nódulo tireoidiano, são utilizados principalmente a ultrassonografia e a análise citológica por punção aspirativa com agulha fina (PAAF). Os resultados citológicos em nosso meio são reportados de acordo com o Sistema Bethesda, onde cada categoria (I a VI) tem seu risco de malignidade estimado e a conduta clínica recomendada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade da citologia de nódulos tireoidianos em um grupo populacional na região nordeste do estado de São Paulo, correspondente ao DRS VIII: quantificar os resultados pertencentes a cada categoria Bethesda e correlacionar com achados de tireoidectomia; calcular a prevalência do CT na amostra estudada; calcular o tempo entre a citologia e a cirurgia e verificar diferenças entre os tipos de assistência à saúde. Foram coletados dados de identificação, resultados de citologia dos nódulos e anatomopatológico das tireoidectomias do ano de 2014 nos três laboratórios de patologia do município de Franca, responsáveis por uma ampla cobertura local e regional, o que resultou numa amostra de 597 pacientes, 803 nódulos avaliados e 127 cirurgias. Dos 597 pacientes, 229 (38,3%) realizaram a PAAF utilizando o SUS, 312 (52,3%) a Saúde Suplementar (SS) e 56 (9,4%) foram exames particulares; 215 nódulos (26,7%) tiveram tamanho desconhecido e dos 588 nódulos com tamanho conhecido, o tamanho médio foi 1,8 cm (1,8 ± 1,2). Os resultados da citologia foram: Bethesda I 135 (16,8%); Bethesda II 475 (59,2%); Bethesda III 107 (13,3%); Bethesda IV 32 (4%); Bethesda V 20 (2,5%); Bethesda VI 34 (4,2%). Dos nódulos avaliados, 65,9% tiveram citologia B II, B V e B VI e 34,1% tiveram citologias B I, B III e B IV. Foram realizadas 127 tireoidectomias em 125 pacientes. De 210 nódulos operados, foi possível fazer a correlação entre a citologia e o laudo antomopatológico em 162 deles. Foram identificadas diferenças entre os sistemas público e privado na avaliação e tratamento da doença nodular tireoidiana na amostra. O tempo entre a citologia e cirurgia, o tamanho dos nódulos avaliados pela PAAF e dos nódulos operados foi maior em pacientes tratados pelo SUS. O principal motivo desta diferença seria a dificuldade de acesso a consultas especializadas, exames diagnósticos e cirurgias no SUS. A prevalência de CT na amostra foi 9,2% (55/597: 51 CPT, 3 CFT minimamente invasivos e 1 CMT), semelhante à descrita na literatura. 16/55 (29%) dos pacientes com CT, tiveram CPT menores que 1 cm. A citologia teve sensibilidade de 95%, especificidade de 50% e acurácia de 67,8% na detecção do CT. Este estudo confirmou que a citologia é um bom teste de triagem para CT em suas categorias B II, B V e B VI. Porém, existe grande limitação de desempenho da citologia nas categorias B I, B III e B IV, o que reforça a necessidade de combinação de testes diagnósticos como a US e os testes moleculares. / Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, with prevalence of 1 to 76% depending on the method of evaluation and the population studied. About 7 to 15% of them are malignant, and may correspond to Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC), Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC), Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) or Anaplastic Carcinoma. Recent epidemiological studies have shown an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer (TC), mainly due to PTC. Ultrasound scanning and cytological analysis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) are used for the etiologic evaluation of thyroid nodules. In Brazil, cytological results are reported according to the Bethesda System, which estimates the risk of malignancy of each category (I to VI) and recommends the clinical management. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of FNA of thyroid nodules in a population group from the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo corresponding to DRS VIII; to quantify the results for each Bethesda category and to correlate them with thyroidectomy findings; to calculate the prevalence of TC in the sample studied, to calculate the time between cytology and surgery and to determine differences between the types of health care. Identification data, nodule cytology and anatomopathological diagnosis of thyroidectomies performed in 2014 were collected from three pathology laboratories in the city of Franca, responsible for a wide local and regional coverage, which resulted in a sample of 597 patients, 803 nodules evaluated and 127 surgeries. Taking all the 597 patients into consideration, 229 (38.3%) were submitted to FNA using the Unified Health System (SUS), 312 (52.3%) using the supplementary health (SS) and 56 (9.4%) were private examinations; 215 nodules (26.7%) were of unknown size and the mean size of 588 nodules of known size was 1.8 cm (1.8 ± 1.2). The results of FNA were Bethesda I 135 (16.8%); Bethesda II 475 (59.2%); Bethesda III 107 (13.3%); Bethesda IV 32 (4%); Bethesda V 20 (2.5%); Bethesda VI 34 (4.2%). Of the nodules evaluated, 65.9% had cytology B II, B V and B VI and 34.1% had cytologies B I, B III and B IV. A total of 127 thyroidectomies were performed in 125 patients. For 162 of the 210 operated nodules it was possible to correlate the cytology and anatomopathological results. Differences between the public and private systems were identified in the evaluation and treatment of thyroid nodular disease in the sample. The time between cytology and surgery, the size of the nodules assessed by FNA and the operated nodules were higher for the SUS cases. The main reason for this difference could be the difficulty in accessing specialized consultations, diagnostic exams and surgeries in SUS. The prevalence of TC in the sample was 9.2% (55/597: 51 PTC, 3 minimally invasive FTC and 1 MTC), similar to that described in the literature. 16/55 (29%) of TC patients had PTC less than 1 cm. Cytology showed 95% sensitivity, 50% specificity and 67.8% accuracy for the detection of TC. This study confirmed that cytology is a good screening test for CT in its B II, B V and B VI categories. However, the performance of cytology is greatly limited in categories B I, B III and B IV, supporting the need for a combination of diagnostic tests such as US and molecular tests.

INTRODUÇÃO: O status linfonodal da axila ainda permanece como importante fator prognóstico em pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. Muitos estudos já relataram a importância da ultrassonografia axilar e da punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) na avaliação pré-operatória das pacientes com câncer de mama. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar as características ultrassonográficas dos linfonodos axilares relacionadas à metástase linfonodal e o papel da PAAF na avaliação pré-operatória de pacientes com câncer de mama. Nosso objetivo secundário foi avaliar se, dependendo das características dos tumores, linfonodos sem alterações na ultrassonografia poderiam ter comprometimento metastático. MÉTODOS: Este estudo foi realizado no Instituto de Radiologia e no Instituto do Câncer do HCFMUSP. Foram incluídas 182 pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo recém-diagnosticado, sendo que, destas, apenas 145 realizaram cirurgia - 74 prosseguiram direto para cirurgia e 71 realizaram tratamento neoadjuvante e após cirurgia. Foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica da axila ipsilateral ao tumor e punção aspirativa por agulha fina de um linfonodo selecionado pelo radiologista. Os dados ultrassonográficos dos linfonodos e os achados citológicos da PAAF foram correlacionados com os resultados anatomopatológicos da biópsia do linfonodo sentinela ou do esvaziamento axilar. RESULTADOS: Nas 74 pacientes (75 axilas) que não realizaram tratamento neoadjuvante, as características ultrassonográficas do linfonodo associadas à metástase na análise univariada foram espessamento cortical difuso e a obliteração parcial ou completa do hilo gorduroso. A sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) da ultrassonografia foram, respectivamente, 72,7%, 57,1%, 64,0%, 57,1% e 72,7% (p=0,009), e da PAAF: 36,4%, 97,6%, 70,7%, 92,3% e 66,1% (p < 0,001). Incluindo apenas linfonodos alterados na ultrassonografia, obtivemos, respectivamente, sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, VPP e VPN de 50%, 94%, 69%, 92% 59% (p=0,001). Nenhuma PAAF de linfonodo classificado como normal na ultrassonografia teve resultado positivo. Obtivemos, nas análises das curvas ROC, um valor de corte da espessura da cortical de 2,65 mm (p < 0,001) e do tamanho do tumor pré-cirúrgico de 2,45 cm (p=0,042). Na análise multivariada, as seguintes características foram associadas à metástase linfonodal: espessura da cortical (p = 0,005), tamanho do tumor pré-cirúrgico (p = 0,030), status pré-menopausa (p = 0,017), tipo histológico não especial (p = 0,034) e localização do tumor no quadrante superolateral (p = 0,011). Construiu-se um modelo de predição de risco de metástase axilar usando estas características. Nas 71 pacientes que realizaram tratamento adjuvante, a única característica do linfonodo associada à metástase linfonodal foi a forma redonda ou irregular. Os demais resultados deste grupo não podem ser generalizados, pois não é possível separar o efeito do tratamento nesta população. CONCLUSÕES: Linfonodos axilares com espessamento cortical difuso e com obliteração parcial ou completa do hilo gorduroso estão associados à malignidade. A PAAF apresentou-se mais útil nos linfonodos alterados, com sensibilidade de 50%. Pacientes com PAAF positivas devem ser encaminhadas para esvaziamento axilar ou quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Não há benefício da realização da PAAF em linfonodos sem alterações na ultrassonografia / BACKGROUND: The lymph node status of the axilla remains an important prognostic factor in patients with invasive breast cancer. Many studies have already reported the importance of axillary ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration (FNA) in the preoperative evaluation of patients with breast cancer. Our objectives were to evaluate the ultrasound characteristics of axillary lymph nodes related to lymph node metastasis and the role of FNA in the preoperative evaluation of patients with breast cancer. Our secondary objective was to assess whether, depending on the tumor characteristics, lymph nodes that showed no change on ultrasonography could have metastatic involvement. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Institute of Radiology and the Institute of Cancer of HCFMUSP. A total of 182 patients with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer were included, of whom only 145 had undergone surgery - 74 went straight to surgery and 71 underwent neoadjuvant treatment and after surgery. Ultrasound evaluation of the axilla ipsilateral to the tumor and fine needle aspiration of a lymph node selected by the radiologist were performed. The ultrasound data of the lymph nodes and the cytological findings of FNA were correlated with pathology results from sentinel lymph node biopsy or surgical dissection. RESULTS: In the 74 patients (75 axillae) who did not undergo neoadjuvant treatment, the ultrasound characteristics of the lymph nodes associated with metastasis in the univariate analysis were diffuse cortical thickening and partial or complete fatty hilum obliteration. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of ultrasound were respectively 72.7%, 57.1%, 64.0%, 57.1% and 72.7% (p = 0.009) and of the FNA 36.4%, 97.6%, 70.7%, 92.3% and 66.1% (p <0.001). Including only atypical lymph nodes on ultrasonography, we obtained respectively sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV of 50%, 94%, 69% 92% and 59% (p = 0.001). No FNA of lymph node classified as normal on ultrasonography had a positive result. With ROC curves analysis we obtained a cut-off value of cortical thickness of 2.65 mm (p <0.001) and pre-surgical tumor size of 2.45 cm (p = 0.042). In the multivariate analysis, the following characteristics were associated with lymph node metastasis: cortical thickness (p = 0.005), preoperative tumor size (p = 0.030), premenopausal status (p = 0.017), non-special histological type and tumor location in the upper outer quadrant (p = 0.011). A predictive model of axillary metastasis risk was constructed using these characteristics. In the 71 patients who underwent adjuvant treatment the only feature of the lymph node associated with lymph node metastasis was the round or irregular shape. The other results of this group cannot be generalized since it is not possible to separate the treatment effect in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Axillary lymph nodes with diffuse cortical thickening and with partial or complete fatty hilum obliteration are associated with malignancy. FNA was more useful in atypical lymph nodes, with a sensitivity of 50%. Patients with positive FNA should be referred for axillary surgical dissection or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. There is no benefit of performing FNA in lymph nodes without changes in ultrasound

Objective: In this study, the efficiency of telemedical consulting with regard to fine needle aspirates from space-occupying lesions (SOLs) of the liver is investigated for the first time. Study Design: The study includes fine needle aspirations from 62 patients, 33 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 29 with non-hepatic tumors. Using the Internetbased iPath system, the initial pathologist submitted 1–8 images from smears and cell block sections. One consultant assessed the cytological and another one the histological images. Both made their diagnoses independent of each other. A final diagnosis was made by immunochemistry of cell block sections. The cytological images were analyzed retrospectively for the occurrence of the most typical HCC indicators. The number of these indicators was related to the initial diagnoses of the three pathologists, and possible reasons for diagnostic errors were analyzed based on this analysis. Results: The accuracy of the preliminary telemedical diagnoses regarding HCC was 82.0% for the cytological images and 87.7% for the histological images. Most of the false diagnoses occurred in tumors with unusual cytological and histological patterns. Conclusions: Telemedical consulting is a valuable tool to obtain a second opinion. However, for improvement of the diagnosis of HCC, supplementary immunochemical tests are necessary.

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