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Avaliação do impacto à saúde causado pela queima prévia de palha de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo / Evaluation of the health impact caused by the pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw in the State of São PauloParaiso, Maria Leticia de Souza 12 December 2013 (has links)
O etanol de cana-de-açúcar se consolida como combustível renovável, o que promove nova expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e, principalmente, no Estado de São Paulo. Como a queima prévia controlada da palha de cana-de-açúcar ainda é considerada uma prática agrícola necessária para a viabilização econômica da colheita, em mais de 70% dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo a população é obrigada a conviver com essa poluição. Para estudar a distribuição desse fator de risco e sua relação com a saúde, realizei um estudo epidemiológico ecológico nos 645 municípios de São Paulo. Usei um modelo Bayesiano de regressão multivariada relacionando os efeitos na saúde com a exposição à queima prévia da palha de cana-de-açúcar, sendo controlados os efeitos das variações socioeconômicas (saneamento, educação e renda) e climáticas (temperatura máxima, umidade mínima e precipitação), através da inserção das mesmas no modelo. O efeito sobre a saúde foi medido por meio da Razão de Mortalidade e Morbidade Padronizada (RMP) dos desfechos: óbitos por doenças respiratórias nas faixas etárias acima de 65 anos e internações por doença respiratória, nas faixas etárias menores de 5 anos e acima de 65 anos de cada um dos municípios. Usei como medida de exposição à queima prévia dados obtidos no INPE: percentual da área de cana colhida com queima (PMQ), níveis médios de Aerossol e Focos de queima, testadas separadamente. Para resolver a autocorrelação entre os dados, estes foram considerados conforme sua disposição espacial, através da construção de uma matriz de vizinhança dos 645 municípios do Estado. Utilizei o método de simulação de Monte Carlo via Cadeias de Markov (MCMC) para \'suavizar\' as estimativas da RMP. A análise demonstrou que existe associação entre a queima prévia da palha de cana-de-açúcar e a ocorrência de doenças respiratórias, porque o aumento nos focos de queima (Focos) esteve associado significativamente com o aumento das internações por doenças respiratórias, na faixa etária de menores de cinco anos. Os resultados mostraram que a queima prévia da palha da cana-de-açúcar oferece efetivamente risco à saúde da população e, adicionados aos mapas coropléticos gerados, oferecem subsídios para a vigilância epidemiológica e contribuem para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas para controle da poluição do ar, que contemplem além dos grandes centros urbanos, os pequenos municípios. A eliminação desse fator de risco deve fazer parte das medidas primordiais de prevenção à saúde a serem adotadas no Estado / Ethanol from sugarcane is consolidated as a renewable fuel which promotes further expansion of the culture of sugarcane in Brazil and especially in the State of São Paulo. As the controlled pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw is still considered an agricultural practice necessary for the economic viability of this crop in more than 70% of municipalities in the State of São Paulo the population is forced to live with this pollution. To study the distribution of this risk factor and its relationship with the health of the population, I conducted an ecological study in the 645 municipalities of São Paulo. I used a Bayesian multivariate regression model relating the health effects and the exposure to previous straw burning of sugarcane, controlling the effects of socioeconomic factors (sanitation, education and income) and climate (maximum temperature, minimum humidity and precipitation) by the insertion of these variables in the model. The effect on health was measured by Standardized Mortality and Morbidity Ratio (SMR) of the outcomes: deaths from respiratory diseases in the age group above 65 years old and admissions for respiratory disease in children less than 5 years old and above 65 years old of each of the municipalities. I used as a measure of exposure to the pre-harvest burning data obtained at INPE: percent of sugarcane area harvest with burning (PMQ), levels of Aerosol and Spotlights of burning, tested separately. To solve the autocorrelation in the data these were considered as their spatial arrangement, by building a neighborhood matrix of the 645 municipalities in the state. I used the Markov Chain-Monte Carlo simulation method (MCMC) to \'soften\' the estimates of the SMR. The analysis showed that there is an association between previous straw burning of sugarcane and respiratory diseases, because the increase in outbreaks of burning (Spotlights) was significantly associated with increased hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children aged under five years old. The results show that the previous straw burning of sugarcane effectively offers health risk to the population and added to the choropleth maps generated provide valuable information for epidemiological surveillance and contribute to the establishment of public policies for the control of air pollution, which should contemplate beyond the major urban centers, the small towns. The elimination of this risk factor should be part of a primordial prevention measure to be taken in the state
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Avaliação do impacto à saúde causado pela queima prévia de palha de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo / Evaluation of the health impact caused by the pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw in the State of São PauloMaria Leticia de Souza Paraiso 12 December 2013 (has links)
O etanol de cana-de-açúcar se consolida como combustível renovável, o que promove nova expansão da cultura da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil e, principalmente, no Estado de São Paulo. Como a queima prévia controlada da palha de cana-de-açúcar ainda é considerada uma prática agrícola necessária para a viabilização econômica da colheita, em mais de 70% dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo a população é obrigada a conviver com essa poluição. Para estudar a distribuição desse fator de risco e sua relação com a saúde, realizei um estudo epidemiológico ecológico nos 645 municípios de São Paulo. Usei um modelo Bayesiano de regressão multivariada relacionando os efeitos na saúde com a exposição à queima prévia da palha de cana-de-açúcar, sendo controlados os efeitos das variações socioeconômicas (saneamento, educação e renda) e climáticas (temperatura máxima, umidade mínima e precipitação), através da inserção das mesmas no modelo. O efeito sobre a saúde foi medido por meio da Razão de Mortalidade e Morbidade Padronizada (RMP) dos desfechos: óbitos por doenças respiratórias nas faixas etárias acima de 65 anos e internações por doença respiratória, nas faixas etárias menores de 5 anos e acima de 65 anos de cada um dos municípios. Usei como medida de exposição à queima prévia dados obtidos no INPE: percentual da área de cana colhida com queima (PMQ), níveis médios de Aerossol e Focos de queima, testadas separadamente. Para resolver a autocorrelação entre os dados, estes foram considerados conforme sua disposição espacial, através da construção de uma matriz de vizinhança dos 645 municípios do Estado. Utilizei o método de simulação de Monte Carlo via Cadeias de Markov (MCMC) para \'suavizar\' as estimativas da RMP. A análise demonstrou que existe associação entre a queima prévia da palha de cana-de-açúcar e a ocorrência de doenças respiratórias, porque o aumento nos focos de queima (Focos) esteve associado significativamente com o aumento das internações por doenças respiratórias, na faixa etária de menores de cinco anos. Os resultados mostraram que a queima prévia da palha da cana-de-açúcar oferece efetivamente risco à saúde da população e, adicionados aos mapas coropléticos gerados, oferecem subsídios para a vigilância epidemiológica e contribuem para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas para controle da poluição do ar, que contemplem além dos grandes centros urbanos, os pequenos municípios. A eliminação desse fator de risco deve fazer parte das medidas primordiais de prevenção à saúde a serem adotadas no Estado / Ethanol from sugarcane is consolidated as a renewable fuel which promotes further expansion of the culture of sugarcane in Brazil and especially in the State of São Paulo. As the controlled pre-harvest burning of sugarcane straw is still considered an agricultural practice necessary for the economic viability of this crop in more than 70% of municipalities in the State of São Paulo the population is forced to live with this pollution. To study the distribution of this risk factor and its relationship with the health of the population, I conducted an ecological study in the 645 municipalities of São Paulo. I used a Bayesian multivariate regression model relating the health effects and the exposure to previous straw burning of sugarcane, controlling the effects of socioeconomic factors (sanitation, education and income) and climate (maximum temperature, minimum humidity and precipitation) by the insertion of these variables in the model. The effect on health was measured by Standardized Mortality and Morbidity Ratio (SMR) of the outcomes: deaths from respiratory diseases in the age group above 65 years old and admissions for respiratory disease in children less than 5 years old and above 65 years old of each of the municipalities. I used as a measure of exposure to the pre-harvest burning data obtained at INPE: percent of sugarcane area harvest with burning (PMQ), levels of Aerosol and Spotlights of burning, tested separately. To solve the autocorrelation in the data these were considered as their spatial arrangement, by building a neighborhood matrix of the 645 municipalities in the state. I used the Markov Chain-Monte Carlo simulation method (MCMC) to \'soften\' the estimates of the SMR. The analysis showed that there is an association between previous straw burning of sugarcane and respiratory diseases, because the increase in outbreaks of burning (Spotlights) was significantly associated with increased hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in children aged under five years old. The results show that the previous straw burning of sugarcane effectively offers health risk to the population and added to the choropleth maps generated provide valuable information for epidemiological surveillance and contribute to the establishment of public policies for the control of air pollution, which should contemplate beyond the major urban centers, the small towns. The elimination of this risk factor should be part of a primordial prevention measure to be taken in the state
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Assessment and analysis of wildfires with the aid of Remote Sensing and GISVorster, Willem Adriaan 12 1900 (has links)
Wildfires destroy large tracts of veld and forest land every year in South Africa. These fires can be devastating, resulting in loss of human lives, the destruction of property and the loss of income, for example the forest fire in the Sabie district in Mpumalanga in 2007 which destroyed about 7% of South Africa’s forested areas. There are frequently legal disputes with respect to the origin of wildfires, the extent of the fire and the land cover destroyed by the fires.
The forensic capabilities of remote sensing in detecting and analysing post-wildfire characteristics have become an important contribution towards solving such legal disputes and in understanding wildfire characteristics. These post fire products can be used as evidence in court cases. Most of the time those court cases came up a few years after the fire event. By then, little or no evidence can be found on the terrain where the fire was. Remote sensing archives provide a reliable source of data that can be used to analyse these events after these long intervals.
The objective of this project is to highlight the methods used to generate these post-wildfire analysis products. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
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Impact of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on spatio-temporal fire distribution in the Brazilian AmazonCano Crespo, Ana 17 February 2023 (has links)
Das Amazonasgebiet hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine Intensivierung der menschlichen Aktivitäten erfahren, die in Verbindung mit häufigen schweren Dürren die Umwelt anfälliger für Brände gemacht hat. In dieser Dissertation wurden Fernerkundungsdaten analysiert, um die räumlich-zeitliche Verteilung der Feuer in den letzten 20 Jahren im brasilianischen Amazonasgebiet umfassend zu untersuchen und die verschiedenen Brandursachen zu entschlüsseln.
(I) Die erste Forschungsarbeit wertete die Verteilung der verbrannten Fläche aus und zeigte, dass die meisten Brände auf bewirtschafteten Weiden und in den immergrünen Tropenwäldern auftraten, was die Behauptung stützt, dass ihr Auftreten stark auf anthropogene Landnutzungsänderungen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass weder Entwaldung noch Walddegradierung mit Waldbränden korrelierte, wohl aber Feuer, die auf Weiden oder Ackerflächen gelegt wurden und in den angrenzenden Wald übergesprungen sind. (II) Die zweite Forschungsarbeit analysierte einzelne Brände, die durch den auf komplexen Netzwerken basierenden FireTracks-Algorithmus identifiziert wurden. Der Algorithmus wurde verwendet, um Feuerregime für sechs verschiedene Landnutzungsklassen zu ermitteln. Die integrierte Größe, Dauer, Intensität und Ausbreitungsrate dieser räumlich-zeitlichen Brandcluster in den verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen zeigte auf, wie seltene Waldbrände, die natürlicherweise nicht in immergrünen tropischen Wäldern vorkommen, sich zu einem Feuerregime entwickelten, das für Savannenbrände typisch ist. (III) Die dritte Forschungsarbeit analysierte extreme, d. h. die intensivsten Einzelfeuer in immergrünen tropischen Wäldern, und zeigte deren großen Anteil an der insgesamt verbrannten Waldfläche. Während der globale Klimawandel das Potenzial hat, die Trockenheit zu verstärken, sind die anthropogenen Ursachen der Waldzerstörung die Zündquellen, die die Verteilung extremer Brände in den empfindlichen tropischen Wäldern bestimmen. / The Amazon region has experienced an intensification of human activities in the last decades, which combined with frequent severe droughts has led to an environment more susceptible to fire. Remotely sensed data is employed to comprehensively analyse the spatio-temporal fire distribution in the Brazilian Legal Amazon over the past 20 years to disentangle the diverse fire drivers in the region. Special focus is given to burned tropical evergreen forests.
(I) The evaluation of the burned area distribution revealed that most of it occurred in pastures and tropical evergreen forests, supporting the claim that fire incidence responds strongly to anthropogenic land-use changes. The results also showed that neither deforestation nor degradation correlated with forest fires, but escaping fires from pastures and agriculture do. (II) The analysis of individual fires identified by the complex networks based FireTracks algorithm led to the characterization of six different land cover-dependent fire regimes (fire size, duration, intensity, and rate of spread), which uncovered how evergreen forest fires have escalated from being naturally rare to showing characteristics more typical of savanna fires. (III) The analysis of extreme (most intense) fires in evergreen forests showed their large contribution to the total forest burned. While global climate change has the potential to increase drought conditions, anthropogenic drivers of forest degradation provide the ignition sources that determine extreme fire distribution in the tropical forests.
The findings call for the development of control and monitoring plans to prevent fires from escaping from managed lands into forests, better management techniques to support effective land use and ecosystem management, targeting forest degradation in addition to deforestation, and considering the human factor in fire ignition and spread in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models in order to reduce uncertainty in fire regime projections.
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