In the beginning of my clinical education I got the chance to spend time in the school and act as a teacher in physical education. That made me learn a lot of different teaching methods sincerely because earlier years I’ve acted pupil.For me it’s important to pay attention on experiences and opinions on how teachers and pupils are reacting to different teaching methods so I later on can teach pupils on a effective way as a future physical teacher. The purpose with my investigation is to investigate physical educated teachers in Varmland and two pupils in the ninth grade to take part from their experiences and opinions related to integrated groups respective mixed groups.I’ve investigated this through interviews with teachers in physical education as well as pupils to obtain detailed and depth to the answers that were given related to my purpose. The result from my investigations meant that teachers in physical education as well as pupils have different opinions about different theoretical concepts.One of the schools are using integrated groups because it’s traditional whilst the other school is using mixed groups because it’s important for the future so they can be interacting with different genders.

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur fem tonårstjejer (13 - 19 år) som för närvarande inte är aktiva i en idrottsförening uppfattar organiserad idrott och idrottande i förening. Frågeställningarna är: Varför är inte dessa tonårstjejer aktiva inom föreningsidrotten? Vilka faktorer påverkar viljan att delta i föreningsidrott? Hur förhåller sig dessa fem tjejer till organiserad idrott som fenomen? Metod Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer om vardera cirka trettio minuter genomfördes. Bekvämlighetsurval användes som metod för att med hjälp av sociala medier samt närstående efterfråga lämpliga informanter. Urvalskriterier var att tjejerna skulle vara mellan 13 - 19 år och för närvarande inte vara aktiva inom någon föreningsidrott. Resultat De olika anledningarna till att inte vara aktiv inom föreningsidrotten som framkommit i studien är ekonomi, geografi, toppning inom laget samt tidsbrist. Några faktorer som påverkar viljan att delta i föreningsidrott är en känsla av tvång, elitsatsning, tävlingsmoment, otrevlig fysisk och social miljö. Tjejerna i studien hade delade meningar, av vissa uppfattas idrottande som naturligt och roligt, av andra som alltför tävlings- och betygsinriktat. Hos vissa tjejer fanns en önskan om att delta i föreningsidrott i framtiden medan andra inte uttryckte någon sådan önskan. Samtliga informanter berättade att de var fysiskt aktiva på fritiden, dessa aktiviteter var bland annat gym, dans, hemmaträning och promenader. Slutsats Tjejer som inte är aktiva inom en idrottsförening har en överlag negativ bild av idrott i organiserad form men tycks trots detta vilja vara aktiva och träna även om de inte kan identifiera sig som en idrottsperson. Det framkommer en bild av att föreningsidrotten inte är anpassad för personer som vill satsa på skolan, eller inte vill elitsatsa.

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Thesis (MPH)--University of Limpopo, 2010. / Physical Ability Analysis (PAA) is a physical work capacity indicator for the health and wellbeing of the organisational workforce. Employees doing powerline work and similarly physically demanding positions are assessed using a battery of tests called the physical ability analysis (PAA), inclusive of a cardiovascular test component, a strength component for upper body and lower body, the endurance component, and a record of health problems. The results are classified into five categories that are indicative of their physical work ability. It is therefore crucial that a high level of physical capacity is maintained to ensure a sustainable workforce. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the physical ability and common health problems among powerline electricians in Eskom Distribution over time, and determine the extent to which variations, if any exist, could be explained by the socio-demographic characteristics, health problems or lifestyle habits. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of Eskom Distribution’s powerline electricians was done using occupational medical records found in the institutional database for the period of 2003, 2005 and 2008. Results: A total of 50 records meeting the selection criteria were analyzed. At the time of the study, the power line electricians were old as 94% of them were over 50 years old, overweight (46%), and suffering from chronic conditions such as hypertension (22%), diabetes (8%). In addition, 19% suffered from back injuries, 2% from knee injuries, while 32% smoked cigarettes. Given their health profile, they became sicker for longer periods as reflected by the increasing number of sick leave days (95% of the cases that took leave had hypertension). The physical ability levels improved from baseline (46%) to 62% in 2008. A shift of PAA2 participants in the 47 – 51year age group was the reason for the increase and the youngest group of electricians remained in PAA category 1 throughout the study period. Muscle function was a strong predictor for meeting the required physical ability level, most measurements that were significantly associated with physical ability score, leg strength, noted as the strongest predictor among them (OR 123.00; p = 0.00, 95% CI, 9.22-1573.00), followed by abdominal endurance (OR 43.49; p = 0.01, 95% CI, 2.49-786.13) and grip strength of the right hands, with similar odds to the abdominal strength (OR 41.00; p = 0.00, 95% CI, 3.65-461.04) with back strength at (OR 28.50; p = 0.01, 95% CI, 2.37-342.61). Conclusion: With regard to physical ability, the study concludes that age is a strong predictor for physical ability as the youngest group ( 49years old) of electricians remained in PAA1 throughout the study period, and were approximately four times likely to meet the required 12 physical ability standard than their older counterparts and that regular physical assessment and rehabilitation have been effective in maintaining the physical ability of electricians.

Thesis (MPH) -- University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. / Background: Evidence exists that supports the physiological and psychological benefits associated with regular physical activity. The Transtheoretical model (TTM) of the stages and processes of change has been used worldwide to understand how people change problem behaviour, such as Physical Inactivity, and correctly categorize people according to their readiness to change from being physically inactive to being active. This model (TTM) helps Health Promoters to implement awareness campaigns according to individual’s stage of exercise change. The overall aim of this study is to determine the predictive validity and effects of using Transtheoretical model to increase physical activity of health workers at Dr. George Mukhari Hospital in South Africa. Methods: Research design: A quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 200 subjects (both medical and non-medical staff) were randomly selected from the hospital staff. The following parameters were measured at baseline: TTM Stage (Questionnaire), fitness levels (step test), BMI (Electronic scale), attitude and knowledge (Questionnaire). Phase 11: impact evaluation; exposure levels; Phase 111: Knowledge; Attitude; TTM post intervention. The results were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 version and excel programs. Chi square test was used to analyse and calculate the p-value scores. Paired Sample t-test was used to compare means and binomial and multiple logistic regressions were used to calculate predictive validity of TTM. Results: Two hundred staff members with mean age of 43.12 and standard deviation of 10.75 were investigated. Baseline results showed that the majority of the participants were at Pre-Action stage (76%) and only 24% were at Action stage; with only 27% who had Normal weight and 73% Overweight and Obese. NCDs are common in many participants, with obese ones being more affected than normal staff. Nonmedical staff had poor knowledge compared to medical staff (p<.05). Majority of staff generally had positive attitude towards PA. There was a significant difference (p<.050) between males and females in each TTM stage, with more adult males being in Action/maintenance stages compared to adult females who were mainly at pre-action stages. Majority of older patients were obese (p<.05), had a good perception about their weight and at pre-action stages. Post intervention, Mean scores of TTM (3.699) and Knowledge (3.651) were significantly (p<.05) higher at post test. Both medical and nonmedical staff mainly used Environmental re-evaluation and Self re-evaluation as processes of behaviour change. Precontemplators only used 2 processes to change behaviour. Post intervention: high levels of exposure; Processes of Change, knowledge and attitude resulted in increased TTM stages of staff (p=.000). TTM, knowledge, attitude, process of change and level of exposure were used as predictors of behaviour change and significantly predicted success post test. Overall accuracies of TTM at pre-test could be classified correctly of TTM at post test by average 66.9 % for overall participants; 78.3% for medical staff and only 65% for non-medical staff. Thus the predictor (TTM1) had significant contribution to the outcome (TTM2). Conclusion: Obesity is a common problem and is predisposed by physical inactivity because the majority of staff is old, and this puts them at risk of inactivity-related chronic diseases of lifestyle. Level of physical activity was significantly associated with BMI and may be one of the most important risk factors associated with obesity among hospital staff. The use of TTM to identify the stage of PA of healthcare workers (HCW) has enabled the researcher to design intervention programs specific to the stage of exercise behaviour of staff. Thus the predictors (TTM1), exposure levels, knowledge, attitude and Processes of change have significant contribution to the outcome (TTM2).

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Introduction: The problem area in this essay is about Muslim girls' participation in school Physical Education (PE) and physical activity. According to various studies Muslim girls participate to a lesser extent in PE and physical activity in society.  Aim: The purpose of this literature study is to develop a broader understanding of how Muslim girls are included or excluded in physical activities at school as well as in society. The question that the study tries to answer is: What contextual conditions enable or limit the active participation of Muslim girls in physical education and physical activities in society? Method: This study is a literature review and includes a sample of 20 articles. The material was collected through various databases, such as ERIC (EBSCO), PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus.  Results: The results show that Muslims girls face several obstacles when trying to participate in PE and physical activity. The main findings were classified into three major categories: 1. "The impact of the family on the physical activity of Muslim girls", 2. "The conditions for Muslim girls to participate in school sports education", and 3. "gender stereotypes in connection with physical activity".  Conclusion: The conclusions reveal that the relationship between PE, physical activity and Muslim girls are very complex. There are tendencies for Muslim girls to be included and excluded from school sports and physical activity for various reasons. Some of the difficulties identified in this study include the dress-code, traditional gender norms in PE and physical activity and Muslim families setting guidelines for which sports lessons their girls may or may not participate in. Finally, the results show the importance of teachers in school having a good knowledge of Islam as well as a good relationship and communication with Muslim parents to contribute to an inclusive PE for Muslim girls.

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Abstract Because of the health consciousness has been arising in the recent years, more and more people pay much attention to the approaches of health maintenance. Therefore, the modern people who are occupied with plenty of works form their exercising habits in the fitness club which gradually becomes a trendy fashion in leisure and entertainment. In order to understand the business management models of the fitness industry, this research firstly focused on reviewing various rationales and historical documents and based on these rationales to identify the key successful factors to the management of the fitness industry. According to the research results, the key successful factors to the fitness club management are the service quality, product innovation and the quality of financial report. Therefore, the owners of the fitness club should give more weight to these three successful factors when considering and forming the management strategies. I¡¦ve been participating in the management of the fitness club for many years and am very interested in the relationships among the service quality, product innovation, financial management and the key successful factors of the management of the fitness club. Hopefully, through this research paper, we can have more understandings in the present situation and the future of the fitness industry in Taiwan. Keyword: Fitness club, AHP, KSF

Entrepreneur plays an important role in the success of start-up companies. According to the past research, the successful rate of entrepreneurial team is much higher than individual. Therefore, ¡§entrepreneurial team¡¨ becomes a significant topic in entrepreneurial research. However, scholars pay more attention on ¡§the complement of competence and resource between members of entrepreneurial team¡¨ rather than ¡§the different schema between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial partner.¡¨ In order to find out the schema difference, this research uses case study of qualitative research method, conducting in-depth interview towards 5 entrepreneurs and 12 entrepreneurial partners. After data coding and persistent thinking, we find 3 main schema differences between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial partner from the perspective of fitness landscape. They are differences in ¡§sight,¡¨ ¡§step¡¨ and ¡§principle.¡¨ For ¡§sight,¡¨ the environment evaluation of entrepreneur is relatively ¡§comprehensive,¡¨ ¡§long-tem¡¨ and ¡§sharp,¡¨ while it of entrepreneurial partner is ¡§partial,¡¨ ¡§short-term¡¨ and ¡§dull.¡¨ For ¡§step,¡¨ entrepreneur¡¦s manner of achieving goal is relatively ¡§risky¡¨ and ¡§hard-working,¡¨ while entrepreneurial partner¡¦s is ¡§conservative¡¨ and ¡§easy.¡¨ For ¡§principle,¡¨ entrepreneur¡¦s rationale of decision making is relatively ¡§finance-oriented,¡¨ while entrepreneurial partner¡¦s is ¡§technology-oriented.¡¨ Besides, the schema differences between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial partner will interact with each other, resulting in further schema change. Besides age and experience, the main factor leads to the schema differences between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial partner is the different ¡§structure¡¨ that entrepreneur and entrepreneurial partner are situated. This research points out the schema differences between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial partner. In practice, this research helps entrepreneur cultivate a better understanding in entrepreneur partner¡¦s schema to facilitate the cooperation and coordination between them. In management education, this research emphasizes the importance of schema cultivation beside technical training.