Ce mémoire analyse l’espérance du temps de fixation conditionnellement à ce qu’elle se produise et la probabilité de fixation d’un nouvel allèle mutant dans des populations soumises à différents phénomènes biologiques en uti- lisant l’approche des processus ancestraux. Tout d’abord, l’article de Tajima (1990) est analysé et les différentes preuves y étant manquantes ou incomplètes sont détaillées, dans le but de se familiariser avec les calculs du temps de fixa- tion. L’étude de cet article permet aussi de démontrer l’importance du temps de fixation sur certains phénomènes biologiques. Par la suite, l’effet de la sé- lection naturelle est introduit au modèle. L’article de Mano (2009) cite un ré- sultat intéressant quant à l’espérance du temps de fixation conditionnellement à ce que celle-ci survienne qui utilise une approximation par un processus de diffusion. Une nouvelle méthode utilisant le processus ancestral est présentée afin d’arriver à une bonne approximation de ce résultat. Des simulations sont faites afin de vérifier l’exactitude de la nouvelle approche. Finalement, un mo- dèle soumis à la conversion génique est analysé, puisque ce phénomène, en présence de biais, a un effet similaire à celui de la sélection. Nous obtenons finalement un résultat analytique pour la probabilité de fixation d’un nouveau mutant dans la population. Enfin, des simulations sont faites afin de détermi- nerlaprobabilitédefixationainsiqueletempsdefixationconditionnellorsque les taux sont trop grands pour pouvoir les calculer analytiquement. / The expected time for fixation given its occurrence, and the probability of fixa- tion of a new mutant allele in populations subject to various biological phe- nomena are analyzed using the approach of the ancestral process. First, the paper of Tajima (1990) is analyzed, and the missing or incomplete proofs are fully worked out in this Master thesis in order to familiarize ourselves with calculations of fixation times. Our study of Tajima’s paper helps to show the importance of the fixation time in some biological phenomena. Thereafter, we extend the work of Tajima (1990) by introducing the effect of natural selec- tion in the model. Using a diffusion approximation, the work of Mano (2009) provides an interesting result about the expected time of fixation given its oc- currence. We derived an alternative method that uses an ancestral process that approximates well Mani’s result. Simulations are made to verify the accuracy ofthenewapproach.Finally,onemodelsubjecttogeneconversionisanalyzed, since this phenomenon, in the presence of bias, has a similar effect as selection. We deduce an analytical result for the probability of fixation of a new mutant in the population. Finally, simulations are made to determine the probability of fixation and the time of fixation given its occurrence when rates are too large to be calculated analytically.

Forage growth in the subarctic is sub-optimal due to low soil nutrient levels. Forage crops in the Yukon Territory consistently require nitrogen (N) and phosphorus fertilization to meet plant requirements. Fertilization is expensive due to transportation costs and potentially harmful to the environment so alternative, more sustainable, sources of nutrients are being sought. Alfalfa is an alternative, but there is limited knowledge in the Yukon of the benefits and management of this crop as a replacement for fertilizer N. Experiments were carried out in south central Yukon during the 2005 and 2006 field seasons to examine the potential of co-inoculation of alfalfa with N-fixing Ensifer meliloti and phosphate-solubilizing Penicillium bilaii to increase the dry matter yield and N fixation of monoculture alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cv Peace and binary mixed alfalfa with smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) cv Carlton or timothy (Phleum pratense) cv Climax forage swards. Interactions between alfalfa inoculation and N fertilization and late season harvest treatments were assessed. The TagTeam® inoculant from Philom Bios was used as the rhizobium source which contains both Ensifer meliloti isolate NRG-34 and Penicillium bilaii isolate PB-50. Nitrogen fixation was determined using the total plant N difference method. Alfalfa growth and nodulation was successful in the trials. Inoculation had a positive impact on N fixation, whereas urea fertilizer at 25 kg N/ha had a negative impact in most cases. In the mixed alfalfa and smooth bromegrass stand there was a positive contribution from the alfalfa in both the establishment and second year with N fixation rates of up to 14 kg/ha. In the mixed timothy and alfalfa stand the N fixation reached 35 kg/ha in the establishment year and 102 kg/ha in the second year. In the establishment year the dry matter yield and N fixation of the TagTeam® inoculated, monoculture alfalfa plots were 3.1 t/ha and 77 kg N/ha. In the second year, the unharvested inoculated alfalfa treatment yielded 3.4 t/ha with N fixation of 66 kg/ha compared to the late harvest treatment which yielded only 1.5 t/ha and an N fixation rate of 20 kg/ha. The effects of the late season harvest are startling and reflect the importance of removing grazing animals during the fall to allow plant energy reserves to accumulate in the roots. Fertilizer N replacement is possible with the seeding of alfalfa into existing hay stands or in monoculture.

Darbe išsiaiškinus žemės sklypo ribos sampratą ir jos teisinį reglamentavimą nustatoma kas tai yra žemės sklypo riba.Vėliau įsigilinus į žemės sklypo ribos netikslumo sampratą ir palyginus ribų matavimus reglamentuojančių teisės aktų pokyčius laike, nustatoma kas tai yra žemės sklypo ribos netikslumas. Išnagrinėjus žemės valdymo sąvoką, ištyrus galimybę atsirasti nuosavybės teisei per valdymą ir apžvelgus žemės valdymo įrodinėjimo būdus, nustatoma kas tai yra žemės sklypo valdymas ir kokias pasekmes, bei rezultatus jis duoda. Išanalizavus faktinio žemės valdymo reikšmę atidalinant bendraturčių žem�� ir nustatant žemės sklypo ribą, pateikiama išvada ar žemės sklypų ribos gali būti nustatomos pagal faktiškai valdomus sklypus, kai pagal matavimo dokumentus riba nėra tiksli. / Lithuania had been occupied by the Soviet Union. At that time there was no private property in the Soviet Union and in Lithuania either. When Lithuania became independent its nation chose democracy. Private properties recognition in a legal level was very important part of a new independent countries life. This law branch had to be created almost from the very beginning. But this was not really true. Because it was decided in Lithuania to recognize and restore rights for those people whose property, or whose ancestors’ property had been nationalized by the Soviet Union. Also it was decided to regard those people possession who gained it from the Soviet Union, but who in fact hadn’t done anything wrong. Restoring old property rights Lithuanias legislators at the same time had constantly to integrate developing new ownership tendencies in the world into Lithuanias legal system in order not to get much behind the other countries. Adjusting all these goals was not easy. And there have been some mistakes. This is the main reason why property survey documents are often inaccurate in Lithuania now. The problem arose mostly because of changing laws regulating land and surveys too often. A situation when a boundary in the contiguous lands surveys doesn’t match with each other is quite often in Lithuania nowadays. It is declared, in Lithuanias Civil Code Section 4.45, part 1 that, when there is an argument between the owners because of the boundary of the contiguous lands, the court... [to full text]

It has been demonstrated that nitrogen fixation is a source of hydrogen (H2) to the ocean and therefore measurements of H2 concentrations may be used as a possible indicator of nitrogen fixation (Moore, Punshon, Mahaffey, & Karl, 2009). However, the limited number and sparse distribution of measurements of dissolved hydrogen and nitrogen fixation rates made in the open ocean in the past have made it difficult to quantify the relationship between them. Toward this end, a new method of equilibrating seawater samples for H2 measurement was employed along the 13,000 km Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT20) from UK to Chile, allowing H¬2 to be measured from underway samples every 3.5 minutes and thereby considerably increasing the number and resolution of H2 measurements made in the open ocean.These high-resolution measurements reveal two regions with high H¬2 concentrations, one in the North Atlantic and one in the South Atlantic.

Legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) via symbiotic biological N fixation where part of the N fixed by legumes can be transferred to non-legumes. Identification of genotypic variability for N transfer among different legume cultivars enables improving N transfer to non-legumes under mixed stands. Six diverse red clover (RC) cultivars which include three diploid (AC Christie, Tapani and CRS15) and three tetraploid (Tempus, CRS18, CRS39) were selected to evaluate genotypic variability for N transfer. The above RC cultivars were characterized for root hair deformation, nodulation, growth, and N uptake under different levels of N supply during the growing period and for starter N supply under in vitro conditions. Significant genotypic differences among the RC cultivars were found for the above attributes where the cultivars responded differently to N applications during early growth. The above RC cultivars were also evaluated for root exudate N content in the form of NO3--N, NH4+-N and dissolved organic N (DON) during early growth under in vitro conditions. Significant genotypic differences were found for root exudate inorganic and organic N content. In general, root exudate DON content was greater than the inorganic N content and positively correlated with average nodule dry weight and shoot N concentration. The NH4+-N and NO3--N content in root exudates were positively correlated with active nodule number and root growth parameters respectively. Nitrogen fixation, N transfer ability and soil N profiles of the above six RC cultivars were evaluated with bluegrass under field conditions for two post establishment years. Significant genotypic differences were found for N fixation and transfer but, these attributes were not associated with the ploidy nature of the selected RC cultivars. Generally, N transfer increased as the season and production year advanced. Soil mineral N and potential N leaching were affected differently by the RC cultivars included in this study under mixed stands, thus showing genotypic differences for soil N cycling. The results of investigations in this thesis highlight the dynamics of N flow between legumes and companion grasses and may assist in developing management protocols and plant breeding strategies to identify genotypes with efficient N cycling profiles.

Although carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas is a serious environmental concern, it remains a valuable C1 source if viable methods are available for its conversion into useful products. Herein, we present recent progress in the synthesis of aliphatic, aromatic, cyclic, and bicyclic beta-ketocarboxylic acids and the promising results from subsequent asymmetric hydrogenation to give beta-hydroxycarboxylic acids. For the synthesis of the beta-ketocarboxylic acids, we investigated the effects of temperature, reaction time, and amount of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU), which is a promoter for carbon-carbon bond formation with CO2. The highest-yielding conditions for this DBU-promoted carboxylation reaction were used to carboxylate a number of aliphatic and aromatic substrates. In order to determine whether the hydrogenation reaction will effectively compete with the in situ decarboxylation of the beta-ketocarboxylic acids, 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the rate of decarboxylation. The solvent, electronic, and steric effect on the rate of decarboxylation was investigated by testing a variety of beta-ketocarboxylic acids. Using œRuCl2{(S)-BINAP} catalyst precursor, we determined the effect that solvent, H2 pressure, base, and substrate substitution had on the enantioselectivity of the asymmetric hydrogenation. CH2Cl2 and MeOH were determined to be the best solvents because of the high hydrogenation selectivity, high enantioselectivity, and decreased reaction times. These standard conditions were used to hydrogenate the variety of aliphatic and aromatic beta-ketocarboxylic acids previously synthesized. Additional experiments, including deuterium labelling, were performed in an attempt to elucidate the hydrogenation mechanism and the actively hydrogenated tautomer. These results lead us to believe that different reaction pathways occur in protic versus aprotic solvents. The results discussed herein represent the first in depth investigation of transition metal catalyzed hydrogenation of beta-ketocarboxylic acids. These results are very encouraging because enantioselectivities greater than 99 % were achieved for multiple beta-keto acids. This synthesis is industrially advantageous due to the limited number of reactants required, their low-cost, and the potential for recycling unused materials. / Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2008-08-26 10:17:34.703

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The photocatalysts used were titanium peroxide and Degussa p25 TiO2 pretreated with H2O2. These photocatalysts were investigated by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. <span style="">&nbsp / </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "><o:p></o:p></span></p> </p>

Šiame darbe yra tyrinėjami binokuliniai akių fiksaciniai judesiai. Mūsų akys nuolat juda net jei mes sutelkiame dėmesį į objektą. Nors šie fiksaciniai akių judesiai yra aiškūs ir mes turėtumėme juos pastebėti – taip nėra. Periodiškai klaidžiodami akių judesiai, fiksacijos metu, atlieka priimtos vizualinės informacijos nuskaitymą. Fiksaciniai akių judesiai sumažina apibrėžto objekto krypties nustatymo tikslumą, jo taikymo normose, taigi šių judesių skvarbos galimybės yra išanalizuotos. Analizės metu nustatyta, kad abiejų akių dvimatė fiksacinių judesių sklaida horizantalės kryptimi yra 1.5-2 kartus mažesnė, nei vertikaliai. Dvimatės sklaidos skirtumai tarp kairės ir dešinės akių judesių yra žymiai mažesni nei sklaidos, kai matuojama kiekviena akis atskirai. Taip pat fiksacinių akių judesių skalida yra mažesnė, kai fiksacija yra sutelkiama į matomą tašką, lyginant su menamu objektu. Skirtumai tarp dvimatės fiksacinių akių judesių išsiskirstymo tikimybės, ir taikinio buvimo vietos yra ne daugiau kaip laipsnių. Standartinis nukrypimas kinta tik 10 proc., kai fiksuojamas taškas dedamas aukštyn arba žemyn, tačiau kinta net 100 proc, kai jis dedamas kairėje arba dešinėje. Fiksacinė akių judėjimo sklaida priklauso nuo psichologinio susitelkimo ar alkoholio vartojimo. / In this research binocular fixational eye movement were studied. Our eyes continually move even while we fix our gaze on an object. Although these fixational eye movements have a magnitude that should make them visible to us, we are unaware of them. Periodical drifting and flicking eye movements during fixation performs scanning of the perceived visual information. Fixational eye movements reduce an accuracy of the defined target direction in the target pointing tasks, therefore possibilities of filtering them was analyzed. It was found that for both eyes two-dimensional scatter of the fixational eye movements in the horizontal direction is 1.5-2 times smaller than in the vertical. Two-dimensional scatter of the differences of the right and left eyes movements are significantly smaller than scatter of the each eye measured separately. Scatter of the fixational eye movements is smaller when fixation is elicited to the visible spot in comparison to the imaginary target. Differences between means of the two-dimensional probability distribution of the fixational eye movements and the target directions stay within 10 min of arc. Standard deviations of the probability distributions changes only 10% when fixation spot is displaced up and down and changes 100% when it is displaced to the right and to the left. Scatter of the fixational eye movements is under the influence of the psychological concentration and influence of the alcohol of the operator.