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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Validation of computational fluid-structure interaction models by comparison with collapsible tube experiments

Scroggs, Richard A. January 2002 (has links)
The objective of this thesis was to assess the validity of the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) facilities in LS-DYNA for the analysis of highly deformable structures interacting with flowing viscous fluids. The collapsible tube experiment was chosen as a validation tool for FSI since its three-dimensional computational modelling would have been impossible if the viscous internal fluid flow were not considered. An explicit three-dimensional finite element model of a collapsible-tube was constructed and solved using LS-DYNA. The fully coupled model included internal fluid flow; external, inlet and outlet pressures; tube wall tension; pre-stressing; and contact. The finite element boundary conditions were taken as the recorded values of flow rate and pressure from a standard collapsible-tube experiment for both steady and unsteady flows. The predicted tube geometry in the steady LS-DYNA model showed good agreement with the experiment for operating points in the highly compliant region of the pressure-flow characteristic curve. The comparative position of the pinch at the outlet end differed by only 5.6% of the outlet diameter in the worst case. This analysis represents an advance on other published work in that previously no comparison with experiments have been drawn for FSI models involving high Reynolds number flowing viscous fluids interacting with highly deformable three dimensional structures. This analysis successfully made that comparison and the experimental and computational results have combined to form a more detailed picture of the collapsible-tube phenomenon by including detailed stress results of the tube walls and views of the internal fluid flow. The collapsible tube model exhibited uncertainty errors due to the use of a coarser than desirable mesh and a reduced fluid speed of sound. Although both these approximations caused significant error in the model both were necessary in order to achieve acceptable solution times. Because of these errors a thorough quantitative validation could not be achieved although LS-DYNA has been proven to be qualitatively accurate. Increases in computing speed are required before thorough quantitative validation of FSI can be achieved by comparison with the collapsible tube experiments.
2

Interactions entre l'écoulement des fluides, les réactions fluides-roches et la déformation : Application à la formation des épidosites océaniques de Troodos / Interactions between fluids flow, fluids-rocks reactions and deformation : Application to the formation of oceanic epidosites of Troodos

Coelho, Gabriel 11 December 2013 (has links)
A la base du complexe filonien, les fluides réagissent avec le diabase à 400°C et 400 bars pour former des épidosites (roches riches en épidote et quartz). Ces épidosites seraient liées aux dépôts des VMS. Les relations entre la mise en place des dykes, leur altération en épidosite et la déformation régionale restent mal comprises. Des expérimentations sur du métadiabase échantillonné dans le complexe de Troodos (Chypre) ont été réalisées pour, 1) contraindre les conditions P-T-fO2-composition du fluide de la réaction d’épidotisation et 2) quantifier les relations entre la perméabilité et la lithologie au cours de la déformation.A Troodos, deux grands types d’épidosite ont été observés: 1) une épidosite pénétrative au cœur des dykes et parallèle aux bordures figées et 2) des assemblages d'épidote et quartz sous présentant des fronts d'altération dans les joints de refroidissement ou sous forme de veines.De l’épidote a été synthétisée dans un autoclave statique avec un chauffage externe à 500°C et 2500 bars. Deux paramètres sont essentiels à l’épidotisation du métadiabase : la fugacité en oxygène et la composition du fluide (enrichi en Ca et Fe). Cependant, il y a un problème évident de nucléation à 400°C et 400 bars.Des mesures de perméabilité ont été réalisées dans un autoclave dynamique type Paterson par infiltration d’Ar et d’eau durant la déformation coaxiale. La perméabilité du métadiabase avant déformation est d'environ 10-20 m2. Après fracturation de l'échantillon, la perméabilité a augmenté jusqu'à 10-19 m2. En outre, la perméabilité de l’épidosite est d'environ 10-19 m2. Ce qui suggère que l’épidotisation génère de la porosité.Le problème principal est l’initiation de l’écoulement du fluide hydrothermale en raison de l'imperméabilité du diabase. Deux hypothèses sont proposées : 1) le fluide circule via les fractures et les fissures et 2) les fluides circulent dans une roche à l’état subsolidus (importance du dégazage). / In the deepest zone of oceanic crust, the fluids react with the sheeted diabase dikes at 400°C and 400 bars to form epidosites by enrichment in epidote and quartz. These epidosites are suggested to be linked to VMS deposits. The relations and the timing of the emplacement of diabase dikes, their alteration in epidosite and the regional deformation remain unclear. Experiments on metadiabase sampled in the Troodos complex (Cyprus) were performed, 1) to stress the P-T-fO2-fluid composition conditions of the reaction of epidotization and, 2) to quantify interrelations between the permeability and the lithology during deformation.In Troodos, two major types of epidosite were observed: 1) a pervasive epidosite in the core of dikes and a banding which is parallel to chilled margins and, 2) assemblages of epidote and quartz as alteration fronts in cooling joints or in the form of veins cross-cutting non-epidotized dikes.Epidote was synthetized in a static autoclave with external heating at 500°C and 2500 bars. Two parameters are essential to synthesize epidote from metadiabase: the oxygen fugacity and the composition of the fluid (enriched in Ca and Fe). However, there is an obvious problem of nucleation at 400°C and 400 bars.Measurements of permeability during coaxial deformation have been performed in a Paterson apparatus by infiltration of Ar and water. The permeability of the metadiabase prior deformation is about 10-20 m2. After fracturation of the sample, the permeability increased rapidly up to 10-19 m2. Moreover, the permeability of epidosite is about 10-19 m2. So this suggests that epidotization generates porosity.The main problem is the initiation of fluid flow because of the impermeability of diabase. Two hypotheses are proposed: 1) fluids flow via fractures and cracks and, 2) fluids flow into a rock in a subsolidus state (importance of degassing).
3

Laminar heat transfer to Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids in tubes : temperature and velocity profiles were determined experimentally for heating and cooling of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in tubes and the results compared with theoretical predictions incorporating a temperature-dependent viscosity

Pavlovska-Popovska, Frederika January 1975 (has links)
This thesis is concerned with a theoretical and experimental study of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of viscous fluids flowing in tubes under laminar conditions. Particular attention has been given to the effects of the rheological properties and their variation with temperature. A review of problems of this type showed that in spite of the many potential applications of the results in a wide range of industries the subject had not been well developed and further work is justified in order to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge. The early part of the thesis considers the justification of the work in this way and sets down the scope and objectives. A computer progracune was then developed to allow the governing equations of the problem to be solved numerically to give the velocity and temperature profiles and pressure drop for both heating and cooling conditions. The results were also presented in the form of Nusselt numbers as a function of the Graetz numberp since this form is useful for engineering design purposes. The validity of the predictions were then checked by a programme of experimental work. Temperature and velocity profiles have been measured in order to provide a more severe test of the theory than could be imposed by the measurement of overall heat transfer rates. A combined thermocouple probe/Pitot tube was developed to allow simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature to be made. A Newtonian oil and two non-Newtonian Carbopol solutions were studied. This is the first time that velocity and temperature profiles have been measured for non-Newtonian fluids in this type of situation. The results of the work heve shown that (a) the velocity and temperature profiles and pressure drops are greatly affected by the temperature dependence of the rheological properties and since real viscous fluids are normally very temperature-sensitive it is important that this effect is properly taken into account. (b) the engineering design correlations commonly used for the prediction of heat transfer coefficients can be seriously in error, especially for cooling conditions and when non-Nevitonian fluids are being considered. (c) a mathematical model can be developed which accurately describes all the phenomena and gives predictions which are very close to those observed experimentally. An important objective was to develop more accurate engineering design correlations for non-isothermal pressure drop and heat transfer rates.
4

Modélisation des écoulements des fluides complexes avec changement de phase solide-liquide : Application à la formation des dépôts de paraffines dans les conduites pétrolières / Modeling of Complex Fluids Flow with Solid-Liquid Phase Change : Application to Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipelines

Madhaoui, Mustapha 11 December 2014 (has links)
Les variations de température à la surface externe d'une conduite peuvent provoquer la solidification du fluide en écoulement interne, induisant la formation de dépôts solides sur les parois en contact avec le fluide. Ces dépôts peuvent s'avérer néfastes au bon fonctionnement du système intégrant cette conduite ce qui motive l'étude de ces phénomènes physiques afin de comprendre les mécanismes qui les gouvernent et de permettre leur prévention. Ce genre de situations peuvent être rencontrées dans le domaine pétrolier, par exemple lors du transport en pipeline d'huiles chargées de paraffines, d'hydrates ou d'asphaltènes ; dans le domaine agroalimentaire pour la circulation de produits liquides dans des tubes refroidis ou bien tout simplement pour des canalisations d'eau subissant un refroidissement. Dans la majorité des cas le fluide en écoulement dans les conduites pétrolières est un matériau à changement de phase (MCP) complexe et sa composition multiple avec des interactions entre la rhéologie, la constitution et la température impactant la thermo-hydrodynamique de l'écoulement et la cinétique de transition de phase. Dans le cadre de cette thèse nous proposons de nous pencher sur ces aspects par voie de modélisation. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons développé un modèle physique basé sur la méthode enthalpique pour étudier l’impact de la convection naturelle sur des écoulements et des transferts thermiques avec transition de phase solide liquide dans différentes géométries (cavité carré, cylindre, sphère, autour d’un faisceau de cylindre, …). L'effet du maillage et de l'ordre de précision des schémas numérique est aussi présenté. Le même modèle a été utilisé pour analyser la cristallisation d’un mélange de deux paraffines dans des cellules calorimétriques (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). Pour cette étude, le modèle a été validé à l’aide des résultats expérimentaux de la technique DSC. Le problème de l’écoulement d’un mélange de deux paraffines dans une conduite cylindrique a été aussi abordé afin de prédire la cristallisation du mélange sur la paroi interne de la conduite. Une étude paramétrique a été effectuée pour analyser l’influence de différents paramètres (nombre de Reynolds, concentration initiale de la solution binaire, température de la paroi, …) sur la cinétique de la cristallisation du mélange. La deuxième partie de la thèse a été consacrée à l’étude de l’écoulement avec changement de phase liquide-solide d’un brut paraffinique dans des conduites pétrolières. En effet, la cristallisation des paraffines dans les bruts engendre un équilibre phase thermodynamique liquide/solide. Un modèle thermodynamique rendant compte de cet équilibre a été développé (et validé à l’aide de résultats expérimentaux disponible dans la littérature). Ce modèle nous a permis de prédire la température de cristallisation commençante (Wax Appearance Temperature), ainsi que la quantité de paraffines cristallisées. Ce modèle thermodynamique a été couplé avec un modèle physique reposant sur les équations de conservation de la masse, de la quantité de mouvement, de l'énergie et des espèces pour décrire l’écoulement d’un brut paraffinique avec changement de phase liquide-solide dans des conduites pétrolières. Le modèle physique a été validé à l’aide de résultats expérimentaux disponibles dans la littérature. / Temperature change at the outer surface of a pipe can cause solidification of the fluid flowing internally, inducing the formation of solid deposits on the walls in contact with the fluid. This kind of phenomena can be encountered in many situations in the industrial context such as petroleum industries, for example when transporting pipeline oils with paraffins, hydrates or asphaltenes; food industry for the flow of liquids in cooled tubes or simply for water pipes undergoing cooling.The rheology of the transported fluid, its composition and temperature are among the key factors that influence the thermo-hydrodynamics of the flow and the kinetics of the formation of the deposits. The analysis of their impact is required to enhance the understanding of these mechanisms in order to avoid their undesirable effects as fouling or complete blockage of pipes.In this thesis we propose to study these mechanisms by numerical modelling. We will focus on the modelling of phase change and especially on the description of liquid-solid interfaces by models able to integrate the thermodynamics of physical phenomena such as diffuse interface methods. We seek the two-dimensional numerical resolution of the equations of flow, heat and mass transfer while taking into account the coupling between rheology, composition and temperature in the liquid phase as well as at the interface. The work will be undertaken in the basis of the in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed in the laboratory.

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