A wireless sensor network is a network consisting of spatially distributed, sometimeautonomous sensors, communicating wirelessly to cooperatively achieve some task. For example, a wireless sensor network may be used for habitat monitoring to ascertain the environment’s temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. In order for a wireless sensor network to provide such data, one needs to ensure there is connectivity between nodes. That is, nodes can communicate to exchange information. To analyze connectivity between sensors, the radio communication range of each sensor, also called the communication footprint, needs to be known. To date, the models used to analyze a sensor’s radio communication footprint have been overly simplistic (i.e., isotropic) and thus yield results not found in practice. Footprints are highly dependent on the deployment environments, which are typically heterogeneous and non-isotropic in structure. In this work, a ‘weak-monotonicity’ (W-M) model is leveraged to represent a footprint’s non-isotropic behavior. The work also considers the heterogeneity of the environment through the use of the log-normal shadowing model. In particular, the usable percentage of the W-M footprint (the area where the power exceeds the receiver threshold) in such environments is considered through analysis and simulation. We then develop an enhanced footprint model which overlays multiple W-M patterns and use this method to represent experimental propagation data. The work also considers the use of graph theory methods to analyze the connectivity of randomly deployed networks in nonhomogeneous, non-isotropic environments.

This study addresses factors driving the variation in the per capita Ecological Footprint (EF) in Dallas County, Texas. A main hypothesis was that scientifically estimated demography, environmental values, spatial attributes, and land-use patterns surrounding an individual are significant factors in the size of per capita EF. This study was based on the survey method and GIS routines. Additionally, a multiple regression method was employed to address the study question. The survey measured respondents?? EF using an ??Ecological Footprint Quiz?? consisting of sixteen questions regarding individual food, mobility, housing, and goods/services consumption. GIS technologies were used to objectively measure spatial attributes. The environmental values were measured by selected questions regarding ecological crises. This study found from the descriptive analysis that Dallas County??s average personal EF was 26.4 acres: food (5.1), mobility (3.3), shelter (8.3), and goods and services (9.8). The study indicates that the residents need ecologically productive land more than 105 times the area of the county. Based on the explanatory analysis, the following summary points can be made about the factors driving of the variance, not only in the per capita composite footprint but also in each of the personal footprint components: First, a highly educated, non-married, older male living in a high income household located in a low population density area is more likely to have a larger personal composite footprint. Second, a person with a weak environmental awareness living where the ratio of employment opportunities (places to work) is worse, and living far from freeways and major lakes but close to major malls, is more likely to have a larger personal food footprint. Third, a younger person living in a high income household located close to major malls but far from Dallas/Fort Worth Airport is more likely to have a larger mobility footprint. Fourth, a highly educated non-married older male living in a highly developed area is more likely to have a larger shelter footprint. Fifth, a highly educated non-married older male living in a high income household located in a low population density area is more likely to have a larger goods and services footprint.

This study explores the relationship among the overall nutritional quality index (ONQI), the carbon footprint and price of 90 different foods. The ONQI and carbon footprint measure the healthiness and environmental impact of a food, respectively. Two models are estimated. The first is a hedonic model of the food price and two characteristics: ONQI and carbon footprint. A positive relationship between price and carbon footprint is found, implying higher priced foods have a larger environmental impact. The second model is a regression of ONQI on price and carbon footprint. A negative, non-linear relationship between ONQI and carbon footprint is found. This implies there is a complementary relationship between the healthiness of food and its environmental impact. Both models show that healthier food is also higher priced. This could explain why poorer consumers are less healthy than richer consumers, and why taxing food would disproportionately impact the health of the poor.

Die Arbeit handelt vom Greenhouse Gas Protocol und der Anwendung auf Hochschulen. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass das Greenhouse Gas Protocol sehr universell verfasst wurde und sich somit auch auf Hochschulen anwenden lässt. Speziell für den Hochschulkontext werden keine Leitfäden gegeben. Des Weiteren hat sich herausgestellt, dass Energieverbrauch und Pendelverkehr der Studierenden den Großteil der Emissionen ausmachen. Im Fallbeispiel der HTWK Leipzig konnten Emissionen von rund 263 tCO2e im Jahr 2022 identifiziert werden. Die untersuchten Jahre 2020 bis 2022 unterlagen allerdings der Pandemie, weshalb die reellen Emissionen deutlich höher sein könnten.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Formelverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen der Treibhausgasbilanzierung 2.1 Carbon Footprint 2.2.1 Product Carbon Footprint 2.2.2 Corporate Carbon Footprint 2.2 Nutzen und Relevanz 3 Greenhouse Gas Protocol 3.1 Grundsätze 3.2 Grenzen der Bilanzierung 3.3 Die drei Scopes 3.4 Berechnung der Treibhausgasemissionen 3.4.1 Treibhauspotential und Emissionsfaktor 3.4.2 Formeln zur Berechnung 4. Die Anwendbarkeit des GHG Protocol auf Hochschulen 4.1 Nachhaltigkeit an Hochschulen 4.2 Praktikabilität 4.3 Anwendungsfälle 5. CO₂-Bilanz der Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaft & Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen 5.1 Die Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaft & Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen. 5.2 Methoden 5.2.1Systemgrenzen 5.2.2 Organisationsbedingte Grenzen 5.2.3 Geschäftsbedingte Grenzen 5.2.4 Datenerhebung und Berechnung 5.3 Identifizierung der Treibhausgasemissionsquellen 5.3.1 Gebäude 5.3.2 Mobilität 5.3.3 Papier 5.4 CO₂-Bilanz 5.5 Schlussfolgerungen 6 Zusammenfassung Anhang Literaturverzeichnis Eidesstattliche Erklärung

The tire–terrain interaction is an essential criterion for assessing tire performance. Understanding the complex characteristics of the dynamic interactions of tires and terrain required a detailed and deep study on the characteristics of the contact patch area of the tire. Most of the studies conducted to determine the properties of the contact patch considered the tire-road interaction in a static condition and there are a limited number of research studies that focused on the dynamic behavior of the tire at the contact area especially when the real-time measurement of the dynamic contact area of the rolling tire with high slip ratio is the matter of interest. In order to completely understand the tire dynamics at the contact patch, a novel optical method based on light refraction and reflection is proposed for the measurement of contact area between the tread of the tire and a rigid transparent surface. To this end, constructing an indoor test rig is required. In this research, a three-dimensional drawing software Autodesk Inventor has been used to analyze a customized testing facility. An indoor test rig has been designed and manufactured to visualize the contact area of a rolling tire. A supporting mechanical system incorporated into this test rig allows providing the tire with variable camber angles and slip ratios. For the rolling tire, a digital camera GoPro has been used under a glass panel to record the tread pattern in detail when the tire passes over it during the test, to represent the footprint for a high slip ratio. From the image obtained with this system, the length, width, ratio, and shape of the patch can be determined, which are related to the effect on tire traction performance. This study specifically proposes a digital image correlation technology that can be used to capture the contact patch of a passenger car tire 205/55R16 and to obtain the geometry features of the contact area. Based on the appropriate image processing techniques in the MATLAB, a precise reconstruction of tire footprint was realized. The results for the footprint properties of the tire with an applied normal load of 4 kN and tire inflation pressures of 21 Psi for free rolling, static state, and the slip ratio of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% are presented. Presented results in the paper will show that the system is robust enough to obtain a real-time dynamic measurement. The novel method based on digital image processing revealed by the author can be validated as a precision measurement system of footprint characteristics. / Master of Science / The tire–road interaction is an essential criterion for assessing tire performance. Most of the studies conducted to determine the properties of the contact area considered the tire-road interaction in a static condition and there are a limited number of research studies that focused on the dynamic behavior of the tire at the contact area. Thus, a novel optical method based on light refraction and reflection is proposed for the measurement of contact area between the tread of the tire and a rigid transparent surface. To this end, constructing an indoor test rig is required. In this research, a three-dimensional drawing software has been used to analyze a customized testing facility. An indoor test rig has been designed and manufactured to visualize the contact area of a rolling tire. A digital camera has been used under a glass panel to record the tire footprint in detail during the test. The length, width, ratio, and shape of the tire footprint can be determined, which are related to the effect on tire traction performance. Based on the appropriate image processing techniques in the MATLAB, a precise reconstruction of tire footprint was realized. The results for the footprint properties of the tire with an applied normal load of 4 kN and tire inflation pressures of 21 Psi for free rolling, static state, and the different slip ratios are presented. Presented results in the paper will show that the system is robust enough to obtain a real-time dynamic measurement.

In Tunisia, the National Agency for the Environment is encouraging the creation of a carbon footprint method specifically adapted to the Tunisian context. In cooperation with the French National Agency for the Environment, the adaptation of the French carbon footprint method is realised and has to go along with an adaptation of the emission factors. In this framework, this master thesis aims at presenting the emission factors adaptation process led to adapt the accounting tool. First, a literature review enables to present the main notions useful to understand the precise definition of emission factor. Then, a preliminary study of the main carbon footprint tools is presented so as to identify the main characteristics of a carbon footprint method. A comparison is then done to present the differences which can occur between the previous methods. Finally, for each category of emission factor, the adaptation process is presented showing three different ways to adapt emission factors: a replacing of the data in the calculations, an adaptation based on local studies and a more difficult adaptation requiring to develop a new method.

Yes / Rising demand for cheaper textiles and clothing in Western Europe is well documented, as are changes in the Textiles and Clothing industry's globalised production structure. We apply a sub-systems global multi-regional input–output accounting framework to examine the sustainability implications of meeting Western European demand for textiles and clothing goods between 1995 and 2009. Our framework estimates environmental and socio-economic impacts of consumption in a consistent manner and shows where these occur both geographically and in the value chain. The results demonstrate that Western European textiles and clothing consumption remains dependent on low-cost labour from Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC), principally in the Textiles and Clothing and Agricultural sectors. Conversely, we show that the wage rate for BRIC workers in the global value chains serving Western European textiles and clothing consumption has risen over time but remains low relative to the wage rate paid to Western European workers. Likewise, we find that profits are increasingly generated within BRIC and that they are now at comparable levels to those generated in Western Europe. We find a slight overall decrease in the amount of carbon emitted in the production of textiles and clothing goods for Western Europe between 1995 and 2009. However, the trend is not linear and the importance of different underlying drivers varies over the timeseries. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for a more sustainable future for Western European textiles and clothing consumption.

Vatten är en nödvändig resurs för allt liv på jorden. Med en ökande befolkningsmängd förväntas även sötvattenanvändningen att öka, vilket ställer krav på att hanteringen av de vattenresurser som finns sker på ett hållbart sätt. Jordbrukssektorn är i dagsläget den största konsumenten av vatten, varpå det är viktigt att uppmärksamma konsumenter om vattenanvändning vid produktion av livsmedel så att kunskapen ökar kring hur vatten används idag. Ett verktyg för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från vattenanvändning är det så kallade vattenfotavtrycket. De senaste åren har flera beräkningsmetoder tillkommit för att beräkna vattenfotavtryck, och dessa tar hänsyn till olika aspekter. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera tre sådana metoder och använda dem för att beräkna vattenfotavtrycket för ett antal livsmedel, jämföra resultatet och slutligen ta fram en rekommendation kring vilken eller vilka metoder som lämpar sig för konsumentvägledning. De metoder som undersöktes var TOTAL som är en metod av Water Footprint Network (WFN), metoden WSI och metoden AWARE. Resultatet visade att vissa nötter fick särskilt högt vattenfotavtryck oavsett vilken metod som användes, för exempelvis mandlar erhölls med respektive metod ett vattenfotavtryck motsvarande 15 m3 vatten/kg, 3,3 m3 WSI-H2O-ekvivalenter/kg samt 165 m3 AWARE-H2O-ekvivalenter/kg. Att resultaten har olika enheter samt storleksordningar beror på att metoderna är olika uppbyggda. Generellt fick baljväxter, spannmål samt frukt och grönt låga resultat, dock varierade resultaten något beroende på vilken metod som användes. Detta beror bland annat på att endast WSI och AWARE tar hänsyn till hur den lokala vattensituationen ser ut där vattnet används. Vid jämförelse av metoderna ansågs både metoden TOTAL samt AWARE vara lämpliga att använda för konsumentvägledning då den förstnämnda är väl beprövad samt lättförstådd medan den sistnämnda är en uppdaterad indikator som tar hänsyn till lokal vattenbrist. / Water is a vital resource for all life on earth. With an increasing population, the use of freshwater is also expected to increase, which requires a sustainable management of existing water resources. The agricultural sector is currently the largest consumer of water, and it is important to pay attention to consumers about water use in food production so that knowledge is increasing about how water is used today. The so-called water footprint is a tool for assessing the amount of water used to produce a good or a service. In recent years, several calculation methods have been added to calculate water footprints, and these take into account various aspects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three such methods and use them to calculate the water footprint for a number of foods, compare the results and finally give a recommendation on which method or methods that are best suited for consumer guidance. The assessed methods were TOTAL by Water Footprint Network (WFN), the WSI method and the AWARE method. The results showed that some nuts had a particularly high water footprint regardless of the method used. Almonds, for example, obtained with each method a water footprint corresponding to 15 m3 water/kg, 3.3 m3 WSI-H2O-equivalents/kg and 165 m3 AWARE-H2O-equivalents/kg. The fact that the results have different units and orders of magnitude is because the different structure of the methods. Generally, legumes, cereals and fruits and vegetables had low water footprints, but the results varied somewhat depending on the method used. This is partly due to the fact that only WSI and AWARE take into account how the water situations looks where the water is used. When comparing the methods, both TOTAL and AWARE were considered suitable for use for consumer guidance, since the former is well-proven and easily understood while the latter is an updated indicator that takes local water shortage into account.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the National Footprint Accounts of the Czech Republic in the section of cropland and grazing land for the year 2007 based on globally available data and data available in the Czech Republic, and also to compare these National Footprint Accounts of the Czech Republic based on nationally available data from the years 2007 and 2013. This thesis used the method of calculation of the National Footprint Accounts developed by Global Footprint Network. The ecological footprint of cropland of the Czech Republic is lower according to national data compared to global data while the ecological footprint of grazing land is higher. According to national data, the ecological footprint of both cropland and grazing land of the Czech Republic was lower in 2013 compared to 2007. This work gives an opportunity to compare the calculation of the ecological footprint and biocapacity of cropland and grazing land based on different data sources and to compare the results based on data from 2007 and 2013. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

During past decades manufacturing companies started opening new plants and transfer their manufacturing to other countries in order to increase their competitiveness in the market. An important area in today’s complex business environment became manufacturing location decisions that have a direct impact on companies’ future success. Many scholars introduced suggestions in what factors should be considered in manufacturing location decisions when opening new plants. However, less research has been done by identifying what critical factors should be considered in manufacturing reallocation[1] decisions when a company operates within a manufacturing footprint and intends to move manufacturing activities between existing plants. In order to fulfil this gap the study was conducted by developing a conceptual framework for supporting manufacturing reallocation decisions. The main factors, evaluation and effects were explored. In order to conduct the study three cases were analysed in two Swedish manufacturing companies, where one of the companies was currently executing a manufacturing reallocation to another plant. It was found that sometimes companies are forced to reallocate manufacturing unwillingly due to currency value changes or local governmental regulations. A tendency was noticed that some of the factors are considered at the strategic level and some are left to be handled at the operational level. However, operational level factors have a great impact on the long term strategy and future costs and should be included when making manufacturing reallocation decisions. The evaluation of factors is mostly based on assumptions and intuition. Only evaluations of economic factors are based on facts. Improvements of economic factors’ evaluations could be made by closer collaboration between plants and involvement of the right people at the right time during data collection before making a decision. Manufacturing reallocations could have effects on the sending plant and long term strategy that increases the importance to include it during decision making since hidden costs and future risks could be prevented. Finally, the conceptual framework for manufacturing reallocations is presented that could be used as a support for manufacturing reallocation decisions. [1] to assign or allot to a different place from the one originally intended.