Orientador: Jose Tomaz Vieira Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-29T01:04:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brugnara_GiseladeAndrade_M.pdf: 11998095 bytes, checksum: 9c1cf48089f217301e92806a94e15df2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise do consumo de energia e emissões de 'CO IND. 2¿ na cadeia produtiva de três sistemas de suprimento de madeira para uso em construções residenciais: (1) madeira proveniente de floresta nativa manejada; (2) madeira proveniente de floresta nativa explorada sem manejo e (3) madeira proveniente de plantações de eucalipto. A sustentabilidade energética da cadeia produtiva é aqui apontada como um critério chave para a classificação da madeira como um material sustentável. Os resultados demonstram que o manejo da floresta nativa constitui-se no modelo mais recomendável devido ao potencial alcançado na redução da demanda de energia em relação aos outros dois modelos. Dessa forma, a promoção do uso das madeiras tropicais certificadas é indicada como uma medida de conservação de energia nas construções e como uma estratégia para a conservação da Floresta Amazônica por meio da valorização de um de seus principais recursos / Abstract: This work carries out an energy consumption and 'CO IND. 2¿ emissions assessment on the production chain of three supplying systems for timber use in residential buildings: (1) timber obtained from the management of native forest; (2) timber obtained from the predatory extraction of native forest and (3) timber from eucalyptus plantations. The energetic sustainability on wood production is pointed out as a key criterion to classify timber as a sustainable material. Results demonstrate, through the reached potential on reducing energy demands, that native forest management is the most recommended system. Thus, the use of certified tropical timber is indicated as a measure of energy conservation on building construction as well as a strategy for the Amazonian Rain Forest conservation by the valuation of one of its main resources / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos

Dry forest is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world. Human impact has caused its massive transformation but conservation of dry forest has often been neglected across Latin America. In Colombia, less than 10% of the original extension of dry forest remains. This thesis studies the phytogeography of neotropical dry forest and its relevance for conservation using data from 1602 tree species inventories made in dry forests across Latin America and the Caribbean synthesised by The Latin American Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest Floristic Network (DRYFLOR). Clustering and ordination analyses were used to explore the floristic relationships of dry forest across the entire Neotropics, revealing distinctive regional clusters defined by their tree species composition. Colombian dry forests are shown to be part of two wider clusters, one including neighbouring forests in Venezuela and southern Central America, and the second including the inter-Andean dry forests. The high turnover of floristic diversity and endemism within and amongst the main floristic groups demonstrates that to conserve the full species diversity in dry forests across Latin America and the Caribbean will require protecting it simultaneously across multiple regions. A regionally focused study of floristic relationships in the Central American and northern South American dry tropical forest group, using quantitative approaches to conservation prioritization, including a new Conservation Priority Index (CPI), suggests that conservation priority should be placed on the South American Caribbean Coast in the cross-border area of Colombia and Venezuela. This emphasises the need for a biogeographical approach to conservation that cannot be restricted by political borders. Within Colombia, new quantitative floristic data were used to investigate controls of floristic composition in dry forests. Multivariate analyses showed that space related variables explain a larger fraction of the variance of the floristic composition than climatic or edaphic variables. The importance of spatial variables implies that biogeography is a key element in understanding the structure of communities, and that the Andean cordilleras might be acting as geographical barriers isolating these seasonally dry formations. The value of floristic inventory data for assessing the conservation status of tree species using IUCN criteria was assessed in a case of study of the Andean Piedmont dry forest. By combining inventory data from the DRYFLOR database and herbarium records, the number of species for which we have sufficient information to make conservation assessments increases by 16% and the accuracy of predictive species distribution improves for 84% of the species. Together, these results reveal the importance of ecological inventory data as a complementary data source in conservation assessment for dry forest trees in the Neotropics. Finally, the conclusions chapter places these results in the context of conservation planning for Colombian dry forests, including some suggestions for research, policies and actions. These actions include restoration programmes focusing on sustainable harvesting of native dry forest tree species, for example for firewood and other forest resources such as fruits, fibres and medicines. A land use mosaic, including forest fallows and strict conservation areas, may help to guarantee the long-term maintenance dry forest species in Colombia.

The accurate assessment of forest persistence under environmental change is dependent on the fundamental understanding of the genetic consequences of human intervention and its comparison to that of natural processes, as declines in genetic diversity and changes in its structuring can compromise the adaptive ability of a population. The European beech, Fagus sylvatica, has experienced prolonged human impact over its 14 million ha range with contemporary forests harbouring high ecological, economic, and cultural value. Historical traditional management practices, such as coppicing and pollarding, have impacted a large portion of Europe’s forests. This form of management encouraged vegetative regeneration, prolonging the longevity of individual trees. In several cases, the structure and function of managed trees and their associated ecosystems were significantly altered. Specifically, coppiced beech forests in Europe displayed significantly larger extents of spatial genetic structuring compared to their natural counterparts, revealing a change in the genetic composition of the population due to decades of management. Humans have also aided in the dispersal of beech within and outside of its natural range. In Great Britain, the putative native range retained signals of past colonisation dynamics. However, these signals were obscured by the wide-spread translocation of the species throughout the country. Evidence of post-glacial colonisation dynamics can be found in Sweden as well. In contrast to Britain, the structure of this natural leading range edge displays a gradual reduction in population size where isolation was found to have acted as an effective barrier to gene flow reducing the genetic diversity of populations.