This thesis examines the social history of female urban prostitution in the final years of the Russian empire (1900-1917). During this period, the tsarist authorities legally tolerated prostitution under a system named regulation (reglemantatsiia) or the medical-police supervision of prostitution (vrachebno-politseiskii nadzor za prostitutsiei). The stated aim of regulation was to reduce levels of venereal disease, yet in practice the system functioned rather to control the movement and settlement of prostitutes by making them known to the authorities. This thesis focuses on the different groups that the rules of regulation directly affected, including prostitutes, their clients, their managers, and wider urban communities. It examines specific urban spaces, the state-licensed brothel, and the lives of registered prostitutes and their clients. This approach allows an exploration of how the system operated in practice and how the regulation of prostitution fitted within wider attempts by the imperial state to monitor lower-class people. In doing so, this thesis contributes to the growing literature on sexuality, on the intersections of gender and class, and on the experiences of lower-class people in late imperial Russia. To illuminate the diversity of both state practice and social experience, this thesis draws on a wide range of correspondence from ‘above’ and ‘below’, including letters between central and provincial government institutions and petitions written by lower-class people to those in authority. This research moves away from focusing solely on the capital of St Petersburg to examine how the regulation of prostitution functioned at a local level, drawing on archival material from Arkhangel’sk, Riga, and Tartu. It argues that responses to the regulation system were rooted in the specific social, environmental and economic circumstances of a particular place and strongly influenced by the socio-economic transformations of the final decades of tsarist rule. In light of this, the thesis maps official and unofficial reactions to regulation onto the shifting social and economic landscape of modernising Russia. It explores how early twentieth-century urbanisation, industrialisation and transportation developments posed further challenges to the ambitions of the tsarist authorities to ‘know’ and monitor all the women who sold sex.

The thesis proposes a comparative textual research on Hungarian and Romanian cinema by setting up a model that informs the implicit cinematic reflection on socialism in film. By establishing two aesthetic categories – horizontal and vertical enclosure –, the thesis argues that the spatial structure of the narratives reveals and alludes to the oppressive policy of the Hungarian and Romanian socialist regimes. The first part of the research scrutinises the space in Romanian cinema, and investigates the birth of the vertical enclosure. The analysis focuses on the spatial representation of Bucharest, that is the claustrophobic illustration of the urban landscape and its space depicted by the tools of notorious surveillance on screen. As argued in the thesis, the architectural forms and their film representations build up a spatial constellation identical to Bentham’s Panopticon discussed by Michel Foucault. The second part of the investigation concentrates on Hungarian cinema and the evolution of horizontal enclosure in film. Through textual analysis of the selected films that are set on the Great Hungarian Plain, the thesis discusses the allegorical use of space during and after socialism. Therefore, while concentrating on the circularity of the location and the mise-en-scène of the films – that refer to the isolation and indefiniteness of space – the author argues that the directors recall the parabolic language of the cinematic corpus of the socialist epoch. As concluded by the work, the contemporary art cinema of Romania and Hungary both reference socialism by using space as the main device for the implicit textual reflections. In this way, horizontal and vertical enclosure also emphasise the revival of the forms of the socialist aesthetics.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:20:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1177711 bytes, checksum: 957b0cef98aa09a52a732668bdd2c33d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The current report aims to present to the FAINOR College a new policy directed to former students, based on knowledge management, an efficient way to deal with the institution s intelectual capital. In order to discover the former students profile, a qualitative study was conducted using the FAINOR s website. The former students were asked to fill several questions regarding their jobs, post-graduate education and further academic, cultural and professional activities. The relationship between the College and its former students impacts the institutional assessment, since their aceptance in the Market reflects the quality of the education provided during their undergraduate years. The FAINOR policy for former students achieved satisfatory results in 2013. It allowed the update of informations, the discovery of the former students profile, the promotion of academic and cultural activities, the incentive for interchange with current students, and to create a database with 1.500 people from the following áreas: management, accounting, law and engeneering. Furthermore, we mediated the contact of former students with institutions seeking professionals in these áreas. / Este relatório técnico tem como foco descrever o modelo de gestão para política de egressos da FAINOR, baseado na Gestão do Conhecimento, ou seja, uma forma de gerenciamento eficaz do capital intelectual da organização, em seu aspecto estrutural. O relacionamento com os egressos tem relação direta com a avaliação institucional porque seu desempenho no mercado de trabalho reflete a qualidade da formação oferecida pela universidade. Visando conhecer o perfil do aluno egresso, foi disponibilizado no site da FAINOR um portal de cadastro, e nele, os alunos formados atualizam seus dados junto à Instituição, por meio de preenchimento de campos relativos a informações pessoais, posicionamento no mercado de trabalho, estudos complementares e atividades em desenvolvimento. Esse banco de dados atualmente possuí cerca de 1500 cadastros de egressos, com profissionais das áreas da Administração, Ciências Contábeis, Direito e Engenharia da Computação. A política de acompanhamento de egressos da FAINOR obteve resultados satisfatórios no ano de 2013, permitindo conhecer o perfil do ex-aluno; promover parcerias na promoção de eventos acadêmicos e culturais compatíveis com as especificidades do programa de acompanhamento de egressos na intermediação e acesso ao ex-aluno; estimular a integração entre colegas de cursos na faculdade, por meio de eventos culturais, festivos e outros; oportunizar a administração, atualização e ampliação do banco de dados, intermediar o contato entre ex-aluno e empresas interessadas em contratar profissionais formados pela FAINOR e possibilitar o gerenciamento de informações de interesse dos egressos (site, rede social, mala direta etc.).

[pt] Analisar as trajetórias de formadores de professores para as séries iniciais do ensino fundamental, que atuam no curso de Pedagogia em Universidades do Rio de Janeiro, constitui o objetivo dessa pesquisa. Através de relatos orais, foram trabalhadas as histórias de vinte professores formadores, tendo como interlocutor privilegiado, Pierre Bourdieu. A análise desses relatos teve como finalidade compreender como se deu nesses formadores a construção das disposições para a docência e para a atuação na formação de professores das séries iniciais em cursos de Pedagogia. Partindo da questão central sobre como cada um dos entrevistados se tornou professor, o roteiro das entrevistas abordou aspectos relacionados à socialização familiar, à trajetória escolar, à escolha da profissão e à trajetória profissional desses professores, com o objetivo de buscar vestígios dos processos de socialização nas disposições que orientam suas atuações como formadores. Com relação à questão central, o que apareceu foi a diversidade de trajetórias e das razões que os levaram a optar pela profissão e pela formação de professores para as séries iniciais. Destaca-se aí a multiplicidade de fatores que se interpenetraram favorecendo uma opção ora interpretada como vocação, ora como uma escolha do necessário ou como uma opção feita em função das oportunidades concretas que foram se colocando. Quanto aos vestígios dos processos de socialização pré-profissionais, emergiram a força dos investimentos de suas famílias na escolarização e das imagens modelares, sobretudo para a escolha profissional, confirmando-se a perspectiva de que as estruturas de um habitus anterior comandam o processo de estruturação de novos habitus a serem produzidos por novas agências socializadoras. No que se refere à socialização profissional evidenciou-se a importância das entradas na profissão e das primeiras experiências profissionais para a construção de suas identidades profissionais e das representações sobre o Curso de Pedagogia, sobre a formação de professores e sobre o campo em que exercem sua profissão. O que apareceu foi um grupo profissional marcado por diferenças relativas aos volumes de capital econômico, cultural e social, à formação recebida, às disposições em relação aos estudantes, às identidades profissionais, às estratégias acionadas para movimentarem-se no campo em que atuam. Afastando-se ou recuperando histórias vividas ao longo de suas trajetórias, esses professores constroem suas próprias práticas pelas quais reagem às condições sociais nas quais estão inseridos. / [en] The aim of this research is to analyse the trajectories of former teachers for the first levels of basic education, that work in the course of Pedagogy in Universities of Rio de Janeiro. Through oral reports, I could work on the histories of twenty former teachers, having as principal interlocutor, Pierre Bourdieu. The analyse of those reports had as main finality to understand how the construction of the inclinations to work as a teacher in courses of Pedagogy and to work for the formation of other teachers of the first levels of basic education was born within those teachers. Starting from the central question about how each one of those who took part in the research became a teacher, the schedule of the interviews approach aspects related to familiar socialization, to scholar trajectory, to profession s choice and to the professional trajectory of those teachers, in order to search for traces of socialization process concerning to the dispositions that drive their work as former teachers. In relation of the central question, what came out was the diversity of trajectories and reasons that brought them to choose that profession and the formation of other teachers for basic education. I could point there the multiplicity of aspects that helped each other provoking the option understood in one hand as vocation, in the other hand as a necessary choice or as an option chosen in face of concrete opportunities that were put on the way. About the traces of the socialization process pre-professionals, I could note the strength of the investment of their families concerning to schoolarization and the strength of the model images, specially for the profession s choice, confirming the perspective that the structures of the previous habitus command the process of construction of new habitus to be produced by new socializing agencies. In relation to the professional socialization, it s clear the importance of the entrances in the profession and the first professional experiences for the construction of their professional identities and the representations about the course of Pedagogy, about the formation of teachers and about the field where they exercise theirs profession. What came into view was a professional group marked by differences related to the volume of economic, cultural and social capital, to the received formation, to disposition applied to students, to professional identities, to strategies to work in the field where they work. Moving away or recovering histories lived on the way of their trajectories, those teachers build their own practice where they react to the social conditions where they are put in.

No description available.

The focus of this diploma thesis is to describe the position of ex-prisoners on the labour market and how their operations on that market influence the society. In this paper, I will be looking into the social and state budget costs that these people cause, and why we can consider them as another vulnerable group on the labour market. The factors that lower their chances to succeed are lower productivity, level of education, and also statistical discrimination by employers that leads to demanding expectations on possessing a clean record. I will also focus my attention to the solutions that are currently in place in the Czech Republic, as success on the labour market is an important element to lowering the relapse rate. In the Czech Republic, the relapse rate is between 60 to 65 percent, which is lot higher than in other countries that have been trying to solve this problem for a longer period of time. This thesis confirms the hypothesis that this problem in the Czech Republic is not being treated on the same level as in other countries, and therefore we could learn and apply other solutions from abroad. Half-way houses have proven to be an effective solution and it would be good to put them into practice in Czech Republic as well.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This is a study of the contest over political and social legitimacy in a former precolonial kingdom, Oukwanyama, in northern Namibia, from 1915 to the present. It tracks the historical shifts in this long time frame through the history of one place, a site of important local power, Omhedi. The research begins with the colonial occupation of the kingdom by Portugal and South Africa during World War 1, which resulted in the displacement of the kingship to the southern half of the territory which was now bifurcated by an international boundary between Angola and South West Africa. Following resistance by the last king Mandume, the institution of kingship was abolished and a Council of Headmen installed in its place. Omhedi emerged as a site of important opposition to Mandume by a leading headman, Ndjukuma, and he became one of the senior headman elevated to new levels of authority by olonial rule. The thesis tracks the establishment and consolidation of the policy of Indirect Rule under South Africa, whose aim was the efficient supply of migrant labour to the south, and the selective preservation of traditional customs in Oukwanyama in order to maintain stability in a time of rapid change. The main contribution of the research however is to follow this story into the second half of the 20th century, when Ndjukuma was succeeded by Nehemia Shoovaleka and then Gabriel Kautwima, at a time when nationalist opposition to South African rule was growing and old political legitimacies were tested. Omhedi became a site of the enforcement of headmen’s authority over both striking workers and the educated elite in the early 1970s when Ovamboland became a Bantustan homeland under apartheid. After Independence in 1990 and the demise of Kautwima, Omhedi remained empty until the restoration of the Kwanyama kingship occurred under postcolonial legislation on Traditional Authorities. The question becomes one of how political legitimacy can be reactivated at such a contradictory site of ‘traditional’ power like Omhedi, now the seat of the new Kwanyama Queen. The thesis engages with notions of gender, history, landscape and memory, as well as theories of space developed by Lefebvre and de Certeau, in order to understand the local reconceptualisation of Omhedi as different things over different times. It also analyses the textual, visual and cultural representations of the place, most notably under colonial rule, and the impact of this archive (or its limits) on postcolonial political developments / South Africa

Background: Nuclear and conventional weapons industry workers are at risk for exposures to beryllium, asbestos, high explosives and barium, all of which are implicated in the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis. Beryllium has also been shown to cause sensitization (BeS) carrying a risk of progression to Chronic Beryllium Lung Disease (CBD). Data are lacking on the epidemiology of beryllium related health effects in conventional munitions workers and limited studies have been published on the prevalence of BeS in workers with minimal exposure. Data on the prevalence of pneumoconiosis in nuclear weapons workers is also lacking. The main objectives of this study were to determine prevalence and risk factors for beryllium sensitization in former nuclear and conventional munitions workers and rates of and risk factors for pneumoconiosis in former nuclear weapons workers, both cohorts from the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAAP) in Burlington, IA. Methods: Former nuclear weapons workers were offered chest x-ray (CXR) and blood screening for sensitization with beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT) as part of the Department of Energy (DoE) Former Worker Medical Screening Program. Conventional munitions workers were offered BeLPT and clinical follow-up if sensitized, as part of a Department of Defense (DOD) funded study. Chest x-rays were reviewed by three readers according to the International Labour Organization's Classification system for Radiographs for Pneumoconioses (ILO system). Exposures under study were characterized qualitatively by the industrial hygiene team and based on former worker interviews and historical industrial hygiene records. Results: The prevalence of beryllium sensitization in nuclear and conventional munitions workers was found to be slightly higher than in other workforces and weapons worker populations at low risk for exposure. The prevalence of parenchymal disease was higher in these nuclear weapons workers than in other DoE studies, while the prevalence of coincident parenchymal and pleural and isolated pleural disease was lower than in other nuclear weapons populations. Workers who occasionally dressed the copper-beryllium alloy tools were found to have an increased risk of beryllium sensitization, compared to those in administrative or other jobs with insignificant potential for exposure on site. Exposure to beryllium, asbestos, high explosives or barium was not associated with lung disease in this population. Conclusions: The findings from this study have potential policy implications for DOE and DOD to extend or implement beryllium surveillance and lung disease screening for their workforces and better control use of the copper-beryllium alloy tools in their production processes.

When describing sexual violence as a ’weapon of war’ or as systematic in the setting of a conflict, many times there is no distinction between how it is used during different types of conflicts. Moreover, they are often discussed as either a crime against the ”enemy” or a crime against women. This research seeks to describe sexual violence during the genocides of Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia and to find whether there is an underlying genocidal intent. It also aims to emphasize the intersectional nature of such crimes — the targeting of a woman on the basis of both gender and group belonging. With the use of books, journal and research articles, reports and interview transcripts — this paper is based on a qualitative research method aiming to describe the underlying intent of the strategic use of sexual violence targeting women in genocide. It is the interpretation of the gathered material and theories which enables the discussion to take form. The genocidal intent behind rapes and sexual violence is not only to use women as reproductive vessels, prevent births within a group and inflict such injuries that would make a woman suffer and become less worthy in her community — but also to humiliate a group through sexual violence in a way that fragments it into elimination. By acknowledging the heightened effect sexual violence and its genocidal intent has on the intersection of group belonging and gender, women’s suffering is not overshadowed by the atrocity of genocide. Women are often discriminated against on either the basis of ethnicity or gender; however, when one emphasizes both elements as reasons for women being targets of genocidal sexual violence, perhaps the crimes could be properly dealt with and responded to by the international community. The research concludes that the systematic use of forced impregnation, mutilation, sexual humiliation and targeting of female identity carries a genocidal intent — resulting in the fragmentation of cultures and communities and furthers female subordination. The crime of genocidal sexual violence is a crime against the individual woman and the group of which she belongs.

The purpose of this study has been to describe the process that women go through before they choose to end their criminal careers in order to hightlight main factors that play an important role for women´s destistance. The study also intends to investigate what causes the woman to maintain the abandonment and not fall back into crime. In order to answer the study's purpose, semistructured interviews with nine former criminal woman have been carried out. The paper starts with some earlier research in the field of women´s criminality. After that we show our results and analyze them by applying Ebuaghs (1988) Role exit theory and with help from Hirschis (2002) theory about social bonds.  The results show that childrelated events and the time spent in treatment-centers has had a major impact on most of the women.  Age-related events have also been significant for women's decisions to end their criminality. A fundamental factor for maintaining the abandonment has been the women's conviction and belief in wanting to succeed. Other events that turned out to be significant were thematized to: the importance of social support, employment and a community outside of crime.