Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) due to under nutrition is a major public health problem among children in Africa and other developing countries. Sorghum and bread wheat, which are important dietary staples in the semi-arid tropics of Africa, are suitable vehicles for delivering proteins to alleviate PEM. Formulation of foods from these low-lysine staples fortified with legumes is a sustainable approach to improve the protein nutritional quality of foods for young children. Biscuits offer a valuable vehicle for fortification as they are nutrient dense, ready-to-eat, have a long shelf-life and are popular. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of complementing sorghum and bread wheat with defatted soy flour on the nutritional and sensory quality and consumer acceptability of biscuits. Biscuits were formulated and developed by compositing sorghum and bread wheat flours with defatted soy flour at different ratios. To establish the nutritional characteristics of biscuits, proximate composition, lysine and reactive lysine contents and in vitro protein digestibility were determined. Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Food Efficiency Ratio (FER) True Digestibility and Biological Value (BV) of sorghum biscuits were determined using Sprague Dowley weanling male rats. The sensory characteristics of biscuits were evaluated using a descriptive panel and instrumental texture analysis. Acceptability was evaluated using eight to nine year old school children. Compared to the 100% cereal biscuits, sorghum-soy and bread wheat-soy composite biscuits in a 1:1 ratio had at least double the protein, mineral and crude fibre contents. The lysine contents of biscuits increased by 500-700%. For the sorghum-soy biscuits, in vitro protein digestibility increased by 170% and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) was 8 times higher. Two such biscuits of 28 g each could provide 50% of the recommended daily protein intake for 3 to 10 year olds. In the animal study, PER and FER for sorghum-soy biscuits were equivalent to the reference casein. True Digestibility was high for all diets, 85 to 95% and BV of sorghum biscuits was higher than sorghum-soy diet by 20%. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that 61% and a further 33% of the variation in sensory properties was due to the type of cereal and concentration of soy in biscuits, respectively. Maximum stress increased by 39% and 34% in sorghum-soy and bread wheat-soy biscuits, respectively at 1:1 ratio. Spread factor of biscuits increased by 7 to 32%. Biscuits were darker in colour (reduced L* value) by 14 to 56% and hardness increased by 84% in sorghum biscuits. Positive hedonic scores by 8 to 9 year old school children for fortified biscuits were sustained above 80% through 8 consumption occasions. This data shows that fortifying with defatted soy flour imparts positive sensory characteristics associated with biscuits to sorghum and bread wheat biscuits and the acceptance of such biscuits may be sustained over an extended period of time. This study indicates that soy fortified sorghum and bread wheat biscuits have high nutrient density, protein quality, positive sensory properties and high acceptability if consumed over an extended period. Hence, the biscuits have great potential as protein-rich supplementary foods to alleviate PEM among children and to provide an income to small holder farmers in rural African communities through purchase of grain for the Home Grown School Feeding Programme. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Food Science / unrestricted

This thesis seeks to understand the role of school timetables as an interface between policies that regulate or distribute forms of capital to schools, and their teaching and learning rhythms. By doing so, it proposes a mechanism for examining the reproduction of schooling practices, and how these are grounded in policy-regulated materiality. Two high schools with similar historic backgrounds, and operating under the same provincial government, were selected and closely studied for evidence of rhythms of practice and the correspondence of these rhythms to each school's timetable. The two schools now experience different access to resources, and have significant differences in teaching and learning rhythms, as well as school-leaving summative assessment results. The study develops an analytic framework for identifying policies that reach into schools through the timetable. Five key inputs are identified as necessary for constructing timetables, providing productive lines of inquiry as to which policies affect schooling rhythms and how. By asking who teaches whom, what, with what and where, systematic analysis is conducted on: how schools are staffed (who); who they enrol (whom); their interpretation of curriculum (what); what supplementary resources they can command (with what); and their infrastructural facilities and geographic (dis)advantages (where). The interaction between these different threads is examined as they tangle within each school's timetable. The enactment of the policies regulating each thread is then traced through the layers of governance of the South African education system: national, provincial and local (school-level). Timetables are conceptualised in this study as local representations of intended teaching and learning rhythm. Using Lefebvre's triad of timespace-conceived, timespace-perceived and timespace-lived, timetables (timespace-conceived) are brought into conversation with timespace-lived through daily teaching and learning activities. Bourdieu's theory of practice is used with Lefebvre to animate the ‘game' of schooling: what schools strive for, what forms of capital they can command to sustain or improve their field position, and how they reproduce their practices. Bourdieu and Lefebvre together generate a sociomaterial practice theory lens that foregrounds timetables and their legitimacy to govern rhythms of teaching and learning in timespace. Timetables emerge as a site of the production and reproduction of advantage (fortified schools) and/or disadvantage (exposed schools) in the game of schooling. In timetables, the policies that avail forms of capital interact in previously unconsidered ways, suggesting that collectively they potentially undergird inequality in the education system.

Magister Scientiae (Nutrition Management) - MSc(NM) / Micronutrient deficiencies are of public health concern in South Africa. These deficiencies affect pregnancy outcomes, growth, functional and cognitive development of children and, the health and productivity of women. As an intervention, the South African government implemented the National Food Fortification Programme (NFFP), which was mandated in 2003 and according to which, the staple foods consumed by most of the population e.g. maize meal and wheat flour (and thus bread) are fortified with a premix of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B6, iron and zinc. There is limited data which looks at the contribution fortified staple food to the dietary intakes and measures of nutrient assessment among South African women of reproductive age (WRA).

Concerns about potential risks posed by discharge from small-scale wastewater treatment (SWT) systems to receiving water bodies have prompted robust enforcement of national discharge quality standards in rural areas of most developed countries. Consequently, communities in such places are in need of effective technologies with which to achieve compliance. Currently, reactive filter (RF) media are increasingly preferred over advanced alternatives, due mainly to their simplicity, affordability and proven potential. However, many of the field-tested filters are commercial products which are costly and scarce but also only capable of removing few contaminants they are engineered to target hence often requiring to be coupled with other treatment units to achieve full treatment. In the preliminary findings of this study, biochar (BC) was identified and thus suggested basing on existing literature, as a versatile ubiquitous low-cost material for treating wastewater. Its effectiveness in fortifying sand (Sa) and gas concrete (GC)-based SWT facilities was later demonstrated in long-term experiments using laboratory packed bed reactors and field constructed filter beds. The efficacy of SaBC and GCBC systems in reducing turbidity (&gt;95%), DOC (60%; p&lt;0.05) and PO43- (40-90%; p&lt;0.05) was significantly higher than for their reference counterparts. Further, sorbed P was more leachable from Sa (11.2 mgkg-1) and SaBC (20.5 mgkg-1) filters but more extractable and hence plant-available in GC (65-91 mgkg-1). Therefore, the study concluded that fortification of soil-based systems with biochar filters may be a promising solution in enhancing performances of soil-based wastewater treatment systems, while P-rich RF media can act as a nutrient source for plants if recycled to agriculture. / <p>NB: Research Funder was: Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana. QC 20170524</p>

Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Brian Lindshield / Fortified blended foods (FBF) are used for the prevention and treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in nutritionally vulnerable individuals, particularly children. A recent review of current FBF recommended the addition of animal source food (ASF), in the form of whey protein concentrate (WPC), to FBF, especially corn soy blend. The justifications for this recommendation include the potential of ASF to increase length, weight, muscle mass accretion, and recovery from wasting, as well as improve the product protein quality and provide essential growth factors. Evidence was collected from the following four different types of studies: 1) epidemiological, 2) ASF versus no intervention or a low-calorie control, 3) ASF versus an isocaloric non-ASF, and 4) ASF versus an isocaloric, isonitrogenous non-ASF. Epidemiological studies consistently associated improved growth outcomes with ASF consumption; however, little evidence from isocaloric and isocaloric, isonitrogenous interventions was found to support the inclusion of meat or milk in FBF. Evidence suggests that whey may benefit muscle mass accretion, but not linear growth. Overall, there is little evidence to support the costly addition of WPC to FBFs. Further randomized isocaloric, isonitrogenous ASF interventions with nutritionally vulnerable children are needed.

Introdução: Estudos anteriores mostraram a efetividade do Projeto VIVALEITE para o ganho de peso de crianças menores de dois anos. Como o programa é efetivo, é possível que crianças ingressantes com peso próximo ao limite considerado adequado para idade o ultrapassem no decorrer de sua participação. Verificar se há variáveis sociodemográficas associadas ao excesso de peso poderá permitir o estabelecimento de medidas preventivas por parte dos gestores do programa. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e excesso de peso em participantes do Projeto VIVALEITE. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com dados de 1.039 crianças de famílias de baixa renda do interior do Estado de São Paulo, ingressantes no projeto VIVALEITE com seis meses de idade e peso próximo ao limite superior de adequação, no período de janeiro de 2003 a setembro de 2008. Investigou-se a proporção de crianças que ficam com excesso de peso durante a participação no programa e as associações com as condições sociodemográficas de cada criança (amamentação aos seis meses, sexo e peso ao nascer) e dos respectivos responsáveis (condição conjugal, idade, situação de trabalho e escolaridade). A modelagem foi feita por meio de regressão logística, com as variáveis socioeconômicas em cada idade de pesagem (9 a 23 meses) e regressão logística multinível das variáveis socioeconômicas e o conjunto das idades de pesagem. O processamento foi feito com o pacote estatístico Stata 10.1. Resultados: Conforme análise multinível, a categoria sim da variável aleitamento materno aos seis meses (OR=0,29, p=0,000) e a categoria trabalha da variável situação de trabalho materno (OR=0,36, p=0,012) foram associadas significantemente ao excesso de peso das crianças. As variáveis peso ao nascer, sexo, condição conjugal, idade materna e escolaridade não foram associadas estatisticamente ao excesso de peso. Conclusões: A não amamentação aos seis meses e a condição de não trabalho materno são os fatores sociodemográficos positivamente / Introduction: Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of VIVALEITE Project to gain weight in children under two years old. As the program is effective, it is possible that children who began weighting close to the limit considered appropriate for the age during their participation this weight exceed the limit. Examine for sociodemographic variables associated with overweight may allow the establishment of preventive measures by program managers. Objective: To analyze the association between sociodemographic factors and overweight in participants of VIVALEITE Project. Methods: Cohort study with data from 1,039 infants from low-income families in the state of São Paulo, who were admitted on Vivaleite design with six months of age and weight near the upper limit of adequacy, from January 2003 to September 2008. Investigate the proportion of children who became overweight during participation in the program and associations with sociodemographic conditions of each child (breastfeeding at six months, sex and birth weight) and their guardians (marital status, age, employment status and education). The modeling was performed using logistic regression with socioeconomic variables in each age in the moment by weigh (9-23 months) and multilevel logistic regression of socioeconomic variables and all the ages of weighing. Stata 10.1 program version was used for analysis. Results: As multilevel analysis, the category yes of breastfeeding at six months (OR = 0.29, p = 0.000) and maternal work category (OR = 0.36, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with the overweight in children. The variables birth weight, sex, marital status, maternal age and education were not statistically associated with overweight. Conclusions: The absence of breastfeeding at six months and the condition of maternal unemployment are the sociodemographic factors positively associated with overweight infants participating in the program

Savo šalyje turime unikalų XIX-XX amžių sandūroje pastatytą militaristinės architektūros paveldą – Kauno žiedinę fortinę tvirtovę. Tačiau daugelis šios tvirtovės statinių yra apleisti, kelia grėsmę visuomenės saugumui. Pagrindinė problema – visuomenės požiūris į militaristinį paveldą. Būtina keisti visuomenės supratimą ir įrodyti, kad šį paveldą galima pritaikyti savoms reikmėms, o tai kur kas naudingiau nei okupaciją primenantys kraupūs griuvėsiai. Baigiamajame darbe analizuojami analogiški statiniai, kurie atsikratė šiurpios praeities pėdsakų ir šiuo metu tarnauja žmonėms. Įvertinami nagrinėjamo Kauno tvirtovės 5-ojo forto vertingi elementai, istoriniai architektūrinės struktūros pakitimai, konstrukcijų techninė būklė, paminklosauginiai reikalavimai. Pagal atliktą analizę ieškoma architektūrinių priemonių išsaugoti apleistus 5-ojo forto slėpinius, prikelti juos naujam gyvenimui ir pritaikyti naujai paskirčiai. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, analitinė dalis, duomenų apie pastatą apibendrinimas, pastato architektūrinis bei konstrukcijų techninės būklės įvertinimas, tyrimo medžiagos apdorojimas, architektūriniai bei konstrukciniai pastato renovacijos siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 111 p. teksto be priedų, 215 iliustr., 1 lent., 44 informaciniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / In our country we have a sample of unique militaristic architectural heritage built at the turn of XIX-XX centuries - Kaunas circular fortress. However, many of the buildings of the fortress are abandoned and cause a threat to public safety. The main problem is the public attitude to the militaristic heritage. It is necessary to change the public's understanding and to demonstrate that this heritage can be adapted for their own purposes which is much more beneficial than the gloomy ruins that remind of occupation. Similar structures which were freed from traces of grisly past and currently serve the people are analyzed in the final work. The valuable elements of the historic architectural changes of the structure, structural condition, and memorial preservation requirements of the Kaunas Fortress 5th fort are also evaluated. According to the performed analysis, it is searched for architectural measures to preserve the abandoned 5th fortress mysteries, to raise them to new live and to adapt for new uses. Work consists of 7 parts: introduction, analytical part, the summary on the data of the building, technical evaluation of architectural and building construction, processing of the study materials, architectural design and building renovation proposals, references. Thesis consist of: 111 p. text without appendixes, 215 pictures, 1 table, 44 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Introdução: Estudos anteriores mostraram a efetividade do Projeto VIVALEITE para o ganho de peso de crianças menores de dois anos. Como o programa é efetivo, é possível que crianças ingressantes com peso próximo ao limite considerado adequado para idade o ultrapassem no decorrer de sua participação. Verificar se há variáveis sociodemográficas associadas ao excesso de peso poderá permitir o estabelecimento de medidas preventivas por parte dos gestores do programa. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e excesso de peso em participantes do Projeto VIVALEITE. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com dados de 1.039 crianças de famílias de baixa renda do interior do Estado de São Paulo, ingressantes no projeto VIVALEITE com seis meses de idade e peso próximo ao limite superior de adequação, no período de janeiro de 2003 a setembro de 2008. Investigou-se a proporção de crianças que ficam com excesso de peso durante a participação no programa e as associações com as condições sociodemográficas de cada criança (amamentação aos seis meses, sexo e peso ao nascer) e dos respectivos responsáveis (condição conjugal, idade, situação de trabalho e escolaridade). A modelagem foi feita por meio de regressão logística, com as variáveis socioeconômicas em cada idade de pesagem (9 a 23 meses) e regressão logística multinível das variáveis socioeconômicas e o conjunto das idades de pesagem. O processamento foi feito com o pacote estatístico Stata 10.1. Resultados: Conforme análise multinível, a categoria sim da variável aleitamento materno aos seis meses (OR=0,29, p=0,000) e a categoria trabalha da variável situação de trabalho materno (OR=0,36, p=0,012) foram associadas significantemente ao excesso de peso das crianças. As variáveis peso ao nascer, sexo, condição conjugal, idade materna e escolaridade não foram associadas estatisticamente ao excesso de peso. Conclusões: A não amamentação aos seis meses e a condição de não trabalho materno são os fatores sociodemográficos positivamente / Introduction: Previous studies have shown the effectiveness of VIVALEITE Project to gain weight in children under two years old. As the program is effective, it is possible that children who began weighting close to the limit considered appropriate for the age during their participation this weight exceed the limit. Examine for sociodemographic variables associated with overweight may allow the establishment of preventive measures by program managers. Objective: To analyze the association between sociodemographic factors and overweight in participants of VIVALEITE Project. Methods: Cohort study with data from 1,039 infants from low-income families in the state of São Paulo, who were admitted on Vivaleite design with six months of age and weight near the upper limit of adequacy, from January 2003 to September 2008. Investigate the proportion of children who became overweight during participation in the program and associations with sociodemographic conditions of each child (breastfeeding at six months, sex and birth weight) and their guardians (marital status, age, employment status and education). The modeling was performed using logistic regression with socioeconomic variables in each age in the moment by weigh (9-23 months) and multilevel logistic regression of socioeconomic variables and all the ages of weighing. Stata 10.1 program version was used for analysis. Results: As multilevel analysis, the category yes of breastfeeding at six months (OR = 0.29, p = 0.000) and maternal work category (OR = 0.36, p = 0.012) were significantly associated with the overweight in children. The variables birth weight, sex, marital status, maternal age and education were not statistically associated with overweight. Conclusions: The absence of breastfeeding at six months and the condition of maternal unemployment are the sociodemographic factors positively associated with overweight infants participating in the program

Orientador: Helena Teixeira Godoy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T16:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trevisan_GoretiAparecidaGuedesDeMoraes_M.pdf: 20453222 bytes, checksum: d38a76748a8847d0164b977d7b32423e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos