Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) nanolithography has been found to be a powerful and low-cost approach for sub-100 nm patterning. In this thesis, the possibility of using a state-of-the-art SPM system to controllably deposit nanoparticles on patterned Si substrates with high positional control has been explored. These nanoparticles have a range of interesting properties and have been characterised by electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. The influence of different deposition parameters on the nanoparticle properties was studied. Contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based local oxidation nanolithography (LON) was used to oxidise sample surfaces. Two different substrates were studied which were native oxide silicon (Si) and molybdenum (Mo). A number of factors that influence the height and width of the oxide features were investigated in order to achieve the optimal oxidation efficiency. The height and width of the oxide structures were found to be strongly dependent on the applied voltage and scan speed. The tunneling AFM (TUNA) technique was used to measure the ultralow currents flowing between the tip and the sample during the oxidation process. It was found that a threshold voltage for our oxidation experiments was -4.0 ± 1.6 V applied to the tip when fabricating geometric patterns as well as 2.9 ± 1.6 V and 2.8 ± 2.2 V applied to the substrate for nanodot fabrication. In addition, comparisons of nanodot-array patterns produced with different AFM tips were studied. The influence of applied voltage, type of AFM tip and substrate, humidity and ramping time has been studied for dot formation providing a comparison between native oxide Si and Mo surfaces. The nanodot sizes were found to be clearly dependent on the applied voltage, type of substrate, relative humidity and ramping time. Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) was used to study a direct deposition strategy for gold (Au) nanodot fabrication on a native oxide Si substrate. In this process, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4) molecules were deposited onto the substrate via a molecular diffusion process, in the absence of electrochemical reactions. This approach allowed for the generation of Au dots on the SiO2 substrate without the need for surface modification or additional electrode structures. The dependence of the size of the Au dots on different „scanning coating‟ (SC) times of AFM tips was studied. A thermal annealing process was used to decompose the generated HAuCl4 molecular dots to leave Au (0) metal dots. A stereomicroscope has been used for preliminary observation of different steps of Au deposition treatments. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterise the SC AFM tips both before and after the DPN process. SEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) has provided information about the elemental content of deposited particles for different annealing temperatures. Fountain-pen nanolithography (FPN) has also been used to study nanowriting of HAuCl4 salt and a variety of solvents on a native oxide Si surface. In this technique, a nanopipette was mounted within an AFM to deliver appropriate solutions to the silica substrate. We found that an aqueous Au salt solution was the most suitable ink for depositing gold using the FPN technique. In the case of solvents alone, ethanol and toluene were achieved with depositing onto a SiO2 substrate using the FPN technique.

Random linear network coding is widely proposed as the solution for practical network coding applications due to the robustness to random packet loss, packet delays as well as network topology and capacity changes. In order to implement random linear network coding in practical scenarios where the encoding and decoding methods perform efficiently, the computational complex coding algorithms associated with random linear network coding must be overcome. This research contributes to the field of practical random linear network coding by presenting new, low complexity coding algorithms with low decoding delay. In this thesis we contribute to this research field by building on the current solutions available in the literature through the utilisation of familiar coding schemes combined with methods from other research areas, as well as developing innovative coding methods. We show that by transmitting source symbols in predetermined and constrained patterns from the source node, the causality of the random linear network coding network can be used to create structure at the receiver nodes. This structure enables us to introduce an innovative decoding scheme of low decoding delay. This decoding method also proves to be resilient to the effects of packet loss on the structure of the received packets. This decoding method shows a low decoding delay and resilience to packet erasures, that makes it an attractive option for use in multimedia multicasting. We show that fountain codes can be implemented in RLNC networks without changing the complete coding structure of RLNC networks. By implementing an adapted encoding algorithm at strategic intermediate nodes in the network, the receiver nodes can obtain encoded packets that approximate the degree distribution of encoded packets required for successful belief propagation decoding. Previous work done showed that the redundant packets generated by RLNC networks can be used for error detection at the receiver nodes. This error detection method can be implemented without implementing an outer code; thus, it does not require any additional network resources. We analyse this method and show that this method is only effective for single error detection, not correction. In this thesis the current body of knowledge and technology in practical random linear network coding is extended through the contribution of effective decoding techniques in practical network coding networks. We present both analytical and simulation results to show that the developed techniques can render low complexity coding algorithms with low decoding delay in RLNC networks. / Thesis (PhD (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Random linear network coding is widely proposed as the solution for practical network coding applications due to the robustness to random packet loss, packet delays as well as network topology and capacity changes. In order to implement random linear network coding in practical scenarios where the encoding and decoding methods perform efficiently, the computational complex coding algorithms associated with random linear network coding must be overcome. This research contributes to the field of practical random linear network coding by presenting new, low complexity coding algorithms with low decoding delay. In this thesis we contribute to this research field by building on the current solutions available in the literature through the utilisation of familiar coding schemes combined with methods from other research areas, as well as developing innovative coding methods. We show that by transmitting source symbols in predetermined and constrained patterns from the source node, the causality of the random linear network coding network can be used to create structure at the receiver nodes. This structure enables us to introduce an innovative decoding scheme of low decoding delay. This decoding method also proves to be resilient to the effects of packet loss on the structure of the received packets. This decoding method shows a low decoding delay and resilience to packet erasures, that makes it an attractive option for use in multimedia multicasting. We show that fountain codes can be implemented in RLNC networks without changing the complete coding structure of RLNC networks. By implementing an adapted encoding algorithm at strategic intermediate nodes in the network, the receiver nodes can obtain encoded packets that approximate the degree distribution of encoded packets required for successful belief propagation decoding. Previous work done showed that the redundant packets generated by RLNC networks can be used for error detection at the receiver nodes. This error detection method can be implemented without implementing an outer code; thus, it does not require any additional network resources. We analyse this method and show that this method is only effective for single error detection, not correction. In this thesis the current body of knowledge and technology in practical random linear network coding is extended through the contribution of effective decoding techniques in practical network coding networks. We present both analytical and simulation results to show that the developed techniques can render low complexity coding algorithms with low decoding delay in RLNC networks. / Thesis (PhD (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

I conduct a series of experiments culminating in a gallery exhibition, I Never Stopped Being A Curator, which investigate and reinterpret what it means to ‘care’ and ‘profane’ in the context of an expanded notion of curatorial practice. I call what I’m doing ‘performative micro-curating,’ a playfully performative practice with precedents dating back to Marcel Duchamp and The Richard Mutt Case. More specifically, I’m interpreting and practising performative micro-curating as a relational, meta-conceptual art practice that uses mirroring and repetition as a method for posing questions, making knowledge and forging social bonds, while, at the same time, dissolving the boundaries that customarily distinguish artmaking from curating.

Cities are concentrations of diverse populations that undergo continual transformation over time. This thesis deals with the question, how does the individual make place in a constantly changing environment? The entry point for this study was looking at neglected places in urban environments. I looked specifically at the Don River Valley in Toronto, Ontario and how it has developed as an open-ended and complex system. The site research is presented through a series of stories describing specific events or places in the Don Valley that have taken place over the past 200 years. This thesis offers a mongrel approach to design for a site within the Don Valley. “The Mongrel Approach” is an opportunistic way of building that is committed to survival and open as to how this can be achieved. The design proposes a series of intimate yet public infrastructural devices; a toilet, water fountain, shelter and bridge that are presented in a set of hand drawings as well as through an “Explanatory Tale.” A magpie narrates this short story, which is part true, part fiction and part wishful thinking. As the earth’s population becomes more urban than rural and increasingly mobile, contemporary cities are becoming home to a diverse range of individuals with complex and layered identities. The Mongrel Approach offers a way of building that can handle difference and contradiction and accommodate incongruous or inharmonious parts. It positions the designer as a conjurer or first mover. This thesis proposes Mongrel buildings that respond to change by transforming slowly and incrementally over time with the involvement of multiple authors; but at each moment, a register of time and human ritual.

Persons with mental illness struggle daily to overcome their illnesses that relentlessly attack the mind. In efforts to revolutionize mental health treatment, psychologists and doctors have attempted to go beyond symptom reduction. One such method is the Clubhouse Model of psychosocial rehabilitation that welcomes persons with severe mental illness into a socially supportive environment and involves them in meaningful and productive work (Doyle, Lanoil & Dudek, 2013). The Clubhouse Model works: its members report greater feelings of functionality, autonomy, and happiness (Tanaka & Davidson, 2015). However, it is not yet clear how exactly the Clubhouse Model is so effective. The current proposed study will apply the psychology phenomena of flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) to the Clubhouse Model’s core structure, its work-ordered day. This proposed study will collect data on Clubhouse members’ experience in three activities: the work-ordered day, free time, and therapy to determine if they are ever in a state of flow. The proposal will collect the data over a six-month period using the Experience Sampling Method (Hektner, Schmidt & Csikszentmihalyi, 2007). Additionally, the proposal will collect longitudinal data of the members’ quality of life (QoL) to determine if members’ QoL increase due to their Clubhouse membership. The proposal’s first hypothesis is that members will experience greater levels of flow during the activities of the work-ordered day over their free time and therapy. The proposal’s second hypothesis is that by experiencing flow, Clubhouse members will experience greater levels of QoL.

HISSA, Inah Abreu. Análise da realidade da fonte Batateira no Cariri-CE: aspectos econômicos e legais do mercado de águas. Fortaleza – CE, 2005. 106 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós –Graduação, PRODEMA - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2005. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T13:52:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_iahissa.pdf: 3321504 bytes, checksum: b0c5c17e0c76d0d51564092fd3f10d95 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-04-13T14:43:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_iahissa.pdf: 3321504 bytes, checksum: b0c5c17e0c76d0d51564092fd3f10d95 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T14:43:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_iahissa.pdf: 3321504 bytes, checksum: b0c5c17e0c76d0d51564092fd3f10d95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / In the area of Cariri, inside the State of Ceará, several sources of water are born in the Araripe Plated. One of those, the Batateira fountain, turns into Batateira river, where the producing of the sugar-cane developed in 1854, a system of rights and allocation of water based on the forces of Market of Waters That model that still meets at the present time in operation it allows the private property of the water as well as that respective proprietors–possessors of titles of rights of use of the water - they negotiate referred rights, as well, make referred transactions in the Public Registry of the City of Crato. The same does not happen in the remaining of the State of Ceará and of Brazil that adopts, at the present time, the model of Negotiation (French) that reorganizes the institutional atmosphere for your time and it defines new property rights. In that perspective, and considering that the model adopted in Cariri - CE still works there is more than one century, at the end it is sought to conclude institutional legal space it still exists for Cariri - CE to continue inside of a structure of market of right of use of the water. With this research, it is looked for to contribute with the administration of the water in Cariri has seen that the present moment of transition is delicate and conflicting, mainly in the aspect of the dominium of the right of use of the water. / Na região do Cariri, no interior do Estado do Ceará, várias fontes de água nascem na Chapada do Araripe. Uma dessas, a Fonte Batateira, se converte no Rio Batateira, onde os produtores da cana-de-açúcar desenvolveram em 1854 um sistema de direitos e alocação de água baseado nas forças de Mercado de Águas. Esse modelo que ainda se encontra em operação na atualidade permite a propriedade privada da água, bem como que respectivos proprietários – possuidores de títulos de direitos de uso da água - negociem referidos direitos, bem como, efetuem referidas transações no Cartório Público da Cidade do Crato. O mesmo não ocorre no restante do Estado do Ceará e do Brasil que adota, na atualidade, o modelo de Negociação (Francês) que por sua vez reorganiza o ambiente institucional e define novos direitos de propriedade. Nessa perspectiva, e ainda considerando que o modelo adotado no Cariri-CE funciona há mais de um século, ao final se visa concluir se ainda existe espaço legal institucional para continuar dentro de uma estrutura de mercado de direito de uso da água. Com esta pesquisa, busca-se contribuir com a gestão da água no Cariri haja vista que o presente momento de transição é delicado e conflituoso, principalmente no aspecto da dominialidade do direito de uso da água.

[pt] A construção de novos códigos através de modificações (alongamento, puncionamento, etc) de um código conhecido é uma prática comum quando se lida com códigos clássicos. Neste trabalho é mostrado que bons códigos podem ser obtidos com algumas dessas técnicas, aparentemente não efetivas aos códigos fontanais. Os Códigos LT (Luby Transform) Sistemáticos Alongados são apresentados e, a partir de simulações realizadas em programa desenvolvido para tal, mostra-se um melhor desempenho em relação aos seus códigos-mãe correspondentes, sob uma mesma condição de redundância. A técnica de alongamento pode ser bastante útil, minimizando a necessidade de trabalhar-se com blocos de informação grandes, caracterizada nos códigos fontanais e, por conseqüência, nos códigos LT. / [en] Construction of new codes by modifying (extending,puncturing,etc) a known code is common practice when dealing with classical codes.We have shown in this thesis that good codes can be obtained with these techniques,apparently not effective for fountain codes.Lengthened Systematic Luby Transform Codes have being demonstrated ,through simulation ,to perform better when compared to the mother codes, under the same redundancy condition.Lengthening might be a useful technique which alleviates the need for large frame requirements posed by the fountain codes.

Águas subterrâneas são corpos dágua que podem aflorar na superfície por meio de fontes ou bicas dágua, comumente utilizadas pelo homem para as mais diversas atividades. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o padrão de potabilidade da água de 12 bicas de uso público da cidade de Taubaté-SP, para o consumo humano. Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliação foram: bacteriológico contagem de coliformes totais e E.coli; físico-químico concentração de turbidez e nitrato; parasitológico presença de Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia spp. As amostras de água foram coletadas de acordo com a metodologia estabelecida por Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1998), em três etapas diferentes, no ano 2005. Os resultados das análises, em conformidade com a Portaria no 518/2004, do Ministério da Saúde, revelaram que, das 36 amostras de água analisadas, foram consideradas potáveis: 67%, quanto ao padrão bacteriológico; 92%, quanto ao padrão físico-químico; e 100%, quanto ao padrão parasitológico. Considerando-se todos os parâmetros analisados nas três coletas, conclui-se que 58% das amostras de água das bicas de uso público estudadas foram consideradas potáveis. Salientamos que, durante o estudo, não se identificou nenhum tipo de monitoramento da qualidade da água das bicas estudadas, o que pode colocar em risco a saúde da população. / Subterranean water is body water which can emerge by means of water fountains that are usually used for various activities by mankind. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potability standard of 12 water fountains in Taubaté city for human consumption. The parameters that were used for the evaluation were: bacteriological counting of total coliformes (intestinal bacteria) and E. coli; physicochemical concentration of turbidity and nitrate; parasitological presence of Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp. The water samples were collected according to the established methodology by Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 1998), in three stages in the year 2005. The results of the analyses, are in compliance with Portaria no 518 from the Ministry of Health in the year 2004 evidenced that the 36 samples of analyzed water, 67% were considered drinkable to the bacteriological standard, 92% were considered drinkable to the physicochemical standard and 100% were considered drinkable to the parasitological standard. Taking into account all the analyzed parameters in 3 collects, one concluded that 58% of the water samples from the studied water fountains were considered drinkable. One points out that during the study, it was not identified any kind of quality monitoring of the studied water fountains, which can endanger the populations health.

Bakgrund: De senaste decennierna har socialpolitiska beslut präglats av en viljeinriktning att individer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning ska leva i samhället med andra, i en gemenskap. Det visar sig dock att många står utanför samhällets gemenskap och saknar ofta sysselsättning. Att ha sysselsättning kan vara en avgörande faktor som inte bara möjliggör att isolering bryts men även att vägen mot återhämtning från psykisk ohälsa kan påbörjas. Att få vara en del av ett sammanhang visar sig ha positiva effekter för återhämtningsprocessen som bidrar till att personer med psykisk funktionsnedsättning kan leva ett tillfredsställande liv trots att hen aldrig blir helt symptomfri.Syfte: Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka fontänhusets betydelse för medlemmarnas återhämtningsprocess. Syftet har även varit att belysa om det finns erfarenheter av både främjande och hindrande faktorer på fontänhuset för medlemmarnas återhämtning. Metod: Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med medlemmar på fontänhuset som har erfarenhet av personlig återhämtning har genomförts och analyserats tematiskt.Resultat: Studien visar att fontänhuset är av betydelse för medlemmarnas återhämtningsprocess. Fontänhuset upplevs av flera av deltagarna i studien som en bidragande faktor till deras återhämtning. Studien påvisar också att det kan finnas problematik på fontänhuset som påverkar de sociala relationerna mellan medlemmarna. Vidare lyfts att återhämtningsprocessen består av fram och tillbakagångar men att ha en plats dit man kan gå bidrar till fler framgångar än motgångar. / Background: In recent decades, social policy decisions have been characterized by a determination that people with mental disabilities should live in society with others, in a community. However, it turns out that many people are outside society's community and often lack employment. Having employment can be a crucial factor that not only enables isolation to be broken but also that the path to recovery from mental illness can begin. Being part of a context proves to have a positive effect on the recovery process that helps people with mental disabilities live a satisfying life despite never becoming completely free from symptom.Purpose: The purpose of this study has been to investigate the importance of the fountain house for the members' recovery process. The purpose has also been to highlight whether there are experiences of both promotion and preventive factors in the fountain house for members' recovery.Method: Five semi-structured interviews with members of the fountain house who have experience of personal recovery have been conducted and analyzed thematically.Result: The study shows that the fountain house is important for the members' recovery process. The fountain house is experienced by several of the participants in the study as a contributing factor to their recovery. The study also shows that there may be problems at the fountain house that affect the social relations between the members. Furthermore, it is emphasized that the recovery process consists of advances and reversals, but having a place you can go contributes to more successes than adversities.