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John Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563-1570) is one of the most famous books in the canon of English Literature. And, among famous books, it is one of the least read. Ever since the day of its publication, just 400 years ago, it has always enjoyed some sort of fame and, at times, notoriety. We have much evidence attesting the book's long-established fame and many reasons for its diminished popularity. [...]

The shallow post glacial sea of northern Foxe Basin contains a large walrus herd. Complemented by other game resources, the herd has supported human settlement for about four thousand years. During sequent occupance of the region by different prehistoric hunting cultures there was adaptation to changes in climate, game resources and land forms. Despite variations in environment, there was remarkable continuity in the coastal settlement pattern. From a "core" area of relatively dense and permanent settlement, concentric areas decreased in viability towards the regional margins, where adverse ice conditions were a major deterrent to settlement. Whaling fleets visited the regions adjacent to northern Foxe Basin from about 1840 to 1910. Although the region itself was barred to whaling ships by pack ice, the whole Melville-Borden culture territory, including northern Foxe Basin, suffered from the social and ecological disequilibrium caused by whaling activity. At the end of the whaling era the rifle and whaleboat had been added to the hunting technology, but the population of the region was reduced. In the 1930's the establishment of a mission and later a trading post in the core area brought new focus to settlement in the region. Immigration from neighbouring regions, and natural increase in the population resulted in expansion of settlement. Following a period of experimentation, population distribution stabilized in a series of contiguous areas, each supporting an ecological and economic unit. The trapping and hunting settlement of the "camp system" adhered closely to the ancient regional pattern. Although the camp system appeared to be a return to the prehistoric subsistence equilibrium, technological innovation threatened the game resources, and the proceeds of fur sales could not meet the consumer demand of a growing population. The construction of defence establishments, commencing in 1955, broke the long isolation of northern Foxe Basin. Government activity in the region increased through the 1960's and subsidy became the economic base of the region. In 1966 the federal government introduced a large-scale rental housing scheme, which precipitated the collapse of the hunting settlement system. Igloolik and Hall Beach changed from being service centres serving dispersed regional settlements, to nodal centres of tutelage, containing almost the entire population of the region. The Iglulingmiut Eskimos entered a radically different phase of social and economic transition, and are now attempting to work out a compromise between traditional and superimposed social forms. The Iglulingmiut, in the relative isolation of their region, have been able to absorb change slowly, until recently. Their sense of identity, their symbiotically-based social structure and hunting tradition are sources of strength and pride. Compared to many other Eskimo groups they appear well prepared to meet future changes. Much will depend, however, on the willingness of government planners to build upon existing cultural foundations, and to proceed at a pace which permits Eskimo participation. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

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L’archéologie de l’Arctique canadien, bien qu’ayant fait une large place à certaines catégories d’objets, telles les têtes de harpon, n’a encore que peu exploité la grande richesse informative des objets en matières dures d’origine animale. Une périodisation typologique a été réalisée sur l’ensemble de la période du Paléoesquimau (~ 4000-500 B.P.), classiquement subdivisée en Prédorsétien et Dorsétien au Canada. Les pratiques techniques et économiques des Paléoesquimaux ont été abordées à partir de l’étude de six sites localisés autour du Golfe de Foxe, région centrale pour l’archéologie arctique : région d’Igloolik (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen et Kaersut) et nord du Nunavik (Tayara). Les données typologiques et technologiques obtenues permettent de confirmer l’existence d’un continuum culturel entre Prédorsétien et Dorsétien. L’évolution des industries en matières dures d’origine animale observée, notamment au moment du passage du Prédorsétien au Dorsétien, a été interprétée en termes de changements socio-culturels. Un fait marquant serait l’apparition des têtes de harpon à logette partiellement fermée, contemporaine d’une intensification de l’exploitation du morse, témoignant de chasses désormais collectives qui auraient incité les chasseurs à séjourner désormais ensemble dans des habitations plus grandes, occupées sur de plus longues périodes. Mots-clés : Paléoesquimau ; Arctique ; technologie ; typologie ; ivoire ; os ; bois de caribou ; Canada / The studied ivory, bone and antler artifacts from the Canadian Arctic, only correspond to harpoon heads that served to build the Palaeo-Eskimo chronology (~ 4000-500 B.P.). To ascertain the chronological subdivision between the Pre-Dorset and Dorset cultures a typological study associated with a technological approach was performed. Palaeo-Eskimo technological and economical practices have been derived from the study of six sites located around the Foxe Basin: Igloolik region (Parry Hill, Lyon Hill, Jens Munk, Freuchen and Kaersut sites) and northern Nunavik (Tayara site). The assumption of a Pre-Dorset/Dorset continuum could be confirmed. The observed evolution of osseous industries during Palaeo-Eskimo period (and more precisely the Pre-Dorset/Dorset transition) has been interpreted in terms of socio-cultural changes. The observed technological changes (i.e. harpoon head hafting) could be associated with new patterns of raw material exploitation (diversification in the selection of materials and anatomical elements, as well as functional categories). They testify to the important socio-cultural changes (collective rather than individual hunting) already observed in the settlement patterns (aggregation of the humans in larger houses for longer time periods). Keywords: Palaeo-Eskimo culture; Arctic; Canada; technology; typology; ivory; bone; antler

Economic data concerning the costs and benefits of Inuit subsistence in the Igloolik region of Nunavut were collected during the summer of 1992. The purpose of the research was to develop a method of valuation to showcase the high "profit", in economic terms, that harvested country food provides. / Wildlife harvesting in Inuit communities represents a traditional way of life which is threatened by the increasing expansion of wage employment, industrial development and the availability of store bought food. However, rather than having a marginalizing effect, these changes make subsistence hunting an essential economic activity. / This thesis develops a method to measure the harvest of country food through a dollar value standard thus quantifying the real economic benefits of Inuit subsistence. The value of harvested food can then be compared economically to store bought food. This comparison shows that subsistence hunting provides Inuit with a relatively inexpensive food source, equivalent to $6 million of income ``in kind'' per community in the Baffin Region. In this era of store bought food and wage employment, Inuit communities remain economically and socially integrated through subsistence hunting. Without harvesting, northern communities would be culturally and nutritionally poorer than at any time in the past.

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Thesis (Ph.D) -- McMaster University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves129-140). Also available via World Wide Web.