Orientadora: Maria Eunice Quilici Gonzalez / Co-orientadora: Mariana Matulovic da Silva Rodrigueiro / Banca: Antônio Sérgio da Costa Nunes / Banca: Alfredo Pereira Júnior / Resumo: A presente dissertação intitulada "Informação, ação e relações colaborativas: uma perspectiva filosófica da complexidade" tem por objetivo realizar um estudo de hipóteses do paradigma da complexidade envolvendo a comunicação entre seres humanos. O problema central que direciona a presente reflexão pode ser assim enunciado: Qual é o papel dos padrões informacionais na ação colaborativa dos seres humanos, concebidos como sistemas complexos? Esse problema será inicialmente analisado a partir da hipótese elaborada por Bateson, segundo a qual relações de dependência se estabelecem entre seres vivos, criando vínculos específicos e dinâmicos entre eles quando há reciprocidade em suas relações. Recorremos também às hipóteses formuladas por Weaver em 1948 sobre a natureza de problemas característicos do domínio da complexidade. O presente trabalho está organizado em três capítulos. No primeiro, investigamos aspectos da Teoria dos Sistemas Complexos que nos auxiliam a analisar o conceito de Informação, com ênfase na noção de Padrões Informacionais. No capítulo 2, investigamos a Virada Naturalista na filosofia e a importância da experiência para a filosofia, que passou a ganhar espaço com essa Virada, proporcionada pela revolução iniciada por Darwin na biologia. As noções de Padrões Informacionais e de Duplo-Vínculo são apresentadas no capítulo 2, que tem como ponto fundamental o estudo da relação comunicativa entre seres vivos. No capítulo 3, analisamos hipóteses de teorias que explici... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation, entitled "Information, action and collaborative relationships: a philosophical perspective of complexity" aims to conduct a study of hypotheses of the complexity paradigm involving communication between humans. The central problem that directs this reflection can be so stated: What is the role of informational patterns in the collaborative action of human beings, conceived as complex systems? This problem will be initially analyzed from the hypothesis elaborated by Bateson, according to which dependency relationships are established between living beings, creating specific and dynamic links between them when there is reciprocity in their relationships. We also investigate the assumptions made by Weaver in 1948 about the nature of problems dealing with complexity. This dissertation is organized into three chapters. In the first one, we investigated aspects of the Theory of Complex Systems that help us to analyze the concept of Information, emphasizing the notion of Informational Patterns. In chapter 2, we investigate the Naturalistic Turn in philosophy and the importance of experience to philosophy, which went on to gain space with this Turn, provided by the revolution initiated by Darwin in biology. The notions of Informational Patterns and Double-Bind are presented in the chapter 2 that presents the result of a study of the communicative relationship between living beings. In chapter 3, we analyze assumptions of theories that explain relations of friendship and virtual friendship between people, focusing on the study of collaborative relationships offered by the establishment of informational patterns. / Mestre

Thesis advisor: Cynthia Lyerly / My dissertation examines the social, cultural, and political lives of women in the early Republic through an analysis of the first women's literary circle formed in the United States after the Revolution, the Boston Gleaning Circle. The Gleaners, as the women referred to themselves, instead of engaging primarily in charitable and religious work, which was the focus of other women's groups, concentrated on their own intellectual improvement. The early Republican era witnessed the first sustained interest in women's education in North America and the Gleaners saw women as uniquely blessed by the Revolution and therefore duty-bound to improve their minds and influence their society. My study builds on, and challenges, the historiography of women in the early Republic by looking at writings from a group of unmarried women whose lives did not fit the ideal of "republican motherhood," but who still considered themselves patriotic Americans. The Gleaners believed that the legacy of the American Revolution left them, as young women, a crucial role in American public life. Five of the Gleaners had a father who was a Son of Liberty and participated in the Boston Tea Party. Their inherited legacy of patriotism and politics permeated the lives of these young women. Many historians argue that the Revolution brought few gains for women, but the Gleaners demonstrate that for these young Bostonians, the ideas of the Revolution impacted them. Making intellectual contributions was not easy, however, and the young women were constantly anxious about their Circle's place in society. By the 1820s, the opportunities that the Revolution brought women had been closed. Prescriptive literature now touted a cult of True Womanhood told women that they were to be selfless, pious, and submissive. These ideas influenced the Gleaners and by the 1820s they no longer met for their literary pursuits, but for charitable purposes. No place in society remained for women in a self-improvement society. Instead, women had to work to improve others, demonstrating the limited opportunities for women in the antebellum period. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2009. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

A semântica da amizade tem sido articulada, historicamente, aos ideais de igualdade-fraternidade, caracterizando-se por uma semântica familialista que associa o amigo à figura do irmão. No entanto, alguns autores apontam que a semântica familialista pautada na prerrogativa de intimidade e familiaridade privilegia processos de homogeneização e supressão da alteridade, podendo configurar práticas intolerantes, de desumanização e descriminação do outro. Portanto, eles propõem a desarticulação amizade-familiaridade, destacando a amizade como relação intersubjetiva privilegiada de experimentação política precisamente por sua qualidade de imprevisibilidade no vínculo com a alteridade. O presente trabalho buscou investigar e discutir a qualidade política da amizade, visando analisar, no âmbito das relações cotidianas, a relação de amizade como vínculo intersubjetivo “agonístico" de experimentação que possibilita deslocamentos e transformações nas subjetividades, no qual ações políticas inovadoras podem ser perfazer. Buscando compreender como os laços de amizade podem constituir relações privilegiadas de experimentação de formas outras de relacionamento, incompatíveis com os modelos individualistas e excludentes do capitalismo, entrevistou-se trabalhadores de cooperativas populares sobre as suas histórias de amizade. As narrativas demonstraram o uso polissêmico da palavra amizade/amigo; o amigo não aparece somente qualificado como irmão, mas a amizade extrapola as qualidades familiares por aquilo que ela em si mesma informa: o espaço dialogante no qual se conversa abertamente numa condição de igualdade política que é iluminado como qualidade própria da amizade. Os resultados dessa pesquisa destacam a relação de amizade como espaço privilegiado de escuta atenciosa, de acolhimento e trocas de experiências. As narrativas desvelaram laços de amizade como relações de produção de subjetividade num vínculo repleto de trocas de conhecimentos e aprendizagens, nos quais os amigos modificam-se, potencializam habilidades, aguçam sonhos ainda não realizados. A contemporânea fragilidade dos laços sociais também foi constatada, os sujeitos da pesquisa destacam o isolamento social, o individualismo, relações de impedimento da palavra e desconsideração do outro. Não obstante, os laços solidários que florescem entre amigos nas classes populares escapam aos imperativos neoliberais e resistem à situação de opressão, revelando modos criativos e astuciosos de enfrentamento de condições espoliantes que constituem resistência e organização política, contribuindo para reverter situações de extrema dificuldade e penúria. / The semantic of friendship has been articulated, historically, to the equality, fraternity ideals, characterizing itself for familial semantic that associate the friend to the figure of the brother. However, some authors point that the familial semantic privileges homogenization processes and suppression of alterity, being able to configure intolerable practical, of discrimination of the otherness. Therefore, they consider the disarticulation friendship-familiarity, detaching the friendship as privileged intersubjective relation of politics experimentation for its unexpected quality in the bond with alterity. This research investigated the quality politics of the friendship, aiming at to analyze, in the field of the daily relationship, the friendship relation as traumatic intersubjective bond of experimentation that it makes possible transformations in the subjectivities, in the which action innovative politics they can be to complete. Searching to understand as the friendship bows they can constitute privileged relations of experimentation of relationship forms others, incompatible with the individualistic and exculpatory models of the capitalism, workers of popular cooperatives had been interviewed about theirs histories of friendship. In accordance with the narratives some meanings for the friendship had been found. The friend is not qualified only as brother, but the friendship exceeds the familiar qualities for what it in same itself informs: the dialogue that promotes an equality politics condition. The results detach the friendship relation as privileged space of considerate listening, of shelter and exchanges of experiences. The narratives had demonstrated bonds of friendship as relations of production of subjectivity in a full bond of exchanges of knowledge and learnings, in which the friends modify themselves, they strengthen theirs abilities, and theirs dreams are stimulated. The contemporary fragility of the social bows also was pointed, the citizens of the research detaches the social isolation, the individualism, relations of impediment of the word and disrespect of the other. On the other hand, the solidary bows that blossom between friends in the popular classrooms escape to the capitalists imperatives and resist the oppression situation, disclosing creative ways of confrontation of espoliantes conditions that constitute resistance and organization politics, contributing to revert situations of extreme difficulty and poverty.

Popular children are visible and influential in an adolescent peer group (LaFontana & Cillessen, 2002). Previous studies have demonstrated that there are two types of popular children: aggressive-popular and prosocial-popular (Cillessen & Rose, 2005). The current study was designed to determine that, while both types are well liked and accepted, they draw favor from different sources of affiliation. The Study uses a sample of 450 adolescents (36.2% boys and 63.1% girls) from one high school in Lithuania. Hierarchical generalized logistic linear models (HGLLM) were conducted to determine if there was differential acceptance of aggressive-popular and prosocialpopular adolescents. Also, models determined if peers exhausted with school, attached to school, connected to peers and anxious/withdrawn would have differential association with aggressive-popular and prosocial-popular adolescents. Results answered 3 questions. First, HGLLM models were used to replicate the previous finding that popular adolescents have more affiliations than other peers. Second, results determined that popular, popular-aggressive, and popular-prosocial adolescents were all more likely to receive affiliation nominations from peers. Third, results determined that aggressive-popular adolescents were chosen as affiliates by peers exhausted with school, and less likely to be chosen by peers attached to school, connected to friends and withdrawn. Prosocial-popular adolescents were chose as affiliates by peers attached to school and connected with friends. These findings indicate that aggressivepopular adolescents draw favor from crowds that are more oriented toward youth culture, while prosocial-popular draw favor from crowds that are more oriented toward adult culture (Brown, 1990) The findings first extend previous research by demonstrating that popular adolescents, of all types, are likely to receive affiliation nominations. Furthermore, prosocial-popular and aggressive-popular adolescents have more acceptance and affiliations than others, but this attraction comes from different sources. Previous studies have shown that popular children are well liked by some but not by others (Parkhurst & Hopmeyer, 1998). Taken with findings demonstrating that popular children strategically use cooperation or manipulation to influence others (Cillessen & Rose, 2005), the current study extends knowledge about the peer groups where cooperation or manipulation strategies may be most effective. Crowds that are school oriented and have positive peer relations follow prosocial-popular peers while crowds that are fed up with school follow aggressive-popular peers. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo traçar um panorama da vida do poeta Murilo Mendes na Europa entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970, através das cartas enviadas por ele a sua irmã Virgínia Mendes Torres. Com base na análise desse conjunto epistolar é possível refazer parte da trajetória do poeta mineiro que transplantado em território estrangeiro atuou nos meios acadêmico, literário e artístico, representando o Brasil e construindo sua própria vertente do modernismo brasileiro. / The current work aims to draw a prospect of the poet Murilo Mendes life in Europe among the decades of 1950 and 1970, through the letters sent by him and his sister Virgínia Mendes Torres. Considering the analysis of that epistolary group is possible to redo part of the poet\'s trajectory that transplanted in foreign territory acted in the academic, literary and artistic means representing Brazil and building his own view of the Brazilian modernism.

by Chi-fai Chan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 279-302). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.x / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / MNC and China Business Negotiation --- p.1 / Global Business --- p.1 / The China Market --- p.3 / MNC and China Business --- p.7 / Cross-Cultural Marketing Negotiation --- p.14 / Negotiators in China Business Deals --- p.15 / Business Negotiation --- p.23 / Definition of Negotiation --- p.23 / Negotiation in the Business Context --- p.25 / International Marketing Negotiation --- p.33 / Cultural Differences --- p.41 / Managerial Concerns --- p.41 / Social Psychological Perspective --- p.49 / The Chinese Context --- p.65 / Chapter II. --- REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.74 / China Business Deals and Negotiation --- p.74 / China Business Deals Studies --- p.74 / China Business Negotiation --- p.83 / Descriptive Studies --- p.84 / Case Studies --- p.105 / Survey Findings --- p.112 / Boundary Position --- p.122 / Inter-group Relationship --- p.129 / Intra-group Relationship --- p.138 / Boundary Role Interaction --- p.147 / Power Distance and Collectivism . --- p.151 / Hofstede's Chinese Work Values --- p.153 / Cross-Cultural Management --- p.161 / Behavioral Evidences --- p.166 / Managerial Issues --- p.171 / Impacts on Chinese Business Negotiation --- p.179 / Independent and Dependent Variables --- p.183 / Independent Variables --- p.183 / Dependent Variables --- p.186 / Management Styles --- p.186 / Business Performance --- p.188 / Research Hypotheses . --- p.192 / Chapter III. --- METHODS . --- p.205 / Pretests --- p.205 / Subjects . --- p.206 / Experimental Design --- p.208 / Procedure . --- p.213 / Manipulations . --- p.214 / Friendship --- p.214 / Job Status --- p.215 / Nationality --- p.215 / Operationalization of Dependent Variables --- p.217 / Analysis . --- p.221 / Scale Development and Pretests --- p.221 / Difference of Sub-Samples and Experimental Groups --- p.221 / Dimensionality and Discrimination --- p.223 / Multiple Group Analysis --- p.223 / Analysis of Variance Test --- p.225 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS --- p.227 / Difference of Sub-samples and Experimental Groups --- p.227 / Manipulation Checks --- p.230 / Dimensionality and Discrimination --- p.232 / Results of Experimentation --- p.241 / Friendship --- p.241 / Job Status --- p.243 / Nationality --- p.243 / Nationality-Friendship Interaction --- p.244 / Nationality-Job Status Interaction --- p.246 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.248 / Evidence for the Hypotheses --- p.248 / Discussion of Findings --- p.253 / Implications --- p.259 / Cultural Differences --- p.259 / Unique Chinese Cultural Values --- p.260 / Implications to MNCs --- p.264 / Value of the Study --- p.272 / Limitations and Future Research --- p.276 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.279 / APPENDICES --- p.303 / Chapter Appendix I. --- Description of Cases --- p.303 / Chapter Appendix II. --- Questionnaire --- p.320 / Chapter Appendix III. --- Comparison of U.S. and British Subjects --- p.331 / Chapter Appendix IV. --- ANOVA Tables --- p.333 / Chapter Exhibit 1 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Win-Win Attitude" --- p.334 / Chapter Exhibit 2 --- Marginal Means for the Interaction of Nationality and Friendship on Win-Win Attitude --- p.335 / Chapter Exhibit 3 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Positive Attitude" --- p.336 / Chapter Exhibit 4 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Perceived Efficiency" --- p.337 / Chapter Exhibit 5 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Perceived Satisfaction" --- p.338 / Chapter Exhibit 6 --- "Means, (Standard Deviations), and Analysis of Conformity" --- p.339 / Chapter Exhibit 7 --- Marginal Means for the Interaction of Nationality and Friendship on Conformity --- p.340 / Chapter Exhibit 8 --- Mean Conformity: Nationality by Friendship Condition --- p.341

O objeto principal deste projeto é a tradução integral do diálogo Lísis de Platão. A tradução foi feita a partir do Oxford Classical Text, Platonis Opera, III (Oxford, 1903), editado por John Burnet. Além da tradução, também faz parte deste trabalho um texto introdutório ao diálogo. Apesar de ser enquadrado como um dos diálogos aporéticos de definição por muitos estudiosos, o Lísis apresenta uma complexidade filosófica muito grande e uma estrutura que o distancia dos outros diálogos desse grupo (Cármides, Laques, Eutífron, Hípias Maior). A pergunta não aparece no texto, ainda que esteja subjacente ao diálogo; a postura de Sócrates frente aos seus interlocutores é bastante diversa, assim como os próprios interlocutores não apresentam um pretenso saber. Propomos, a partir dessa perspectiva, realizar uma interpretação positiva do diálogo que contemple dois níveis possíveis de leitura: uma no âmbito dramático e/ou dialógico, e a outra no âmbito lógico-argumentativo ainda que, em diversos momentos, essas duas leituras estejam entrelaçadas. A obra oferece uma valiosa lição sobre o fazer discursivo filosófico que podemos apreender nos dois níveis de leitura. Essa lição também está intimamente ligada às aporias que permeiam todo o diálogo. Dessa forma, apresentamos essas duas camadas de leitura relacionadas com a função positiva da aporia no desenvolvimento da atividade filosófica. / The main purpose of this dissertation is the integral translation of Plato\'s Lysis. The translation is based on Oxford Classical Text, Platonis Opera, III (Oxford, 1903), edited by John Burnet. Besides the translation, an introductory study on dialogue\'s issues is also part of this research. Despite being framed as one of the definitional aporetic dialogues by many scholars, the Lysis presents a highly philosophical complexity and structure that distinguish it from other dialogues of that group (Charmides, Laches, Euthyphro, Hippias Major). The question \' \' does not appear throughout the text, although it underlies the dialogue; Socrates\' behavior towards his interlocutors is quite diverse, as well as the speakers themselves do not present an alleged knowledge on the issue of discussion. From this standpoint, we attempt to presnt a constructive interpretation of the dialogue that comprises a twofold reading: one concerning the dramatic or dialogic framework, and the other the logical-argumentative context even though these two levels are eventually intertwined. The work offers a valuable lesson about the philosophical discourse that we can apprehend within the intersection of these two levels of interpretation. Insofar as this lesson is also closely linked to the aporias that permeate the entire dialogue, we contend that this twofold reading is intrinsically related to the positive role of aporia in the development of philosophical activity.

O objeto principal deste projeto é a tradução integral do diálogo Lísis de Platão. A tradução foi feita a partir do Oxford Classical Text, Platonis Opera, III (Oxford, 1903), editado por John Burnet. Além da tradução, também faz parte deste trabalho um texto introdutório ao diálogo. Apesar de ser enquadrado como um dos diálogos aporéticos de definição por muitos estudiosos, o Lísis apresenta uma complexidade filosófica muito grande e uma estrutura que o distancia dos outros diálogos desse grupo (Cármides, Laques, Eutífron, Hípias Maior). A pergunta não aparece no texto, ainda que esteja subjacente ao diálogo; a postura de Sócrates frente aos seus interlocutores é bastante diversa, assim como os próprios interlocutores não apresentam um pretenso saber. Propomos, a partir dessa perspectiva, realizar uma interpretação positiva do diálogo que contemple dois níveis possíveis de leitura: uma no âmbito dramático e/ou dialógico, e a outra no âmbito lógico-argumentativo ainda que, em diversos momentos, essas duas leituras estejam entrelaçadas. A obra oferece uma valiosa lição sobre o fazer discursivo filosófico que podemos apreender nos dois níveis de leitura. Essa lição também está intimamente ligada às aporias que permeiam todo o diálogo. Dessa forma, apresentamos essas duas camadas de leitura relacionadas com a função positiva da aporia no desenvolvimento da atividade filosófica. / The main purpose of this dissertation is the integral translation of Plato\'s Lysis. The translation is based on Oxford Classical Text, Platonis Opera, III (Oxford, 1903), edited by John Burnet. Besides the translation, an introductory study on dialogue\'s issues is also part of this research. Despite being framed as one of the definitional aporetic dialogues by many scholars, the Lysis presents a highly philosophical complexity and structure that distinguish it from other dialogues of that group (Charmides, Laches, Euthyphro, Hippias Major). The question \' \' does not appear throughout the text, although it underlies the dialogue; Socrates\' behavior towards his interlocutors is quite diverse, as well as the speakers themselves do not present an alleged knowledge on the issue of discussion. From this standpoint, we attempt to presnt a constructive interpretation of the dialogue that comprises a twofold reading: one concerning the dramatic or dialogic framework, and the other the logical-argumentative context even though these two levels are eventually intertwined. The work offers a valuable lesson about the philosophical discourse that we can apprehend within the intersection of these two levels of interpretation. Insofar as this lesson is also closely linked to the aporias that permeate the entire dialogue, we contend that this twofold reading is intrinsically related to the positive role of aporia in the development of philosophical activity.

This thesis explores the alcohol consumption practices and experiences of 40 young people, aged 15-24, living in the suburban case study locations of Wythenshawe and Chorlton, Manchester, UK. By paying attention to how young people's drinking practices and experiences are bound up with relationships with friends, family, and diverse spaces, this research enhances understandings of the relational nature of young people's alcohol-related transitions to adulthood. Theoretically, I work at the intersection of multiple more-than-representational conceptual apparatus: 'doing' friendship; mobilities; and atmospheres. I conducted this research with young people, using a flexible suite of methods, which they could 'opt into', including: interviews; peer interviews; drawing elicitation interviews; diaries; mobile phone methods; and participant observation. Young people detail how alcohol assists with the formation of friendships, tensions between friends and strangers, and the development of 'more-than-friendships'. I thus contribute to the children's geographies literature by affording the role of friendship to many young people's everynight lives greater prominence. Second, by engaging with young people's emotional and embodied walking and vehicular mobilities, I show that young people consume alcohol on the move because it is both economically beneficial, and emotionally important. In doing so, I move beyond the typical academic and policy treatment of drinking spaces as bounded terrains. Third, I engage with young people's atmospheric experiences of darkness and lightness. I argue that atmospheres have the ability to shape drinking practices and experiences; young people are not passive to these atmospheres, they actively co-construct them. Whilst traditional harm-reduction messages focus on the individual drinker, I urge policymakers to turn their attention to intra and intergenerational relationships. For instance, by encouraging the practice of being a 'good friend' on nights in/out involving alcohol; and by providing families with advice on how to construct positive affective drinking atmospheres.

This research is about practising friendship as a Christian in contemporary contexts. The thesis uses methods of practical theology, explained in the first chapter, to explore three practices that are important to many young adult Christians: Facebook, friendship and faith. In Chapter 2 we attend to descriptions of Facebook and friendship practices of young adult Christians based on qualitative research conducted through fieldwork. Models are developed to organize assumptions and values of the participants and provide a framework for analysis. In Chapter 3 the practices are placed in the context of wider social/cultural dimensions in order to recognize ways the young people involved in the fieldwork are following culture and where they are being counter-cultural. In Chapter 4 we view what are interpreted as value-laden practices alongside various theologies of friendship. In the fifth chapter the social/cultural aspects of friendship practices encounter and engage with the theological perspectives. The analysis is based on an understanding of the relationship between faith practices and the ‘wider culture' that has been established by the preceding chapters. The final stage of an initial iteration of the practical theology cycle is implementation of reformed practices, illustrated by examples and conclusions in Chapter 6. This application of the practical theology cycle raises consciousness of the need for connection of personal practices and becomes a catalyst for a continuous cycle of examining and reflecting on experiences, contexts, and faith perspectives. The theological voice of young adult Christians is heard and valued in realizing friendship as a means of fulfilling a call in Christ.