In recent years civil engineering structures such as floors, footbridges, and staircases, have reported unacceptable vibration when they are dynamically excited by pedestrians. When such structures have a particular combination of high structural flexibility and low inherent damping, there is potential for excessive vibration. Pedestrian-structure interaction (PSI) is especially noticeable when the lowest structural natural frequencies are close to the dominant pedestrian pace frequency or its harmonics. Although most of these structures are designed according to existing standards and guidelines, there are still many uncertainties in the human actions that may lead to unexpected structural behavior, increasing the vibration responses and exceeding serviceability limit states. How a pedestrian excites a structure and how that structure affects a pedestrian's gait is not fully understood. Therefore, a realistic analysis of PSI must be performed to properly incorporate these effects toward more rational structural designs. This study aims to identify, within this class of the walking-induced load problem, the vibration mechanisms, the mathematical models, and methods, to address excessive vibration in pedestrian structures. After conducting an in-depth evaluation of current guidelines and provisions for analysis and design of pedestrian structures, models to enable more realistic design under such uncertainties have been developed. The results establish a body of knowledge regarding human loads and structural responses, yielding the potential for more rational approaches to improve the analysis and design of pedestrian structures.

Bakgrund: Motivation är idag ett väletablerat begrepp. De flesta företag idag anser att det har betydelse för företagets framgång att deras anställda är motiverade på arbetsplatsen. Vad som motiverar anställda kan påverkas av flera olika faktorer; exempelvis arbetsform och arbetsuppgifter. Den problematik som denna uppsats behandlar uppenbarar sig därför i 1) om det finns någon skillnad i motivation mellan heltid-och deltidsanställda och 2) om det finns några skillnader i motivation hos anställda med olika arbetsuppgifter i två olika företag, i denna uppsats har en bank och matbutikvalts. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska om/ hur motivation skiljer sig mellan arbetsform och arbetsuppgifter samt om/hur motivationssystem skiljer sig utifrån olika arbetsuppgifter och arbetsformer. Metod: Studien är både kvalitativ och kvantitativ samt har en deduktiv ansats. Grunden till uppsatsen baseras på intervjuer och enkätundersökning. Data samlas in och transkriberas för att sedan analyseras med hjälp av utvalda teorier för att slutligen mynna ut i ett resultat. Slutsats: Resultatet från denna uppsats indikerar på flera olika skillnader mellan respektive företags motivationssystem. Utifrån medelvärden gick det ej att utläsa några större skillnader mellan motivation gällande arbetsform och arbetsuppgifter. Enligt statistiska test gick det bland annat att dra följande slutsatser; det går ej att statistiskt säkerhetsställa att det fanns skillnad mellan motivationsincitamentet möjlighet att påverka arbetsmiljö hos bank och matbutik samt det går ej att statistiskt säkerhetsställa att det fanns skillnad mellan motivationsincitamentet arbetsrelation hos deltid-och heltidsanställda. Det som denna uppsats istället indikerar är att individer från olika arbetsplatser med olika arbetstider i många fall motiveras av liknande motivationsincitament, där bland annat ledarskap och arbetsrelationer är av stor vikt. Detta resultat bidrar till kunskap om vad som motiverar anställda oavsett arbetsform och arbetsuppgifter. Denna kunskap kan bidra till att företag kan utforma ett flexibelt motivationssystem i syfte att skapa goda incitament till arbete. / Background: Motivation is today a well-established notion. Most companies today consider that it is of importance for a company’s success to have motivated employees in the workplace. What motivate employees can be affected by multiple factors; for example, working form and work tasks. The problems that this essay focus on discloses there for in 1) if there are any differences in motivating full-time and part-time employees and 2) if there are any differences in motivation between employees with different work tasks in two different companies. The two chosen companies are a bank and a grocery store. Aim: The aim of this essay is therefore to examine if/how motivation differs between work forms and work tasks and if/how motivational systems differ depending on work tasks and work forms. Methodology: The study uses a mix of a qualitative and quantitative method and has adeductive approach. The foundation of the essay is based on interviews and a survey. Data has been collected and transcribed and then analyzed using selected theories, which lastly has ended in a result. Conclusion: The result of this essay indicates on differences between the two companies’ motivational system. From calculated averages it was not possible to distinguish any differences between motivation regarding work form and work tasks. According to statistical tests it was possible to draw the following conclusions; it was not possible to statistically confirm that there were differences between the incentive possibility to affect the motivational system for the bank and the grocery store and it was not possible to statistically confirm that there were differences between the incentive work relationship for full-time and part-time employees. What this essay instead indicates is that individuals from different workplaces with different working hours are often motivated by similar incentives, where leadership and work relationships are of great importance. This result contributes to knowledge on what motivates employees regardless of work form or work tasks. This knowledge can contribute to companies being able to form a flexible motivational system in order to create good incentives for work.

Les humains virtuels en interaction homme machine sont aujourd’hui établis comme un objet de recherche à part entière. Leurs comportements pensés pour différentes applications sont basés sur les routines d’interaction entre humains. Bien que les humains virtuels aient souvent un corps représenté graphiquement, les recherches actuelles souffrent de deux limitations majeures qui dégradent la crédibilité de l’expérience des utilisateurs : les comportements corporels modélisés manquent d’interactivité sociale et ne prennent pas en compte les différences interindividuelles. Les développements récents en Sciences Humaines promeuvent une approche plus intégrative avec en son cœur le rôle constitutif de l’interaction sociale. La position centrale et interdisciplinaire des humains virtuels dans ce nouvel agenda de recherche est particulièrement importante : ils sont à la fois une manière de mieux étudier les différents phénomènes d’interactions sociales (comme outil expérimental) et une solution potentielle à des défis sociétaux (comme applications). L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de combiner les apports et valoriser les synergies établies entre les sciences de l’informatique et les sciences humaines, afin d’appréhender le rôle modérateur des différences interindividuelles dans le contrôle et la régulation des interactions corporelles. L’objectif à plus long terme de cette contribution vise à développer des humains virtuels interactifs à l’interface de ces domaines, avec l’idée que les besoins des deux champs de recherches contraindraient de manière positive les propositions futures. Pour limiter le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur les mouvements du corps (les aspects statiques du corps ou les autres modalités ne sont pas considérées), sur les mécanismes de couplages bas niveaux et le rôle modérateur des différences interindividuelles avec comme objectif de proposer des prototypes d’humains virtuels comme preuve de concept (plutôt que des logiciels fonctionnels complets) incluant des modèles d’interaction corporelle dyadique. Notre méthodologie peut être résumée en quatre étapes principales. Premièrement, les modèles et hypothèses liant les processus d’interaction sociale aux différences interindividuelles résultent d’une double revue de littérature en sciences de l’informatique et sciences humaines. Ces différences interindividuelles identifiées comme pertinentes apparaissant faiblement associées théoriquement, notre seconde étape consista à étudier leurs associations lors d’une étude à grande échelle. Troisièmement, les interactions corporelles ont été analysées dans deux études de cas qui présentent des intérêts applicatifs et expérimentaux. Dans les deux cas, des corpus multimodaux d’interactions corporelles dyadiques ont été collectés et associés à des mesures de différences interindividuelles. La phase finale fut de développer des prototypes d’humains virtuels inspirés par les analyses précédentes et basés sur les données collectées. Le modèle général portant sur la prise en compte des différences interindividuelles se révèle en accord avec les données collectées (questionnaires d’auto-évaluation) : les relations entre dispositions d’orientations pro-sociales, d’empathie et de régulation émotionnelle furent confirmées. Les deux études de cas validèrent partiellement les hypothèses initiales : certaines différences interindividuelles modulèrent les processus d’interaction corporelle. Ces études contribuent à la définition de modèles d’humains virtuels interactifs parcimonieux. La principale contribution critique de ces deux études de cas au rôle modérateur des différences interindividuelles dans le modèle proposé est la nécessité de prendre en considération le contexte de la tâche avant de définir les hypothèses. L’intégration de ces différences interindividuelles identifiées dans les études de cas aux modèles informatiques interactifs est incluse dans les directions de recherches futures. / In human computer interaction, virtual humans are now established as a specific object of research. They build on human to human interaction routines to serve various application goals. Although Virtual Humans (VH) have bodies, current researches suffer from two major limitations which impair the experienced credibility: modeled bodily behaviors lack of social interactivity and do not account for individual differences. Recent developments in human sciences call for a more integrative approach with at its heart the constitutive role of social interaction. Of particular importance is the central and interdisciplinary position of virtual humans in this new research agenda: they are both a way to better investigate the various socially interactive phenomena (VH as experimental tools) and potential solutions for societal challenges (VH as applications). The main goal of this PhD thesis is to contribute to both computer and human sciences by studying together bodily interaction and individual differences. Central to this study is the long term objective to develop interactive virtual humans at the interface of these domains, with the idea that requirements from both fields would constrain positively future propositions. To limit the scope of the thesis, we focused on body movements (not considering static bodily aspects or other modalities), low level coupling mechanisms and the moderating role of individual differences with the aim to propose proof of concept of virtual human prototypes (rather than complete functional software) embedding full body dyadic interaction models. Our research methodology can be summarized in four main steps. First, models and hypotheses linking social interaction processes and individual differences emerged from a review of the literature in both computer and human sciences. As the identified relevant individual differences appeared barely theoretically associated, our second step aimed at investigating their interrelatedness in a large scale study. Thirdly, bodily interactions were analyzed in two case studies which present application and experimental interests. In both cases, corpuses were collected with full body interacting dyads and individual differences measured. The final phase was to develop virtual human prototypes inspired by previous analyses and based on the collected data. The proposed general model of individual differences was shown to be consistent with real word data (collected by self-report questionnaires): dispositions in pro-social orientations, empathy and emotion regulation were closely related. The two case studies partially confirmed our initial hypotheses: various individual differences modulated the bodily interactive processes. These studies enabled the definition of parsimonious virtual human interactive models. The main critical contribution of the two case studies to the proposed model of individual differences is the clear necessity to take into consideration the task context before drawing any hypotheses. Future directions of research are proposed including an integration of individual differences identified in case studies.

Vårt syfte med denna uppsats har varit att öka vår förståelse för om, och i så fall hur, ledarskap skiljer sig åt mellan idrottsorganisationer och näringsliv med fokus på ledare och spelare/medarbetare. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ ansats med semi-strukturerade intervjuer, där både ledare och spelare/medarbetare från båda organisationer intervjuats. Ledarskapen har jämförts med hjälp av The Full Range of Leadership av Bass & Bass (2008) samt The Self- Determination Theory av Ryan & Deci (2000). Våra resultat visar att ledarskapet skiljer sig åt på flera punkter, däribland mål, konflikthantering, feedback och motivation. Vi fann även likheter som bestrider tidigare forskning.

O Modelo Padrão das partículas elementares descreve com sucesso as interações eletrofracas e fortes da natureza, quando comparado com todos os dados experimentais que temos ate hoje. Porém, ele apresenta problemas relacionados a origem da quebra da simetria eletrofraca assim como da hierarquia das massas dos fermions. A solução de ambos esses problemas requer a geração de grandes hierarquias estáveis. Essas hierarquias podem ser obtidas em uma classe de teorias quadridimensionais chamadas de teorias quiver de hierarquia completa, que são relacionadas a teorias de dimensões extras em AdS no limite de grande número de sítios. Mostramos que, assim como em teorias de dimensões extras curvas, existe um grau de liberdade leve associado com a quebra da invariância de escala, que pode ser identicado com um dílaton. Partindo da teoria extra-dimensional em um fundo, mostramos como esse dílaton leve também pode ser obtido em teorias quiver de hierarquia completa. / The standard model of particle physics successfuly describes the electroweak and strong interactions when compared with all the experimental data we have until now. However, it has problems regarding the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking as well as the hierarchy of fermion masses. The solutions of both these problems require the generation of large stable hierarchies. These can be obtained in a class of four-dimensional quiver theories called full-hierarchy quiver theories, which are related to extra dimensional theories in AdS, in the large-number-ofsites limit. We show that, just as in curved extra dimensional theories, there is a light degree of freedom associated with the breaking of scale invariance, which can be identied with a dilaton. Starting from an extra dimensional theory in an AdS5 background, we show how this light dilaton can be obtained in full-hierarchy quiver theories as well.

Thesis advisor: John Michalczyk / Stanley Kubrick explored and subverted the concept of American Myth throughout his filmography. American Myth may include the notion of social mobility (the American Dream), the archetypal gunslinger of the American West, the righteousness of a democratic system, a belief in social egalitarianism, and explicit foreign policies such as the Monroe Doctrine and the idea of Manifest Destiny. Kubrick’s Paths of Glory is an indictment of modern war and the commoditization of human lives. Dr. Strangelove demonstrates a uniquely American obsession with technology, proving innovation is not always progress. Finally, with Full Metal Jacket, Kubrick shows Vietnam has supplanted the West as America’s frontier, complete with gunplay between cowboys and native inhabitants. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Film Studies.

De nos jours, les centrales nucléaires produisent de l'énergie par des réactions de fission (division d'un noyau atomique lourd en plusieurs noyaux atomiques légers et neutrons). Une alternative serait d'utiliser plutôt la réaction de fusion de noyaux légers de deutérium et de tritium, isotopes de l'hydrogène. Toutefois, cette technique reste encore du domaine de la recherche en physique des plasmas. Les expériences effectuées dans ce domaine ont révélé que les réacteurs à configuration magnétique toroïdale, dite tokamak, sont les plus efficaces. Un mélange gazeux d'isotopes de l'hydrogène appelé plasma est confiné grâce à un champ magnétique produit par des bobines. Ce plasma doit être chauffé à une température très élevée afin que les réactions de fusion aboutissent. De même, un courant intense doit être maintenu dans le plasma afin d'obtenir une configuration magnétique qui permet de le confiner. Une des méthodes les plus attrayantes parmi les techniques connues pour générer du courant est basée sur l'injection d'ondes électromagnétiques dans le plasma à la fréquence proche de la résonance hybride. Cette méthode offre la possibilité de contrôler le profil de densité dans le plasma. Une analyse de type Full-Wave permet alors de modéliser la propagation et l'absorption de l'onde hybride à partir des équations de Maxwell. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une méthode numérique pour cette simulation Full-Wave. Le chapitre 2 présente les équations de propagation d'ondes en mettant en évidence les caractères physiques du plasma. Une approche variationnelle de type mixte augmentée est développée et une analyse mathématique de cette dernière est effectuée dans le chapitre 3. Dans le contexte de la géométrie d'un tokamak, le problème Full-Wave dépendant de trois paramètres peut être réduit en une série de problèmes à deux variables à l'aide de la transformation de Fourier, ce sera l'objet du chapitre 4. Dans le chapitre 5, la formulation variationnelle obtenue à partir du problème mode par mode est discrétisée en utilisant des éléments finis nodaux de type Taylor-Hood. Le chapitre 6 concerne les méthodes de résolution du système linéaire après discrétisation. À l'aide de différents diagnostics physiques présentés dans le chapitre 7, des résultats de la simulation Full-Wave obtenues à partir d'un code MATLAB sont présentées dans le chapitre 8. Enfin, dans le but de développer une version parallèle de la simulation, le chapitre 9 est consacré à une méthode de décomposition de domaine sans recouvrement associé au système Full-Wave. / In order to generate current in tokamak, we look at plasma heating by electromagnetic waves at the lower hybrid (LH) frequency. For this type of description, one use a ray tracing code but we consider a full-wave one, where dielectric properties are local.Our aim is to develop a finite element numerical method for the full-wave modeling and to apply a domain decomposition method. In this thesis, we have developped a finite element method in a cross section of the tokamak for Maxwell equations solving the time harmonic electric field and a nonoverlapping domain decom- position method for the mixed augmented variational formulation by taking continuity accross the interfaces as constraints

En raison de leur porosité élevée, les roches carbonatées forment d'importants réservoirs d'eau et d'hydrocarbures, et conviennent également à d'autres applications telles que le stockage de CO2 ou des déchets nucléaires. Cependant, le compactage localisé dans les roches carbonatées affecte le champ des contraintes et les propriétés hydromécaniques de ces roches, entraînant des déformations inélastiques et des dommages avec des impacts économiques, environnementaux et sociaux potentiels. Des études antérieures sur le terrain et des études expérimentales en laboratoire que dans les roches carbonatées poreuses, contrairement aux grès, une variété de micromécanismes tels que l'effondrement des pores, le broyage des grains, la petre de cimentation, la plasticité des cristaux et la dissolution sous contrainte peuvent entraîner une densification inélastique. En raison de la coexistence de ces multiples processus inélastiques et de leur interactions, le micromécanisme prédominant à l'origine du processus de localisation et de rupture reste mal compris.Cette thèse de doctorat présente une étude expérimentale sur les mécanismes de déformation régissant le comportement mécanique et le mode de rupture des roches carbonatées à haute porosité. A cet effet, le Tuffeau de Maastricht, un calcaire sédimentaire bioclastique présentant jusqu'à 52% de porosité, a été testé à l'état sec. Cette étude s'est concentrée sur la façon dont le chemin des contraintes, la pression de confinement et l'orientation de la stratification influent sur l'apparition et la propagation des bandes de compaction. Trois campagnes expérimentales principales sont menées sur des éprouvettes cylindriques pour étudier la transition fragile-ductile :compression isotrope,compression uniaxiale et compression triaxiale. Une analyse systématique du comportement anisotrope du Tuffeau de Maastricht est effectuée sur des échantillons qui ont été forés perpendiculairement, obliquement 45° et parallèlement au plan de la stratification. La micro-tomographie à rayons X à haute résolution est utilisée pour obtenir des images 3D de l'ensemble de l'échantillon en cours de chargement. Les images acquises sont traitées et des mesures de plein champ ont été utilisées pour élucider les mécanismes d'initiation et de propagation des zones de compactage localisées. Les variations de porosité pendant le chargement sont mesurées macroscopiquement et localement. L'utilisation systématique des rayons X combinée à l'utilisation de l'analyse d'image avancée et de la corrélation d'images numérique fournit une information 3D quantitative du champ de déformation et de son évolution pendant un test.Deux modes de rupture sont identifiés, selon les mesures de porosité et la CIVD: les bandes de cisaillement contractantes développées à basse pression de confinement et les bandes de compaction formées perpendiculairement à la contrainte principale majeure de compression à un confinement plus élevé. Ces bandes se développent à contrante déviatoire presque constante et se propagent dans tout l'échantillon, phase marquée par des chutes épisodiques de la contrainte deviatoire. Les essais de compression triaxiale conduit à des niveux de déformation axiale plus élevée présentent trois phases distinctes: une phase initiale quasi-linéaire, suivie par un plateau de contrainte déviatoire, enfin un durcissement post-plateau. L'observation essentielle de ces expériences est l'existence d'un mécanisme de dégradation del la cimentation entre grains qui transforme l'échantilon cohésif et frottant en un miliu granulaire purement frottant. D'autres expériences réalisées sur du sable obtenu par dégradation artificielle de la roche originelle mettent l'accent sur cette phase de déstructuration qui se produit lors du plateau de la contrainte déviatoire. Les résultats expérimentaux mettent également en évidence la forte influence due à l'anisotropie sur le comportement mécanique du matériau étudié. / Given their high porosity, carbonates form important water and hydrocarbons reservoirs, and they are also suitable for other applications such as CO2 storage and nuclear waste disposal. However, localized compaction in carbonates affects the stress field and the hydromechanical properties of these rocks leading to inelastic deformation and failure with potential economic, environmental and social impacts. Previous field and experimental studies have shown that in porous carbonates, unlike sandstones, a variety of micromechanisms such as pore collapse, grain crushing, debonding, crystal plasticity and pressure solution can potentially lead to inelastic compaction. Due to the coexistence of such multiple inelastic processes and the interplay among them, the dominant micromechanism responsible for failure remains poorly understood.This doctoral thesis presents an experimental investigation into the deformation mechanisms governing the mechanical behavior and failure mode of high porosity carbonate rocks. To this end, Tuffeau de Maastricht, a bioclastic sedimentary limestone exhibiting up to 52% porosity, has been tested under dry conditions. This study focuses on how stress path, confining pressure and bedding orientation affect the onset and propagation of localized compaction. Three main experimental campaigns are conducted on cylindrical specimens of 11.5 mm diameter and 22 mm height to study the brittle-ductile transition: (i) isotropic compression, (ii) uniaxial compression, and (iii) triaxial compression tests at confining pressures ranging from 1 to 5 MPa. A systematic analysis of the anisotropic behavior of Tuffeau de Maastricht is conducted on samples cored perpendicular, oblique 45° and parallel to the bedding plane. High resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT) is used to obtain 3D images of the entire specimen under loading. The acquired images are processed and full-field measurements have been used to elucidate the mechanics of initiation and propagation of localized compaction. Porosity variations during loading are measured macroscopically as well as locally. The porosity measurements are performed over a REV, which is defined with the use of statistical tools. The systematic use of x-ray micro tomography combined with the use of advanced image analysis and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) provides a quantitative 3D information the strain field inside a sample and its evolution during a test.Two failure modes are identified, based on porosity measurements and DIC: compactive shear bands at low confining pressure, and compaction bands (perpendicular to the maximum compressive stress) at higher confinement. These bands develop at essentially constant deviator stress and propagate through the whole sample punctuated by episodic stress drops. Triaxial compression tests at much higher axial strain present three distinct phases: (1) an initial quasi-linear increase of deviator stress, followed by (2) a plateau and (3) a post-plateau hardening. The essential observation from these experiments if the occurrence of a debonding phase which converts the specimen from rock-like to sand-like. A second localization, typical of dense sand, eventually occurs for very axial strain. Additional experiments that are performed on artificially debonded specimens emphasize this destructuration phase during the plateau of deviator stress. The experimental results also highlight the strong anisotropy of the mechanical behavior of the studied material.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Elias Cozzolino de Oliveira.pdf: 1630549 bytes, checksum: 09106bdec924e8387f4f62c4a3c80538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / This study aims to draw the constitutional and legal contours of full and free legal assistance pursuant to Brazilian regulations, stating that Brazil has adopted the public model of full and free legal assistance exclusively, where the only legitimate is the Public Defender's Office. The Constitutional Model of the Process requires a reinterpretation of the provision of the legal assistance system in Brazil, especially in this historical moment when enters into force a new Civil Procedure Code (Law n.13.105, March 16th, 2015) which , unlike the previous system , there is a title for the Public Defender's Office (art. 185-187). If nothing else the constitutional amendment 80/2014 creates a specific section for the Public Defenders Office, keeping it in Chapter IV which is reserved for the essential functions of the justice, but removing it from the part reserved for public advocacy, making it clear that there is a new institution of sui generis‟ nature and designed to provide full and free legal assistance. This model should be provided by the Offices of Public Defender Services, and nowadays the assistance improperly paid by anyone other than the Public Defender offends the adversarial principle and the principle of equality of arms, translating it into real unconstitutionality. The exceptions considered are the lawyers 'pro bono' given the election of the part which constitutes them and the trust relationship that justifies the free legal aid on their part / O presente trabalho tem como escopo definir os contornos constitucionais e legais da assistência jurídica integral e gratuita prevista no ordenamento brasileiro, afirmando que o Brasil adotou exclusivamente o modelo público de assistência jurídica integral e gratuita, cujo legitimado único é a Defensoria Pública. Ocorre que o Modelo Constitucional do Processo exige uma releitura do sistema de prestação de assistência jurídica no Brasil, mormente nesse momento histórico no qual entra em vigor um novo Código de Processo Civil (Lei no. 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015) onde, ao contrário do que se dava no sistema anterior, há um título específico tratando da Defensoria Pública (art. 185 a 187). Como se não bastasse, a Emenda Constitucional 80/2014, cria um título específico para a Defensoria Pública, mantendo-a no capítulo reservado as funções essenciais à justiça, mas retirando-a da parte reservada a advocacia pública, deixando claro que surge aí uma nova instituição de natureza sui generis , destinada a prestação de assistência jurídica integral e gratuita. Esse novo modelo deverá ser efetivado pela atuação da Defensoria Pública, sendo que na atualidade a assistência indevidamente prestada por outrem, que não a Defensoria Pública, ofende o princípio do contraditório e o princípio da paridade de tratamento, traduzindo-se em verdadeira inconstitucionalidade. Exceção disto os advogados pro bono dada a eleição da parte que os constitui e a relação de confiança que justifica a assistência jurídica gratuita por parte destes

A crescente tendência de utilização de materiais austeníticos soldados e cladeados em componentes críticos em alguns setores industriais, como nas indústrias de óleo&gás e nuclear, leva a um aumento na demanda sobre ensaios não-destrutivos confiáveis na avaliação de sua integridade estrutural. Dentre os métodos utilizados na inspeção de soldas cladeados austeníticos estão os métodos de ultrassom por phased array, que são normalmente utilizados na detecção e localização de defeitos. No entanto, componentes com esse tipo de microestrutura são difíceis de inspecionar por phased array devido a anisotropia e inomogeneidade causadas pela microestrutura de grãos grosseiros que costumam levar ao aumento do nível de ruído, ao deslocamento de indicações e ao surgimento de indicações falsas. Sendo assim, a seleção de um método de phased array apropriado precisa levar em conta a habilidade do método em superar os problemas causados pela anisotropia e inomogeneidade. Esta tese apresenta dois métodos de imagem por phased array ultrassônico não-convencionais pensados como formas de ajudar na determinação da integridade de componentes onde soldas e cladeados austeníticos estão presentes. Ambos os métodos tem como base o método de foco total (TFM), sendo que o primeiro é uma extensão do método de leis de atraso adaptativas chamado Método de Foco Total de Atraso Adaptativo (ADTFM) e o segundo método usa fatores de coerência associado à imagens de TFM. A partir dos métodos de imagem aplicados é possível aumentar significativamente a qualidade das imagens por ultrassom em comparação com as imagens padrão obtidas por TFM, especialmente quando foi possível utilizar ambos os métodos combinados. / The increasing trend to use austenitic welded and cladded materials in critical components employed in some industrial sectors, such as the oil&gas and nuclear industries, leads to an increasing demand for their non-destructive assessment by reliable non-destructive methods. Among the methods used to access the integrity of austenitic welds and claddings are the Ultrasonic Phased Array methods, which are usually used to detect the presence and determine the position of defects. However, austenitic welds and claddings are challenging to inspect with Phased Array methods due to the anisotropy and inhomogeneity caused by their coarse grain microstructure, which is capable of increasing noise levels, misplace indications and create false indications. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate phased array method needs to take into account the method’s ability to overcome the impairment caused by anisotropy and inhomogeneity. This thesis presents two non-conventional methods based on ultrasonic phased array imaging techniques designed to assist the structural integrity assessment of components where austenitic welds and clads are present. Both proposed methods are based on the Total Focusing Method (TFM); the first approach is an expansion of the adaptive delay laws concept named Adaptive Delay Total Focusing Method (ADTFM), while the second method uses the coherence weights combined with the TFM images. From the imaging methods applied it was possible to significantly increase the quality of the ultrasonic images in comparison with the standard TFM, primarily when it was possible to combine both approaches.