In this thesis the electro-thermo-mechanical behaviour and withstand performance of constricted high-breaking capacity thin/thick film substrate fuse elements is examined. Three-dimensional time-varying non-linear CAD finite element modelling and simulation techniques were used to investigate the current-carrying capacity of a variety of single-layer and multilayer fuse geometries for DC and repetitive currents. The critical electro-thermally-induced stresses and strains were identified, and the techniques to achieve a reduction in the magnitude of these stresses & strains were investigated. Computational tools were developed to enable the prediction of the lifetime of thick-film substrate fuses subjected to cyclic-current loading conditions. The lifetime of a manufactured substrate fuse, subjected to a range of pulsed currents, was determined theoretically and correlated with the experimental findings. The onset of crack formation, conductive film de-bonding and lifting from the substrate and fatigue were studied computationally and experimentally. Photographic evidence of crack formation and propagation in the conductive film, film de-bonding from the substrate, metal dislocation and deformation in thin-thick film substrate fuse elements subjected to current pulses is presented.

M.S.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-13T13:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-31. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-01-13T13:32:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000855297.pdf: 7653601 bytes, checksum: ba7801a221610008785acd3e10db1fe1 (MD5) / Neste trabalho foi analisada a microestrutura e suas propriedades mecânicas dos pinos de transmissão mecânica das chaves seccionadoras Magrini Galileu, série MSM. O pino de transmissão é produzido em aço inoxidável AISI 420 e tratados termicamente e o pino fusível em latão ASTM C36000, comercialmente conhecido como Latão Corte Livre Americano. Durante a operação da chave seccionadora, pode ocorrer o rompimento do pino fusível e sua substituição passa a ser prioridade deixando para segundo plano a operação em curso realizada pela chave seccionadora. Os referidos pinos fusíveis estão localizados na região superior da chave seccionadora e instalados, portanto, do lado energizado da chave. Sua troca é demorada sendo uma manutenção de alto risco. O objetivo é a troca de posição entre o pinos de transmissão mecânica e o pino fusível, evitando que o técnico de seja exposto ao lado energizado da chave durante a manutenção. As propriedades mecânicas foram estudadas pela caracterização metalográfica, por microscopia óptica e M.E.V. (Microscopia Óptica de Varredura) e as propriedades mecânicas dos pinos foram obtidas por ensaio de tração, cisalhamento e dureza. Os ensaios laboratoriais mostraram que a tensão de cisalhamento do pino fusível de latão ASTM C36000 é 30% da tensão de cisalhamento do pino de transmissão em aço inoxidável AISI 420 endurecido por têmpera. Com esses resultados, a substituição pode ser feita com boa margem de segurança e o equipamento opera corretamente, reduzindo o tempo de desligamento da chave e consequentemente da linha desenergizada / This work analyzed the microstructure and mechanical properties of mechanical transmission pins of the switchgear Magrini Gallileo, MSM series. The transmit pin is manufactured of stainless steel AISI 420 and heat-treated and fuse pin in brass ASTM C36000, commercially known as Brass Cut Free American. During operation of the switchegear, there may be disruptionof the fuse pin and its replacement becomes a priority leaving the blackground the ongoing conducted by the switchgear. These fuse pins are located in the upper region of the switchgear and installed therefore the key energized side. The exchange of the seitchgear takes a long time and a high risk maintenance. The goal is to change positions between mechanical transmission pins and the fuse pin, avoiding that the technician be exposed to energized side key during maintenance. The mechanical properties were studied by metallographic characterization by optical microscopy, S.E.M. (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and the pin mechanical properties were obtained by strain, shear and hardness test. The laboratory tests showed that the shear stress of brass ASTM C36000 fuse pin is 30% of the shear pin transmission AISI 420 stainless steel hardened by temper. With these results, the substitution can be made with good safety margin and the equipment operates correctly, reducing the time to switch power off and consequently the e-energized line

Orientador: Manoel Cléber de Sampaio Alves / Co-orientador: Carlos Alberto Soufen / Banca: Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli / Banca: Paulo Donato Frighetto / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi analisada a microestrutura e suas propriedades mecânicas dos pinos de transmissão mecânica das chaves seccionadoras Magrini Galileu, série MSM. O pino de transmissão é produzido em aço inoxidável AISI 420 e tratados termicamente e o pino fusível em latão ASTM C36000, comercialmente conhecido como Latão Corte Livre Americano. Durante a operação da chave seccionadora, pode ocorrer o rompimento do pino fusível e sua substituição passa a ser prioridade deixando para segundo plano a operação em curso realizada pela chave seccionadora. Os referidos pinos fusíveis estão localizados na região superior da chave seccionadora e instalados, portanto, do lado energizado da chave. Sua troca é demorada sendo uma manutenção de alto risco. O objetivo é a troca de posição entre o pinos de transmissão mecânica e o pino fusível, evitando que o técnico de seja exposto ao lado energizado da chave durante a manutenção. As propriedades mecânicas foram estudadas pela caracterização metalográfica, por microscopia óptica e M.E.V. (Microscopia Óptica de Varredura) e as propriedades mecânicas dos pinos foram obtidas por ensaio de tração, cisalhamento e dureza. Os ensaios laboratoriais mostraram que a tensão de cisalhamento do pino fusível de latão ASTM C36000 é 30% da tensão de cisalhamento do pino de transmissão em aço inoxidável AISI 420 endurecido por têmpera. Com esses resultados, a substituição pode ser feita com boa margem de segurança e o equipamento opera corretamente, reduzindo o tempo de desligamento da chave e consequentemente da linha desenergizada / Abstract: This work analyzed the microstructure and mechanical properties of mechanical transmission pins of the switchgear Magrini Gallileo, MSM series. The transmit pin is manufactured of stainless steel AISI 420 and heat-treated and fuse pin in brass ASTM C36000, commercially known as Brass Cut Free American. During operation of the switchegear, there may be disruptionof the fuse pin and its replacement becomes a priority leaving the blackground the ongoing conducted by the switchgear. These fuse pins are located in the upper region of the switchgear and installed therefore the key energized side. The exchange of the seitchgear takes a long time and a high risk maintenance. The goal is to change positions between mechanical transmission pins and the fuse pin, avoiding that the technician be exposed to energized side key during maintenance. The mechanical properties were studied by metallographic characterization by optical microscopy, S.E.M. (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and the pin mechanical properties were obtained by strain, shear and hardness test. The laboratory tests showed that the shear stress of brass ASTM C36000 fuse pin is 30% of the shear pin transmission AISI 420 stainless steel hardened by temper. With these results, the substitution can be made with good safety margin and the equipment operates correctly, reducing the time to switch power off and consequently the e-energized line / Mestre

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 29, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

In the past two decades, there have been significant advances in the development of self-centering (SC) seismic force resisting systems. However, examples of SC systems used in practice are limited due to unusual field construction practices, high initial cost premiums and deformation incompatibility with the gravity framing. A self-centering beam moment frame (SCB-MF) has been developed that virtually eliminates residual drifts and concentrates the majority of structural damage in replaceable fuse elements. The SCB consists of a I-shaped steel beam augmented with a restoring force mechanism attached to the bottom flange and can be shop fabricated. Additionally, the SCB has been designed to eliminate the deformation incompatibility associated with the self-centering mechanism. The SCB-MF system is investigated and developed through analytical, computational, and experimental means. The first phase of the work involves the development of the SCB concepts and the experimental program on five two-thirds scale SCB specimens. Key parameters were varied to investigate their effect on global system hysteretic response and their effect on system components. These large-scale experiments validated the performance of the system, allowed the investigation of detailing and construction methods, provided information on the behavior of the individual components of the system. The experimental results also provided data to confirm and calibrate computational models that can capable of capturing the salient features of the SCB-MF response on global and component level. As a part of the second phase, a set of archetype buildings was designed using the self-centering beam moment frame (SCB-MF) to conduct a non-linear response history study. The study was conducted on a set of 9 archetype buildings. Four, twelve and twenty story frames, each with three levels of self-centering ratios representing partial and fully self-centering systems, were subjected to 44 ground motions scaled to two hazard levels. This study evaluated the performance of SCB-MFs in multi-story structures and investigated the probabilities of reaching limit states for earthquake events with varying recurrence period. The experimental and computational studies described in this dissertation demonstrate that the SCB-MF for steel-framed buildings can satisfy the performance goals of virtually eliminating residual drift and concentrating structural damage in replaceable fuses even during large earthquakes. / Ph. D.

Advances in structural systems that resist extreme loading such as earthquake forces are important in their ability to reduce damages, improve performance, increase resilience, and improve the reliability of structures. Buckling resistant shear panels can be used to form new structural systems, which have been shown in preliminary analysis to have improved hysteretic behavior including increased stiffness and energy dissipating ability. Both of these characteristics lead to reduced drifts during earthquakes, which in turn leads to a reduction of drift related structural and nonstructural damage. Shear links are being used for seismic energy dissipation in some structures. A promising type of fuse implemented in structures for seismic energy dissipation, and seismic load resistance consists of a steel plate with cutouts leaving various shaped shear links. During a severe earthquake, inelastic deformation and damage would be concentrated in the shear links that are part of replaceable structural fuses, while the other elements of the building remain in the elastic state. In this study, by identifying the issues associated with general fuses previously used in structures, the behavior of the links is investigated and procedures to improve the behavior of the links are explained. In this study, a promising type of hysteretic damper used for seismic energy dissipation of a steel plate with cutouts leaving butterfly-shaped links subjected to shear deformations. These links have been proposed more recently to better align bending capacity with the shape of the moment diagram by using a linearly varying width between larger ends and a smaller middle section. Butterfly-shaped links have been shown in previous tests to be capable of substantial ductility and energy dissipation, but can also be prone to lateral torsional buckling. The mathematical investigations are conducted to predict, explain and analyze the butterfly-shaped shear links behavior for use in seismic structural fuses. The ductile and brittle limit states identified based on the previous studies, are mathematically explained and prediction equations are proposed accordingly. Design methodologies are subsequently conceptualized for structural shear links to address shear yielding, flexural yielding and buckling limit states for a typical link subjected to shear loading to promote ductile deformation modes. The buckling resistant design of the links is described with the aid of differential equations governing the links' buckling behavior. The differential equations solution procedures are developed for a useful range of link geometries and the statistical analysis is conducted to propose an equation for critical buckling moment. Computational studies on the fuses are conducted with finite element analysis software. The computational modeling methodology is initially verified with laboratory tests. Two parametric computational studies were completed on butterfly-shaped links to study the effect of varying geometries on the shear yielding and flexural yielding limit states as well as the buckling behavior of the different butterfly-shaped link geometries. It is shown that the proposed critical moment for brittle limit state has 98% accuracy, while the prediction equations for ductile limit states have more than 97% accuracy as well. Strategies for controlling lateral torsional buckling in butterfly links are recommended and are validated through comparison with finite element models. The backbone behavior of the seismic butterfly-shaped link is formulized and compared with computational models. In the second parametric study, the geometrical properties effects on a set of output parameters are investigated for a 112 computational models considering initial imperfection, and it is indicated that the narrower mid-width would reach to their limit states in lower displacement as compared to wider mid-width ones. The work culminates in a system-level validation of the proposed structural fuses with the design and analysis of shear link structural fuses for application in three buildings with different seismic force resisting systems. Six options for shear link geometry are designed for each building application using the design methodologies and predictive equations developed in this work and as guided by the results of the parametric studies. Subsequently, the results obtained for each group is compared to the conventional systems. The effect of implementation of the seismic links in multi-story structures is investigated by analyzing two prototype structures, with butterfly-shaped links and simple conventional beam. The results of the nonlinear response history analysis are summarized for 44 ground motions under Maximum Considered Event (MCE) and Design Basic Earthquake (DBE) ground motion hazard levels. It is shown that implementation of the butterfly-shaped links will lead to higher dissipated energy compared to conventional Eccentrically Braced Frame (EBF) systems. It is concluded that implementation of the seismic shear links significantly improves the energy dissipation capability of the systems compared to conventional systems, while the stiffness and strength are close in these two systems. / Ph. D. / Structural fuses are replaceable elements of a structure that are designed to yield and protect the surrounding members from damages, and then be accessible and replaceable after a major event. Several studies have indicated that steel plates with cutouts would have advantages for use in structural fuses. Having cutouts in a steel plate would make different shapes inside of the plate, which are called structural links. To have the same yielding condition all over the links, it is tried to better align the capacity of the links with the shape of the demand diagram caused by loading, which would be leading to the efficient implementation of the steel. In general, links are implemented to substantially increase the energy dissipation capacity of a structure and significantly reduce the energy dissipation demand on the framing members of a structure. For these purposes, various shapes have been proposed in this research study. The main feature of a replaceable link system is that the inelasticity is concentrated at the steel link while the beams and columns remain almost elastic. This study investigated the general behavior of the fuses, the applicability of them for space-constrained applications, the flexure, shear and buckling limit states affecting the behavior of the links. The computational analysis methodologies to model the links are explained and confirmed with the behavior of the different experiment tests as well as the proposed brittle limit state prediction equations. Subsequently, the two parametric studies are done to investigate the effect of geometrical properties on the links output results and establish prediction equations. The results from the analytical and computational studies for the seismic links are incorporated for seismic investigation of multi-story buildings. The results of seismic analysis of the two buildings are summarized for 44 ground motions.

Shear-acting structural fuses are steel plates with cutouts subjected to in-plane lateral displacements during extreme loading events such as earthquakes, that dissipate energy through localized shear or flexural yielding mechanisms. Although previous studies have reported that fuses with specific geometry can develop a stable hysteretic behavior, their small thickness makes them prone to buckling, reducing strength and energy dissipation capacity. In this work, topology optimization using genetic algorithms is performed to find optimized shapes for structural fuses with a square domain and constant thickness. The objective function uses the fuse's shear buckling load VB obtained from a 3D linear buckling analysis, and shear yield load VY obtained from a material nonlinear, but geometrically linear 2D plane-stress analysis. The two analyses are shown to be computationally efficient and viable for use in the optimization routine. The variations VY/VB=0.1,0.2,0.3 are investigated considering a target volume equal to 30%, 40% and 50% the fuse's original volume. A new set of optimized topologies are obtained, interpreted into smooth shapes, and evaluated using finite elements analyses with models subjected to monotonic and cyclic displacements histories. It was found that the drift angle when out-of-plane buckling occurs can be controlled using the VY/VB ratio, with optimized topologies buckling at drift angles (when subjected to a cyclic displacement protocol) as large as 9% as compared to 6% for previously studied fuses. / Master of Science / Shear-acting structural fuses are steel plates with cutouts that dissipate energy during extreme loading events such as earthquakes. These structural fuses have a fixed edge and an opposing edge subjected to in-plane lateral displacements. Although previous studies have reported that fuses with specific geometry have a good cyclic performance, their small thickness makes them prone to bend or buckle, reducing strength and energy dissipation capacity. Considering a structural fuse with a square domain and constant thickness, a mathematical method called topology optimization is implemented to optimize the distribution of material with the goal of controlling the amount of yielding in the structural fuse before it buckles. The optimization routine uses the fuse’s shear buckling capacity (VB) and shear yield strength (VY ) obtained from relative simple and computationally inexpensive procedures that are also valid to characterize the potential for buckling in a structural fuse. The variations VY /VB = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 are investigated considering a target volume equal to 30%, 40% and 50% the fuse’s original volume. A set of optimized topologies are interpreted into smooth shapes and evaluated using finite elements analyses. It was found that the drift angle when out-of-plane buckling occurs can be controlled by using the VY /VB ratio, with optimized topologies buckling at drift angles (when subjected to a cyclic displacement protocol) as large as 9% as compared to 6% for previously studied fuses.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EleniseBBA_TESE.pdf: 3505529 bytes, checksum: 6fbefc3f97e2fee0bbc0545b60e3c26e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The power industry generates as waste ceramic bodies of electrical fuses that are discarded after use. The formulation of ceramic bodies for porcelain electrical insulators using waste from the bodies fuse allocation promotes environmentally appropriate, through the reuse of the material. This work evaluated the technical feasibility of using waste for use in electrical porcelains with formulations containing the residue, feldspar and kaolinite. The raw materials were processed through grinding and sieving to 200 mesh. The ceramic material obtained from the proposed formulations with 25%, 30%, 34% and 40% of the residue went through a vibratory mill for grinding and homogenization, and then were sieved at 325 mesh. The samples were shaped in a uniaxial press, with the application of 25 MPa and sintered at 1100? C, 1150?C, 1200?C, 1225?C and 1250?C, at levels of 20 and 45 minutes. Were also developed bodies of evidence with reference formulations obtained without residue, to establish a comparison on physical, mechanical and electrical. The tests were conducted and technology: linear shrinkage, porosity, water absorption, resistance to bending to three points, measuring insulation resistance electrical resistivity of the material, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence Waste characterizations pointed to the existence of two phases: mullite and quartz phases are of great importance in the microstructure of the ceramic and this fact reveals a possibility for reuse in electrical porcelains. The mullite is an important constituent because it is a phase that makes it possible to increase the mechanical strength in addition to the body allows the use at high temperatures. The use of ceramic bodies residue fuses, proved feasible for application in electrical porcelain and the most significant results were obtained by the formulations with 25% waste and sintering at 1200?C / O setor el?trico gera como res?duo os corpos cer?micos de fus?veis el?tricos que s?o descartados ap?s o uso. A formula??o de massas cer?micas para porcelanas el?tricas utilizando res?duos oriundos de corpos de fus?veis promove uma destina??o ambiental adequada, por meio do reaproveitamento do material. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade t?cnica da utiliza??o do res?duo para a aplica??o em porcelanas el?tricas com formula??es contendo o res?duo, feldspato e argila caulin?tica. As mat?rias primas foram processadas passando por moagem e peneiramento a 200 Mesh. As massas cer?micas obtidas a partir das formula??es propostas com 25%, 30%, 34% e 40% do res?duo passaram por um moinho vibrat?rio para homogeneiza??o e moagem e depois foram peneiradas a 325 Mesh. Os corpos de prova foram conformados em uma prensa uniaxial, com aplica??o de 25 Mpa e sinterizados a 1100?C, 1150?C, 1200?C, 1225?C e 1250?C, com patamares de 20 e 45 minutos. Foram desenvolvidos tamb?m corpos de provas com formula??es de refer?ncia obtidas sem o res?duo, para estabelecer um comparativo na caracteriza??o f?sica, mec?nica e el?trica. Os ensaios e tecnol?gicos realizados foram: retra??o linear, porosidade, absor??o de ?gua, resist?ncia a flex?o a tr?s pontos, medi??o de resist?ncia de isola??o el?trica, resistividade do material, difra??o de raios X e fluoresc?ncia de raios X. A caracteriza??o do res?duo apontou para a exist?ncia de duas fases: mulita e quartzo, que s?o fases de grande import?ncia na microestrutura do material cer?mico e esse fato revela uma possibilidade para o reaproveitamento em porcelanas el?tricas. A mulita ? um importante constituinte pois ? uma fase que possibilita a eleva??o da resist?ncia mec?nica al?m de permite a utiliza??o do corpo em elevadas temperaturas. O uso do res?duo cer?micos dos corpos de fus?veis, se mostrou vi?vel para a aplica??o em porcelanas el?tricas e os resultados mais significativos foram obtidos pelas formula??es com 25% de res?duo e sinteriza??o a 1200?C

The determination of the pre-arcing time of a fuse given a specific current is crucial during the selection process if the fuse is to be effective for the given application. Often the data supplied by the manufacturer is enough to determine this time, however this is not always the case. For this purpose a fuse model of a diazed fuse has been developed in order to simulate the pre-arcing times in the range of 2 ms to 2 s. The model is implemented in MATLAB and simulates the pre-arcing time for a given current together with fuse parameters such as the materials and the geometry of the fuse. The model has been tested experimentally by running specific currents designed to represent a wide variety of currents which a fuse might be subjected to. The tests were done on 10A gG fuses for which the current through the fuse was logged and then used as input to the fuse model, the simulated time and the measured time was then compared. The simulated times are in general faster than the measured pre-arcing times, this is mainly due to the rate of change of thermal conductivity of the sand with respect to temperature being approximated in conjunction with thermal radiation not being taken into consideration. More testing needs to be done to validate the model for different current ratings and fuse-element designs. / Att bestämma smälttiden för en säkring som utsätts för en given ström är viktigt för att kunna avgöra om dess prestanda är tillräcklig för en viss applikation. I de flesta fall är det möjligt att använda tillverkarens data tillsammans med vågformen för att bestämma smälttiden, men det kan även inträffa att detta inte är möjligt. För dessa fall har en modell av en diazed säkring utvecklas för att simulera smälttiden inom 2 ms till 2 s. Modellen har implementerats i MATLAB och beräknar smälltiden för en given ström och parametrar för säkringen. Modellen har testats experimentellt genom att säkringar har utsatts för en mängd olika strömmar som representerar de olika strömmar som säkringen kan utsättas för. Testerna gjordes på 10 A gG säkringar där strömmen genom säkringen loggades för att sedan användas som ingångsvärde till modellen, tiderna för den uppmätta smälttiden och den beräknades smälltiden jämfördes sedan. De simulerade smälttiderna är lägre jämfört med de uppmätta, detta beror dels på att förändringen av värmeledningsförmågan med temperaturökning hos sanden är okänd och är uppskattad från referenser och dels på att värmestrålning inte har ingått i modellen. Mer tester behöver utföras för att validera modellen mot fler strömstyrkor och designer. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm