Novel photosynthetic protozoan phylum from caorals eas investigated using molecular biology tools to infer phylogenetic position. According to the data, isolates RM11-26 are also photosynthetic relatives of apicomplexan parasites representing an independent lineage from Chromera velia

Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on processes that structure desmid communities. Phylogenetic structure of communities helps to reveal those processes. Phylogenetic structures links ecology of communities and evolutionary history of species in those communities. Totally I analysed 89 desmid communities. Most of them were phylogenetically structured, which agrees with the hypothesis that communities are structured by classical niche-related processes, such as competition and environmental filtering. Usage of environmental information showed the influence of pH on the community structure. Low pH acts as a strong environmental filter. Under the influence of this filter communities are composed of closely relates species. In the absence of this filter communities are structured by competition. Localities with higher pH host communities of distantly related species - phylogenetically overdispersed. There was found no influence of conductivity and geographical distance on phylogenetic structure of desmids communities. Key words: phylogenetic structure, desmids, Desmidiales, environmental filtering, pH

Desmids are an important part of the phytobenthos in the wetland ecosystems. These ecosystems are often ephemeral and changes in the hydrological regime is a typical characterisic of this habitat type. Dessication is a significant stress factor that affects water organisms. Different species differ in their extent of tolerance to dessication stress and it can affect their community structure and also their phylogenetic diversity. Two sites, the nature reserve Borkovická Blata and the nature locality Na Plachtě, were selected for this work. Ephemeral (seasonally dessicating) and permanent pools differed in the structure of desmid communities but the difference was signifacant only for Borkovická blata. At both localities, the samples from the dessicating pools showed in average lower species richness and Shannon's diversity index than samples from non-dessicating pools, but the differences between these groups of samples were not statistically significant. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the desmids community were phylogenetically overdispersed; closely related species tended to not appear together on the same sites at both localities. The difference in the phylogenetic structure between ephemeral and permanent was detected only in the Borkovická blata site, where the ephemeral pools exhibited weaker...

The main aims of diploma thesis were: 1) The sequence analysis of the Czech isolate of Potato virus M (PVM) VIRUBRA 4/009 and phylogenetic analysis of PVM coat proteins sequences 2) The bacterial expression of recombinant triple gene block protein 1 (TGB1) of PVM derived from the Czech isolate VIRUBRA 4/007 3) The construction of expression cassette of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) coat protein and its transformation into A. tumefaciens for transgenic PLRV resistant plant formation In theoretical part of the thesis the taxonomic classification, morphology, genomic structure and virus transmission are discussed. Furthermore, the main rules concerning the bacterial expression of recombinant proteins and construction of transgenic plants using A. tumefaciens are described. Methodical part is devoted to description of generally used molecular biological and immunochemical methods. The following results were obtained in the thesis: The complete nucleotide sequences of open reading frames coding for three movement proteins (Triple gene block -TGB), coat protein and NA-binding protein of PVM isolate VIRUBRA 4/009; phylogenetic analysis was performed; the TGB1 protein was expressed in bacterial cells and will be used for polyclonal antibodies raising. Finally, the expression cassette containing the PLRV...

The Red Sea region is one of the important places that allow us to uncover traces of the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Besides the questions related to its expansion out of Africa, this region is also important in terms of the mutual influence between populations of Africa and Arabia that after a long period of isolation and genetic differentiation related to climate change in the Pleistocene and subsequent development of seaways and land routes in the Holocene began to contact with each other more frequently. Number of genetic analyzes has been done but some issues concerning on the later development still remain inadequately answered, mainly because of insufficient material. This work is focused on the analysis of 200 mtDNA sequences of four Sudanese populations - two populations of nomadic herdsmen Rashaida and Beja living in the close neighborhood around the city of Kassala and speaking different languages and two populations of the Nile Valley with settled way of life. Analysis of the intrapopulation level revealed much higher diversity of the sedentary populations (in this work the sedentary populations are represented by the Nubians and Arabs). Interpopulation variability and genetic distances within other 46 populations of the Red Sea showed that although Rashaida and Beja people...

Vertebrates show dramatic interspecific variation in the size of their brains. The complexity of brains is considered to be the key factor of evolutionary success in Vertebrates, and therefore an evolutionary trend towards increasing brain size and coplexity is assumed. Large and complex brains evolved independently in birds and mammals. Birds have brains that are comparable in their relative size to the brains of mammals. However, in stark contrast to mammals, there is no general trend towards increase of brain size in birds. Relatively large brains have evolved independently in many avian lineages. Highly encephalised orders are parrots (Psittaciformes), woodpeckers and relatives (Piciformes), hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes (Bucerotiformes), owls (Strigiformes), storks (Ciconiiformes) and several families of songbirds (Passeriformes), mainly bowerbirds (Ptilorhynchidae) and corvids (Corvidae). Otherhighlyencephalizedgroupsarenon-parasiticcuckoos(genusCentropus,Phaenicophaeus and Coua) and family Diomeidea and genus Pelecanus belonging to the clade water birds. Less encephalized groups include the basal lineages such as paleognaths and fowl (Galloanserae), and also pigeons (Columbiformes) and swifts, treeswifts and hummingbirds (Apodiformes). We suggest that this mosaic evolution is result of...

The complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA from Diuraphis noxia was obtained and characterized. The mitogenome contains a standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 19 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes. A+T-rich and ?repets? regions in the same order as those of the other analyzed aphids. Comparison to mtDNAs from other Sternorrhyncha species obtained from GenBank revealed possible markers for studies on population differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and maximum likelihood confirmed the classification of Diuraphis noxia into the Aphididae.

The aim of my study was to sum up the data about genetic variability of freshwater gastropods living in temporary ponds. My model species were moss bladder snail (Aplexa hypnorum) and the critically endangered ramshorn snail (Anisus vorticulus). Genetic variability was investigated by two mtDNA and two nuclear markers. The differences in genetic variation at the COI gene follow the pattern of different catchments. However, these findings do not agree with the patterns derived from genetic markers ITS1 and 16S. The reasons for the differences between the different markers are discussed in several ways involving few possible historical scenarios, but also possible errors of laboratory methods. In this study, there was only little success in amplification and the most likely reason is the inhibitory effect of snail mucus on DNA amplification. Another problem that occurred when this work was to obtain the sequence of the parasite (fluke) instead Anisus gene using gastropod specific primers. In addition to genetic and related methodological part of this work is the third part concerning the evaluation of environmental factors periodic pools in the presence and absence of the species studied. The fourth part sis focused on the phylogenetical analyses of the european and american Aplexa linneages. Powered by TCPDF...

Green algae are quite important primary producers in fresh waters. The genus Chlorella represents one of algae most frequently utilized in algal biotechnologies to produce biomass, using either autotrophic or heterotrophic cultivation systems. It is than exploited as a food supplement for humans or animals. However, particular species within the genus are morphologically indistinguishable and molecular markers should be used to characterize production strains. This work is aimed to molecularly characterize three production strains of Chlorella for patent protection purposes and to specify their phylogenetic and taxonomic position.

This thesis discusses the issue of predicting of the effect of amino acid substitutions on protein funkcion, based on phylogenetic analysis method, inspired by tool MAPP. Significant number of genetic diseases is caused by nonsynonymous SNPs manifested as single point mutations on the protein level. The ability to identify deleterious substitutions could be useful for protein engineering to test whether the proposed mutations do not damage protein function same as for targeting disease causing harmful mutations. However the experimental validation is costly and the need of predictive computation methods has risen. This thesis describes desing and implementation of a new in silico predictor based on the principles of evolutionary analysis and dissimilarity between original and substituting amino acid physico-chemical properties. Developed algorithm was tested on four datasets with 74,192 mutations from 16,256 sequences in total. The predictor yields up to 72 % accuracy and in the comparison with the most existing tools, it is substantially less time consuming. In order to achieve the highest possible efficiency, the optimization process was focused on selection of the most suitable (a) third-party software for calculation of a multiple sequence alignment, (b) overall decision threshold and (c) a set of physico-chemical properties.