Doct. Thesis--Department of English--University of Uppsala--Uppsala, 1990.

The 13 personal essays in Water over Stones: Oregon Watershed Stories explore the author's experiences in dozens of Oregon watersheds. Using the genre of the personal essay, the author, a fifth-generation Oregonian and amateur ecologist, writes about her life and family relationships in stories that are saturated with the waters in which they have lived, logged, fished, and died. These stories are no defense of her family's past. but neither are they a condemnation. Rather, these personal essays are an inside look at the conflicts that arise in the author and in her family relationships when she discovers a protective love of her watersheds, marries an environmental scientist and then tries to negotiate her family's values with environmental values attached to her home waters. This negotiation dives deep into personal waters that flow from childhood anger to religious ecstasy. The author's negotiation of these waters demonstrates the personal essay's unique use as a tool for exploring issues that underlie the science of watershed; specifically: people and their relationships to each other and to their waters. These essays are drawn from the author's experiences in watersheds as wild as Lawson Creek in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness, where her family was lost, and as tame as Ash Creek in the Willamette Valley, where she now lives. / Graduation date: 2005

No description available.

This paper examines the way in which two contemporary Canadian women writers, Anne Carson and Gail Scott, integrate subjective theory into two of their respective texts (Carson's Men In the Off Hours, and Scott's Main Brides). This study rejects the presentation of a single protagonist and instead focuses heavy emphasis upon the presentation of subjective experiments. In this paper the subjects in Men In the Off Hours and Main Brides are examined through the desires they exhibit for the absent other---that which the subject perceives he/she does not have---as central to his/her own conception of him/her self. The paper first acknowledges that subjective theory, the quest for the self, has maintained a central position in scholarly studies. It then proceeds to disseminate and critique Lacanian subjective theory thereby setting the stage for close readings of Carson's Men In the Off Hours through theorist Julia Kristeva's notion of abjection, and of Scott's Main Brides through Jacques Derrida's theory of the borderline. The paper closes by questioning the possibility of a fully realized subject.

My novel The Heaven I Swallowed tells the story of Grace Teresa Mary McAllister, a World War II widow who decides to “save” a young Aboriginal girl, Mary, by adopting her into her home, believing she will be able to redeem the child by giving her all the benefits of white society. In Part I of the novel Mary arrives and it soon becomes obvious that her presence is bringing back the deceptions in Grace’s past. In Part II five years have passed and Grace is struggling to cope with the way she treated Mary. Exploring the myth of “for their own good” The Heaven I Swallowed is a tale of the Stolen Generations, told from the perspective of the white perpetrator. The exegesis accompanying the novel, ‘Whose Shoes? Writing The Heaven I Swallowed’, is also divided into two parts. Part I traces my awareness of the Stolen Generation stories and the reasoning behind the decision to narratively take the perspective of a white woman who steals an Aboriginal child. In Part II, I turn to two contemporary literary texts – Kate Grenville’s The Secret River and Gail Jones’s Sorry – to examine different strategies that the non-indigenous writer might employ to counter-act stereotypical representation of Aboriginality. Further analysis of the novel in the lead up to the final draft is then aided by another two texts: Elizabeth Jolley’s The Well and Joyce Carol Oates’s Black Girl/ White Girl. Using these as models – one in regards to a Gothic re-rendering of the work and the other in regards to the depiction of ambiguous race relations – I find a way to reconcile myself with the representation of Aboriginality in The Heaven I Swallowed. Finally, I come to the conclusion that the novelist might often travel a great deal away from their original intent but that these footsteps have to be taken to ensure motivations are justified and one’s conscience is at ease. / Thesis (Ph.D. ) - University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2009

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references.

Introdução: No Sul do Brasil, o câncer de mama é a primeira causa de óbito por câncer em mulheres entre 30-69 anos de idade e se observam taxas crescentes de incidência e mortalidade pela doença. Vários modelos para estimativa do risco de desenvolver câncer de mama foram criados na Europa e América do Norte, sendo que um dos modelos mais utilizados é o de Gail. Este modelo foi validado na América do Norte, mas não há relatos publicados disponíveis nas principais bases de dados sobre a sua performance e sobre o comportamento de suas variáveis em mulheres na América Latina. No Brasil, relatos sobre o perfil de risco para câncer de mama em mulheres submetidas a rastreamento mamográfico são inexistentes. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, em amostra não-selecionada de 3665 mulheres de 40 a 69 anos, sem câncer de mama e participantes de um programa de rastreamento mamográfico populacional na cidade de Porto Alegre, Sul do Brasil. Informações clínicas e radiológicas foram obtidas por revisão de prontuário e as estimativas de risco para câncer de mama foram calculadas utilizando o modelo de Gail (modelo de Gail versão 2). Resultados: A idade média da amostra de 3665 mulheres foi 51,2 anos e 81,2% autodenominaram-se brancas. As idades médias na menarca e nascimento do primeiro filho vivo foram 12,9 e 21,5 anos, respectivamente. Apenas 97 (2,6%) haviam realizado biópsia, e destas, apenas uma apresentou hiperplasia. História familiar de 1º grau de câncer de mama foi relatada por 4,5% das mulheres. As estimativas médias da amostra de desenvolver câncer de mama pelo modelo de Gail em 5 anos e até os 90 anos de idade foram 1.0% (range 0,4-4,8%; SD=0,4) e 7,9% (range 2,6-39,0%, SD=2,6), respectivamente. Utilizando o mesmo modelo, 6,7% das mulheres apresentaram risco estimado de desenvolver câncer de mama >= 1,67% em 5 anos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação à IMC (p=0,423) e BI-RADS (p=0,954). Entretanto, foi observado diferença estatisticamente significativa nesta estimativa em relação às diferentes categorias de densidade mamográfica; quanto maior o Gail vital, maior a densidade mamográfica (categorias A+B em relação às demais; p<0,001). Conclusões: A amostra estudada apresentou um risco estimado dentro do esperado para a população geral, de acordo com o esperado em outros países. Nenhum dos fatores de risco tradicionalmente incluídos no modelo de Gail foi muito prevalente. A validação deste modelo na América Latina deve ser realizada e talvez a inclusão de outras variáveis, como densidade mamográfica e IMC, pode melhorar sua acurácia. / Background: In southern Brazil, breast cancer is the main cause of death from cancer in women between the ages of 30 and 69 years; and increasing rates of incidence and mortality caused by this disease have been observed. Several models to estimate risk of developing breast cancer have been created in Europe and North America. The Gail model, one of the most frequently used methods, has been validated in North America, but no published reports are available in main databases about its performance and accuracy in Latin American women. In Brazil, there are no reports on the breast cancer risk profile of women submitted to mammographic screening. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, in an unselected sample of 3,665 women aged 40-69 years, unaffected by breast cancer, and participating in a mammographic screening program in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil an area with high breast cancer incidence and mortality rates. Clinical and radiological data were obtained by review of medical records and estimates of risk for breast cancer were calculated using the Gail model (version 2). Results: Mean age was 51.2 years and 81.2% of the women declared themselves as white. Mean ages of menarche and birth of the first live birth were 12.9 and 21.5 years, respectively. Only 97 (2.6%) of the women had been submitted to a breast biopsy, and only one was diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia. Breast cancer in first degree relatives was reported by 4.5%. Mean estimates for developing breast cancer were 1.0% (range: 0.4-4.8%; SD=0.4) and 7.9% (range 2.6-39.0%, SD=2.6) in 5 years and by age 90, respectively. A 5-year estimated breast cancer risk >= 1.67% was observed in 6.7% of the sample. No statistically significant difference of Gail vital was observed in relation to BMI (p=0.423) and BI-RADS (p=0.954). However, we observed a significant difference in this estimation with different categories of breast density, with higher risk estimates in women with higher breast densities (categories A+B in relation to others categories; p<0.001). Conclusions: The sample studied presented risk estimates within the expected range for the general population in other countries. None of the breast cancer risk factors traditionally included in the Gail model was overrepresented. A validation of this model in Latin America should be done, and maybe the addition of more variables, such as mammographic density and BMI, could improve its accuracy.

Introdução: No Sul do Brasil, o câncer de mama é a primeira causa de óbito por câncer em mulheres entre 30-69 anos de idade e se observam taxas crescentes de incidência e mortalidade pela doença. Vários modelos para estimativa do risco de desenvolver câncer de mama foram criados na Europa e América do Norte, sendo que um dos modelos mais utilizados é o de Gail. Este modelo foi validado na América do Norte, mas não há relatos publicados disponíveis nas principais bases de dados sobre a sua performance e sobre o comportamento de suas variáveis em mulheres na América Latina. No Brasil, relatos sobre o perfil de risco para câncer de mama em mulheres submetidas a rastreamento mamográfico são inexistentes. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, em amostra não-selecionada de 3665 mulheres de 40 a 69 anos, sem câncer de mama e participantes de um programa de rastreamento mamográfico populacional na cidade de Porto Alegre, Sul do Brasil. Informações clínicas e radiológicas foram obtidas por revisão de prontuário e as estimativas de risco para câncer de mama foram calculadas utilizando o modelo de Gail (modelo de Gail versão 2). Resultados: A idade média da amostra de 3665 mulheres foi 51,2 anos e 81,2% autodenominaram-se brancas. As idades médias na menarca e nascimento do primeiro filho vivo foram 12,9 e 21,5 anos, respectivamente. Apenas 97 (2,6%) haviam realizado biópsia, e destas, apenas uma apresentou hiperplasia. História familiar de 1º grau de câncer de mama foi relatada por 4,5% das mulheres. As estimativas médias da amostra de desenvolver câncer de mama pelo modelo de Gail em 5 anos e até os 90 anos de idade foram 1.0% (range 0,4-4,8%; SD=0,4) e 7,9% (range 2,6-39,0%, SD=2,6), respectivamente. Utilizando o mesmo modelo, 6,7% das mulheres apresentaram risco estimado de desenvolver câncer de mama >= 1,67% em 5 anos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação à IMC (p=0,423) e BI-RADS (p=0,954). Entretanto, foi observado diferença estatisticamente significativa nesta estimativa em relação às diferentes categorias de densidade mamográfica; quanto maior o Gail vital, maior a densidade mamográfica (categorias A+B em relação às demais; p<0,001). Conclusões: A amostra estudada apresentou um risco estimado dentro do esperado para a população geral, de acordo com o esperado em outros países. Nenhum dos fatores de risco tradicionalmente incluídos no modelo de Gail foi muito prevalente. A validação deste modelo na América Latina deve ser realizada e talvez a inclusão de outras variáveis, como densidade mamográfica e IMC, pode melhorar sua acurácia. / Background: In southern Brazil, breast cancer is the main cause of death from cancer in women between the ages of 30 and 69 years; and increasing rates of incidence and mortality caused by this disease have been observed. Several models to estimate risk of developing breast cancer have been created in Europe and North America. The Gail model, one of the most frequently used methods, has been validated in North America, but no published reports are available in main databases about its performance and accuracy in Latin American women. In Brazil, there are no reports on the breast cancer risk profile of women submitted to mammographic screening. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, in an unselected sample of 3,665 women aged 40-69 years, unaffected by breast cancer, and participating in a mammographic screening program in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil an area with high breast cancer incidence and mortality rates. Clinical and radiological data were obtained by review of medical records and estimates of risk for breast cancer were calculated using the Gail model (version 2). Results: Mean age was 51.2 years and 81.2% of the women declared themselves as white. Mean ages of menarche and birth of the first live birth were 12.9 and 21.5 years, respectively. Only 97 (2.6%) of the women had been submitted to a breast biopsy, and only one was diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia. Breast cancer in first degree relatives was reported by 4.5%. Mean estimates for developing breast cancer were 1.0% (range: 0.4-4.8%; SD=0.4) and 7.9% (range 2.6-39.0%, SD=2.6) in 5 years and by age 90, respectively. A 5-year estimated breast cancer risk >= 1.67% was observed in 6.7% of the sample. No statistically significant difference of Gail vital was observed in relation to BMI (p=0.423) and BI-RADS (p=0.954). However, we observed a significant difference in this estimation with different categories of breast density, with higher risk estimates in women with higher breast densities (categories A+B in relation to others categories; p<0.001). Conclusions: The sample studied presented risk estimates within the expected range for the general population in other countries. None of the breast cancer risk factors traditionally included in the Gail model was overrepresented. A validation of this model in Latin America should be done, and maybe the addition of more variables, such as mammographic density and BMI, could improve its accuracy.

Introdução: No Sul do Brasil, o câncer de mama é a primeira causa de óbito por câncer em mulheres entre 30-69 anos de idade e se observam taxas crescentes de incidência e mortalidade pela doença. Vários modelos para estimativa do risco de desenvolver câncer de mama foram criados na Europa e América do Norte, sendo que um dos modelos mais utilizados é o de Gail. Este modelo foi validado na América do Norte, mas não há relatos publicados disponíveis nas principais bases de dados sobre a sua performance e sobre o comportamento de suas variáveis em mulheres na América Latina. No Brasil, relatos sobre o perfil de risco para câncer de mama em mulheres submetidas a rastreamento mamográfico são inexistentes. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo, em amostra não-selecionada de 3665 mulheres de 40 a 69 anos, sem câncer de mama e participantes de um programa de rastreamento mamográfico populacional na cidade de Porto Alegre, Sul do Brasil. Informações clínicas e radiológicas foram obtidas por revisão de prontuário e as estimativas de risco para câncer de mama foram calculadas utilizando o modelo de Gail (modelo de Gail versão 2). Resultados: A idade média da amostra de 3665 mulheres foi 51,2 anos e 81,2% autodenominaram-se brancas. As idades médias na menarca e nascimento do primeiro filho vivo foram 12,9 e 21,5 anos, respectivamente. Apenas 97 (2,6%) haviam realizado biópsia, e destas, apenas uma apresentou hiperplasia. História familiar de 1º grau de câncer de mama foi relatada por 4,5% das mulheres. As estimativas médias da amostra de desenvolver câncer de mama pelo modelo de Gail em 5 anos e até os 90 anos de idade foram 1.0% (range 0,4-4,8%; SD=0,4) e 7,9% (range 2,6-39,0%, SD=2,6), respectivamente. Utilizando o mesmo modelo, 6,7% das mulheres apresentaram risco estimado de desenvolver câncer de mama >= 1,67% em 5 anos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em relação à IMC (p=0,423) e BI-RADS (p=0,954). Entretanto, foi observado diferença estatisticamente significativa nesta estimativa em relação às diferentes categorias de densidade mamográfica; quanto maior o Gail vital, maior a densidade mamográfica (categorias A+B em relação às demais; p<0,001). Conclusões: A amostra estudada apresentou um risco estimado dentro do esperado para a população geral, de acordo com o esperado em outros países. Nenhum dos fatores de risco tradicionalmente incluídos no modelo de Gail foi muito prevalente. A validação deste modelo na América Latina deve ser realizada e talvez a inclusão de outras variáveis, como densidade mamográfica e IMC, pode melhorar sua acurácia. / Background: In southern Brazil, breast cancer is the main cause of death from cancer in women between the ages of 30 and 69 years; and increasing rates of incidence and mortality caused by this disease have been observed. Several models to estimate risk of developing breast cancer have been created in Europe and North America. The Gail model, one of the most frequently used methods, has been validated in North America, but no published reports are available in main databases about its performance and accuracy in Latin American women. In Brazil, there are no reports on the breast cancer risk profile of women submitted to mammographic screening. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, in an unselected sample of 3,665 women aged 40-69 years, unaffected by breast cancer, and participating in a mammographic screening program in the city of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil an area with high breast cancer incidence and mortality rates. Clinical and radiological data were obtained by review of medical records and estimates of risk for breast cancer were calculated using the Gail model (version 2). Results: Mean age was 51.2 years and 81.2% of the women declared themselves as white. Mean ages of menarche and birth of the first live birth were 12.9 and 21.5 years, respectively. Only 97 (2.6%) of the women had been submitted to a breast biopsy, and only one was diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia. Breast cancer in first degree relatives was reported by 4.5%. Mean estimates for developing breast cancer were 1.0% (range: 0.4-4.8%; SD=0.4) and 7.9% (range 2.6-39.0%, SD=2.6) in 5 years and by age 90, respectively. A 5-year estimated breast cancer risk >= 1.67% was observed in 6.7% of the sample. No statistically significant difference of Gail vital was observed in relation to BMI (p=0.423) and BI-RADS (p=0.954). However, we observed a significant difference in this estimation with different categories of breast density, with higher risk estimates in women with higher breast densities (categories A+B in relation to others categories; p<0.001). Conclusions: The sample studied presented risk estimates within the expected range for the general population in other countries. None of the breast cancer risk factors traditionally included in the Gail model was overrepresented. A validation of this model in Latin America should be done, and maybe the addition of more variables, such as mammographic density and BMI, could improve its accuracy.

No description available.