Σε ένα διάκενο που αποτελείται από ένα ηλεκτρόδιο υψηλής τάσεως πλαισιωμένο από έναν αριθμό γειωμένων αγωγών, η κατάληξη μίας εκκένωσης σε ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο έχει μια στοχαστική εξάρτηση από τη γενική διαμόρφωση του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου που επικρατεί στο διάκενο. Η λέξη «στοχαστική» έχει την έννοια ότι πρακτικά οποιοδήποτε γειωμένο σημείο μέσα στο διάκενο κατέχει μία πιθανότητα να δεχθεί την εκκένωση, αλλά αυτή η πιθανότητα μπορεί να είναι διαφορετική για τα διάφορα σημεία. Επιπλέον, αν το διάκενο αποτελείται από περισσότερα από ένα διηλεκτρικά, το σημείο κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, όπως και οι παράμετροι της διάσπασης, επηρεάζονται από την παρουσία και τα ηλεκτρικά και γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των διηλεκτρικών αυτών. Σε ένα απλό διάκενο ακίδας-πλάκας με αέρα, τα σημεία κατάληξης όλων των εκκενώσεων είναι συγκεντρωμένα γύρω από το ίχνος του άξονα της ακίδας, που είναι η θέση της μέγιστης πιθανότητας. Η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει σε μία συγκεκριμένη θέση του επιπέδου, διαφορετική από τον άξονα της εκκένωσης, μειώνεται όσο μεγαλώνει η απόσταση της θέσης αυτής από τον άξονα. Αν ένας γειωμένος αγωγός εισαχθεί στο διάκενο, όπως για παράδειγμα ένας ή περισσότεροι γειωμένοι αγωγοί παράλληλα στο επίπεδο (σχήμα 1), η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει, είτε στα σύρματα είτε στο επίπεδο, εξαρτάται από τη συγκεκριμένη θέση των συρμάτων. Αν το διάκενο, εκτός από αέρα, αποτελείται και από ένα άλλο διηλεκτρικό υλικό (π.χ. τσιμέντο με πάχος d3), τα σημεία κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, καθώς και η τάση διάσπασης, εξαρτώνται εξίσου από τις διαστάσεις, την διαμόρφωση του μέρους του διακένου που καταλαμβάνει το συγκεκριμένο διηλεκτρικό και τα διηλεκτρικά του χαρακτηριστικά. Σε ένα διάκενο που αποτελείται από ένα ηλεκτρόδιο υψηλής τάσεως πλαισιωμένο από έναν αριθμό γειωμένων αγωγών, η κατάληξη μίας εκκένωσης σε ένα συγκεκριμένο σημείο έχει μια στοχαστική εξάρτηση από τη γενική διαμόρφωση του ηλεκτρικού πεδίου που επικρατεί στο διάκενο. Η λέξη «στοχαστική» έχει την έννοια ότι πρακτικά οποιοδήποτε γειωμένο σημείο μέσα στο διάκενο κατέχει μία πιθανότητα να δεχθεί την εκκένωση, αλλά αυτή η πιθανότητα μπορεί να είναι διαφορετική για τα διάφορα σημεία. Επιπλέον, αν το διάκενο αποτελείται από περισσότερα από ένα διηλεκτρικά, το σημείο κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, όπως και οι παράμετροι της διάσπασης, επηρεάζονται από την παρουσία και τα ηλεκτρικά και γεωμετρικά χαρακτηριστικά των διηλεκτρικών αυτών. Σε ένα απλό διάκενο ακίδας-πλάκας με αέρα, τα σημεία κατάληξης όλων των εκκενώσεων είναι συγκεντρωμένα γύρω από το ίχνος του άξονα της ακίδας, που είναι η θέση της μέγιστης πιθανότητας. Η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει σε μία συγκεκριμένη θέση του επιπέδου, διαφορετική από τον άξονα της εκκένωσης, μειώνεται όσο μεγαλώνει η απόσταση της θέσης αυτής από τον άξονα. Αν ένας γειωμένος αγωγός εισαχθεί στο διάκενο, όπως για παράδειγμα ένας ή περισσότεροι γειωμένοι αγωγοί παράλληλα στο επίπεδο (σχήμα 1), η πιθανότητα μία εκκένωση να καταλήξει, είτε στα σύρματα είτε στο επίπεδο, εξαρτάται από τη συγκεκριμένη θέση των συρμάτων. Αν το διάκενο, εκτός από αέρα, αποτελείται και από ένα άλλο διηλεκτρικό υλικό (π.χ. τσιμέντο με πάχος d3), τα σημεία κατάληξης της εκκένωσης, καθώς και η τάση διάσπασης, εξαρτώνται εξίσου από τις διαστάσεις, την διαμόρφωση του μέρους του διακένου που καταλαμβάνει το συγκεκριμένο διηλεκτρικό και τα διηλεκτρικά του χαρακτηριστικά. / In a gap that is constituted by a electrode of high tendency a framed from a number of gejwme'nwn conductors, the conclusion of evacuation in concrete point has a meditative dependence from the general configuration of electric field that prevails in the gap. The word "meditative " has the significance that practically anyone gejwme'no point in in the gap possesses a probability to accept the evacuation, but this probability it can be different for the various points. Moreover, if the gap is constituted from more from the one dielectric, point of conclusion of evacuation, as the parameters of split, are influenced by the presence and electric and gewmetrjka' characteristically the dielectric these. In a simple gap of spike-plate with air, the points of conclusion of all evacuations are assembled round the trace of axis of spike, that is the place of biggest probability. The probability a evacuation it leads to a concrete place of level, different from the axis of evacuation, is decreased as long as grows the distance of this place from the axis. If a gejwme'nos driver is imported in the gap, as for example one or more gejwme'noj drivers at the same time in the level (form 1), the probability a evacuation it leads, or to the wires or to the level, it depends from the particular place of wires. If the gap, apart from air, is also constituted by a other dielectric material (eg cement with thickness d3), the points of conclusion of evacuation, as well as the tendency of split, they depend equally from dimensions, the configuration of part of gap that occupies concrete dielectric and dielectric characteristically. In a gap that is constituted by a electrode of high tendency a framed from a number of gejwme'nwn conductors, the conclusion of evacuation in concrete point has a meditative dependence from the general configuration of electric field that prevails in the gap. The word "meditative " has the significance that practically anyone gejwme'no point in in the gap possesses a probability to accept the evacuation, but this probability it can be different for the various points. Moreover, if the gap is constituted from more from the one dielectric, point of conclusion of evacuation, as the parameters of split, are influenced by the presence and electric and gewmetrjka' characteristically the dielectric these. In a simple gap of spike-plate with air, the points of conclusion of all evacuations are assembled round the trace of axis of spike, that is the place of biggest probability. The probability a evacuation it leads to a concrete place of level, different from the axis of evacuation, is decreased as long as grows the distance of this place from the axis. If a gejwme'nos driver is imported in the gap, as for example one or more gejwme'noj drivers at the same time in the level (form 1), the probability a evacuation it leads, or to the wires or to the level, it depends from the particular place of wires. If the gap, apart from air, is also constituted by a other dielectric material (eg cement with thickness d3), the points of conclusion of evacuation, as well as the tendency of split, they depend equally from dimensions, the configuration of part of gap that occupies concrete dielectric and dielectric characteristically.

This study investigated schooled unemployment by focusing on the following aspects: The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and the labour market. The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and employment opportunities. The importance of the involvement of employers in education. With a "school-to-work change, it is clear that the economic "health" of the community is located in the viability of school education. The country is experiencing an acute need for highly trained workers, and this inhibits its long-term economic growth and international competitiveness. It thus seems as if a gap exits between the labour market's changing requirements and the education system's way of preparing the country's youth for a career. Education, according to literature, is too academic, while vocationally directed education does not receive sufficient attention. The value of any education system is seated in the preparation of learners for employment opportunities and better living conditions, and in this connection theory and practice ought to be integrated, which will result in the education system providing in the real needs of the community. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas, 76 puslapiai, 25 paveikslai, 7 lentelės, 45 literatūros šaltinių, 2 priedai, lietuvių kalba. PRASMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: organizacinė kultūra, organizacinės kultūros vystymas, Spragų modelis. Tyrimo objektas - organizacinė kultūra. Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti kredito unijų organizacinės kultūros vystymo problemines sritis ir parengti Kaišiadorių, Panevėžio ir Trakų kredito unijų organizacinės kultūros vystymo Spragų modelį. Uždaviniai: 1) išnagrinėti organizacinės kultūros sampratos raidą; 2) nustatyti organizacinės kultūros vystymą lemiančius veiksnius ir metodus; 3) nustatyti Kaišiadorių, Panevėžio ir Trakų kreditų unijų kultūros vystymo problemines sritis; 4) parengti organizacinės kultūros vystymo Spragų modelį ir pasiūlyti priemones organizacinės kultūros vystymo gerinimui Kaišiadorių, Panevėžio ir Trakų kredito unijose. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sintezė, dokumentų ir statistinių duomenų analizė bei sintezė, ekspertinis vertinimas ir anketinė apklausa, duomenų grupavimo ir grafinio vaizdavimo bei modeliavimo metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai: • Pirmoje darbo dalyje remiantis įvairiais literatūros šaltiniais analizuojama organizacijos kultūros sampratos raida ir kitimas bei jos vystymą lemiantys veiksniai, kultūros elementų vertinimo kriterijai ir metodai. Išskiriamos kultūros analizavimo kryptys tam, kad geriau suprastume, kokius metodus pasitelkus gali būti analizuojama organizacinė kultūra. • Antroje dalyje, kurios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Final work of University Masterstudies Studies, 76 pages, 25 figures, 7 tables, 45 references, 2 appendices, in Lithuanian. KEY WORDS: organizational culture, organizational culture development, Model of Gaps. Research object - organizational culture. Research aim - to identify problem areas of Credit Union organizational culture development, to prepare the Model of Gaps in Kaisiadorys, Panevezys, Trakai Credit Union organizational culture development. Objectives: 1) to analyse the evolution of organizational culture concept; 2) to identify the factors and the methods affecting organizational culture development; 3) to identify the culture development problem areas in Kaisiadorys, Panevezys and Trakai Credit Unions; 4) to prepare a Model of Gaps in organizational culture development and to propose measures for organizational culture development improvement in Kaisiadorys, Panevezys and Trakai Credit Unions. Research methods: questionnaire, structured interview, analysis of documents, analysis of data, filing, graphical representation. Research results: • In the first part the evolution of organizational culture concept and factors affecting its development, as well as cultural element assessment criterions ant methods are analysed on the grounds of various literature sources. Trends of culture analysis are identified in order to better understand, which methods can be used for organizational culture analysis. • In the second part, entitled “Evaluation of Credit... [to full text]

Student mobility and its relationship to academic success have been researched since World War II with varied findings (Goebel, 1978). Establishing the relationship between mobility and achievement is difficult due to the fact that mobility is related to many factors. Mobility has been found to be prevalent among students who traditionally demonstrate achievement gaps (specifically students of low-income status) (Long, 1992; Smith, Fien & Paine, 2008). Mobility’s relationship to achievement is complex. Led by a single definition of mobility, admittance to more than one school in the given district over the period of one academic year, this research study sought to determine the effect of mobility on academic achievement. Specifically, the research focused on mobility’s effect on students classified as low-income and the effect of school mobility level on academic achievement of its students. This study used a quantitative design; student records were obtained for mobility data, and criterion referenced test scores in mathematics and language arts were utilized to measure academic achievement. Findings revealed that mobile students performed below non-mobile students, low-income status affected mobile students negatively, and mobility level of the school attended had a negative effect on the academic achievement of its students.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are advantageous to other techniques of sensing chemical binding, offering quantitative, real-time, label-free results. Previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness of using dual-mode SPR sensors to differentiate between surface and background effects, making the sensors more robust to dynamic environments. This work demonstrates a technique that improves upon a previously optimized planar film dual-mode SPR sensor’s LOD by introducing a periodic array of subwavelength nano-gaps throughout the plasmon supporting material. First, general figures of merit for a sensor having an arbitrary number of modes are studied. Next, the mode effective index dispersion and magnetic field profiles of the two strongly bound modes found using a gap width of 20nm are analyzed. Qualitative analysis of the results demonstrates how such a design can enable better LODs in terms of each figure of merit. By optimizing a nano-gap enhanced sensor containing 20nm gaps, it is quantitatively demonstrated that the resulting modes improve upon almost every figure of merit, especially with respect to the orthogonality and magnitude of the sensitivity vectors, resulting in LODs approximately a factor of five less than the optimal planar design.

Construction productivity improvement is a key concern for construction companies and the industry. Productivity in construction is a complex issue because: (1) it is influenced by multiple factors interactively; and (2) it is measured in different forms and at different levels of detail for different purposes. This objective of this research is to develop an internal Benchmarking and Metrics (BM&M) model for industrial construction enterprises to help them understand and implement mechanisms for continuously improving construction productivity. Processes are developed in the model for: 1. Measuring and reporting craft labour productivity performance in a consistent form for the purposes of internal benchmarking and comparison with a selected third-party benchmark, 2. Examining productivity influencing factors in two categories with respect to construction environment factors and construction practices implementation, 3. Establishing a productivity performance evaluation model to understand the mechanisms by which the environment factors and construction practices impact construction productivity, and 4. Conducting strategic gaps analysis of construction practices implementation within a company aimed at achieving “best in class” and continuous improvement. System functions in the model are validated through functional demonstration by applying statistical analysis on data collected by the designed benchmarking process and metrics from an industrial construction company. It is concluded that the model developed can be effectively used to understand the impact of practices implementation levels on construction productivity.

This study investigated schooled unemployment by focusing on the following aspects: The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and the labour market. The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and employment opportunities. The importance of the involvement of employers in education. With a "school-to-work change, it is clear that the economic "health" of the community is located in the viability of school education. The country is experiencing an acute need for highly trained workers, and this inhibits its long-term economic growth and international competitiveness. It thus seems as if a gap exits between the labour market's changing requirements and the education system's way of preparing the country's youth for a career. Education, according to literature, is too academic, while vocationally directed education does not receive sufficient attention. The value of any education system is seated in the preparation of learners for employment opportunities and better living conditions, and in this connection theory and practice ought to be integrated, which will result in the education system providing in the real needs of the community. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This Master’s thesis explores environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) in the alpine sport industry. A mixed methods case with a single alpine sport provider in Quebec was performed. The first study is a qualitative examination of how and why ECSR is employed and communicated. Results indicate ECSR is strategically motivated, and as such, the focal organization runs the risk of using several greenwashing techniques in communications that could jeopardize gaining competitive advantage. The second study quantitatively investigates alpine sport consumers’ environmental expectations, engagement with environmental products, and perceptions of the focal organization’s environmental reputation. The results show the focal organization’s customers do indeed have environmental expectations, but believe the focal organization’s environmental reputation remains neutral. The thesis supports arguments of corporate social responsibility (CSR) being strategically motivated and other findings of skiers having conflicting environmental values. Lastly, the thesis provides insight regarding greenwashing, a phenomenon that remains unexplored in sport management.

A large majority of research portrays the achievement gap as an outcome and a primary focus of what is wrong in American schools when instead it is a symptom of a larger issue. Defining the problem in education in terms of achievement ignores a much more pervasive issue, which is an understanding of the causes behind these results. Studies of the achievement gap commonly result in looking at the individual, ignoring structural and systematic inequities and limitations, that promote deficit thinking. Early research into the achievement gap believed that family background was the strongest indicator of achievement. Educators widely accepted this theory and believed that schools could do little to assist Black students to be successful. But these beliefs are now understood to be heavily entrenched in deficit thinking, perpetuating structural inequalities, and the consequences have been educators who have largely bypassed the needs of Black male students for decades. Deficit thinking and institutional racism is an underlying factor in lagging achievement because the result is an education that lacks rigor and has lower expectations, which is detrimental to Black students. Research exists on teacher perception of students identifying deficit thinking, but there is no research on assistant principals, who are arguably one of the most influential persons for at-risk students, therefore, as in the case of this study, for Black males. Perceptions of Black males inside and outside of school may impact the decision-making process by which assistant principals perform their administrative functions. This study examines the role these perceptions play by White male assistant principals in the lives of Black males, and in so doing, this study examines institutional racism in schools, leadership, and achievement. Results of this study show assistant principals never cited school leadership, teachers, or policies as having an impact on Black male students, thereby illustrating their lack of consciousness of institutional racism. By comparing the results of this study to historical and current research, the results show that White assistant principals act upon outdated and deficit understandings of Black males, and this which contributes to the structural inequalities that limit opportunities for students of color.

In this thesis we prove intractability results for well studied problems in computational learning and approximation. Let ε , mu > 0 be arbitrarily small constants and t be an arbitrary constant positive integer. We show an almost optimal hardness factor of d[superscript{1-ε}] for computing an equivalent DNF expression with minimum terms for a boolean function on d variables, given its truth table. In the study of weak learnability, we prove an optimal 1/2 + ε inapproximability for the accuracy of learning an intersection of two halfspaces with an intersection of t halfspaces. Further, we study the learnability of small DNF formulas, and prove optimal 1/2 + ε inapproximability for the accuracy of learning (i) a two term DNF by a t term DNF, and (ii) an AND under adversarial mu-noise by a t-CNF. In addition, we show a 1 - 2[superscript{-d}] + ε inapproximability for accurately learning parities (over GF(2)), under adversarial mu-noise, by degree d polynomials, where d is a constant positive integer. We also provide negative answers to the possibility of stronger semi-definite programming (SDP) relaxations yielding much better approximations for graph partitioning problems such as Maximum Cut and Sparsest Cut by constructing integrality gap examples for them. For Maximum Cut and Sparsest Cut we construct examples -- with gaps alpha[superscript{-1}] - ε (alpha is the Goemans-Williamson constant) and Omega((logloglog n)[superscript{1/13}]) respectively -- for the standard SDP relaxations augmented with O((logloglog n)[superscript{1/6}]) rounds of Sherali-Adams constraints. The construction for Sparsest Cut also implies that an n-point negative type metric may incur a distortion of Omega((logloglog n)[superscript{1/ 13}]) to embed into ell_1 even if the induced submetric on every subset of O((logloglog n)[superscript{1/6}]) points is isometric to ell_1. We also construct an integrality gap of Omega(loglog n) for the SDP relaxation for Uniform Sparsest Cut problem augmented with triangle inequalities, disproving a well known conjecture of Arora, Rao and Vazirani.