Doctor of Philosophy / ABSTRACT The notion of theatricality has, in recent years, emerged as a key term in the fields of Theatre and Performance Studies. Unlike most writings dealing with theatricality, this thesis presents theatricality as a rubric for a particular discourse. Beginning with a case-study of a theatre review, I read an anti-theatricalist bias in the writer’s genre distinctions of “theatre” and “performance”. I do not, however, test the truth of these claims; rather, by deploying Foucauldian discourse analysis, I interpret the review as a “statement” and analyse how the reviewer activates notions of “theatricality” and “performance” as objects created by an already existing discourse. Following this introduction, the body of thesis is divided into two parts. The first, “Mapping the Discursive Field”, begins by surveying a body of literature in which a struggle for interpretive dominance between contesting stakeholders in the fields of Theatre and Performance Studies is fought. Using Samuel Weber’s reframing of Derrida’s analysis of interpretation of interpretation, in Chapter 2, I argue that the discourse of the field is marked by the struggle between “nostalgic” and “affirmative” interpretation, and that in the discourse that emerges, certain inconsistencies arise. The disciplines of Theatre, and later, Performance Studies in the twentieth century are characterised, as Alan Woods (1989) notes, by a fetishisation of avant-gardist practices. It is not surprising, therefore, that the values and concerns of the avant-garde emerge in the discourse of Theatre and Performance Studies. In Chapter 3, I analyse how key avant-gardist themes—theatricality as “essence”, loss of faith in language and a valorisation of corporeality, theatricality as personally and politically emancipatory—are themselves imbricated in the wider discourse of modernism. In Chapter 4, I discuss the single English-language book, published to date, which critically engages with theatricality as a concept: Elizabeth Burns’s Theatricality: A Study of Convention in the Theatre and Social Life (1972). As I have demonstrated with my analysis of the discursive field and genealogy of avant-gardist thematics, I argue that implicit theories of theatricality inform contemporary discourses; theories that, in fact, deny this genealogy. Approaching her topic through the two instruments of sociology and theatre history, Burns explores how social and theatrical conventions of behaviour, and the interpretations of that behaviour, interact. Burns’s key insight is that theatricality is a spectator operation: it depends upon a spectator, who is both culturally competent to interpret and who chooses to do so, thereby deciding (or not) that something in the world is like something in the theatre. Part Two, “The Heritage of Theatricality”, delves further, chronologically, into the genealogy of the term. This part explores Burns’s association of theatricality with an idea of theatre by paraphrasing a question asked by Joseph Roach (after Foucault): what did people in the sixteenth century mean by “theatre” if it did not exist as we define today? This question threads through Chapters 5 to 7 which each explore various interpretations of theatricality not necessarily related to the art form understood by us as theatre. I begin by examining the genealogy of the theatrical metaphor, a key trope of the Renaissance, and one that has been consistently invoked in a range of circumstances ever since. In Chapter 5 explore the structural and thematic elements of the theatrical metaphor, including its foundations, primarily, in Stoic and Satiric philosophies, and this provides the ground for the final two chapters. In Chapter 6 I examine certain aspects of Renaissance theories of the self and how these, then, related to public magnificence—the spectacular stagings of royal and civic power that reached new heights during the Renaissance. Finally, in Chapter 7, I show how the paradigm shift from a medieval sense of being to a modern sense of being, captured through the metaphor of a world view, manifested in a theatricalised epistemology that emphasised a relationship between knowing and seeing. The human spectator thus came to occupy the dual positions of being on the stage of the world and, through his or her spectatorship, making the world a stage.

This project was carried out under a broad theme of Maori health and investigates the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and gout within two Maori case-control cohorts. In addition, it reports on the developmental stages of a whanau project focussing on the compilation of our whakapapa and collation of information relating to type 2 diabetes within the Parata whanau, which I whakapapa to. My conducting this research in light of me being Maori is also considered: much of the prevailing literature on Maori and science describes science as the handmaid of colonisation, and singles out genetic research as being "neo-colonial". I reject those that would label me a "sell-out" and show how my research is shaped by, and consistent with, the history of my immediate tipuna, and my iwi more generally, since European contact. RA is an autoimmune disease of the joints and affects approximately 1% of the general population. There is currently very little data available on its prevalence in New Zealand although it is thought that it is similar to those of the rest of the world. Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in Caucasian males and recent data suggests a worldwide increase in prevalence in many populations. Gout is characterised by the deposition of monosodium urate or uric acid crystals in the joints, which produces an inflammatory response. In New Zealand, the prevalence of gout is estimated to be 3% in Caucasians and twice this in Maori. Both RA and gout are complex arthritic diseases and are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is likely that numerous genetic susceptibility loci are responsible for the genetic components of these diseases. This project tests various genetic regions for susceptibility to or protection against both RA and gout in two separate Maori case cohorts and a common control cohort. To do this, the confounding factor of population stratification, resulting from population admixture, was overcome via developing a method specific for these Maori cohorts. This tool utilised genotype data from a set of unlinked genome-wide markers and the structure and STRAT software packages, allowing valid case-control studies to be carried out in the presence of population stratification. These data showed that four sub-populations exist in the Maori RA case-control cohort and three in the Maori gout case-control cohort. A number of studies have confirmed the HLA region as the major genetic determinant of autoimmunity and recently, PTPN22 and CTLA-4 variants have been shown to be common to the onset of a number of autoimmune phenotypes. The IDDM6 region on chromosome 18 has also been implicated in type 1 diabetes, RA and autoimmune thyroiditis and contains a number of candidate genes for a role in RA, many of which were investigated in this thesis. Polymorphisms within the PTPN22, CTLA-4, BCL2, SMAD4, DCC, TNFRSF11A, PADI4, CCR5 and CCL3L1 genes were tested for association with RA in the Maori cohort (98 cases and 109 controls) with some significant association results obtained. The HLA-DRB1*02 and HLA-DRB1*08 loci were associated with the protection against and susceptibility for RA, respectively (P = 0.004 and 0.017). The deviation of CCL3L1 copy-number from the cohort mean (two copies) was also associated with the RA development. Copy-number <2 indicated association with protection against RA (P = 0.012) and copy-number >2 indicated association with susceptibility to RA (P = 0.002). However, it must be stressed that these results were obtained without accounting for the presence of population stratification. The organic anion transporter (OAT) and the urate transporter 1 (URAT1) genes, involved in the regulation of blood urate levels, are members of the solute carrier transporter (SLC) family and provide good candidates for a role in gout. A number of polymorphisms within the OAT, URAT1 and the SLC5A8 genes were tested for association with gout in the Maori cohort (72 cases and 109 controls) with some success. The SLC5A8 rs1709189 SNP was significantly associated with gout in this cohort (P = 0.004). Polymorphisms within two alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes were also tested for association due to their role in alcohol metabolism and the association between alcohol consumption and gout. The ADH2 rs1229984 SNP was also significantly associated with gout in this cohort (P = 0.012). These significant results were obtained after population stratification was taken into account. The data presented in this thesis confirm the presence of population stratification in the two Maori case-control cohorts and demonstrate some association of the HLA-DRB1 region and CCL3L1 with RA and the SLC5A8 and ADH2 genes with gout. An extensive whakapapa of our whanau has also been compiled and associated type 2 diabetes information collected. However, this is by no means a completed task and work will continue on this project under the guidance of the Parata whanau.

This thesis is a genealogy which traces changes to the discourse of Australian citizenship. These changes were traced in the Australia Day (i.e., January 26) and January 27 editions of The Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) and The Sun Herald (SH) from 1946 – 2007. The dissertation used Foucault’s (1980; 1991a; 1991d; 1991e; 1998; 2002a; 2006b) genealogy supplemented with his archaeological method to provide an analysis of the discourse of Australian citizenship. The analysis was conducted by creating an archive of newspaper texts that related to Australian citizenship discourse. This archive represents the body of knowledge about citizenship as published in the specified print media and reflects the systems of thought that circulated the discourse at particular points in time. The archived newspaper texts related to Australian citizenship discourse contain traces of the social, political, cultural and economic beliefs and values of Australian citizens. The analysed texts were found in headlines, reports, editorials, opinion pieces, annotated photographs and letters to the editor that made-up the day-to-day history of the Australia Day editions. The texts that were produced in this narration in the SMH have provided data in the form of specific language use that defines the discourse of citizenship over the 62 year period. The language of these texts as reported in the print media represents the understandings of citizenship at particular times and also the discursive responses to contingent factors conditioning citizenship discourse including globalisation, localisation and neo-liberalism. The research links with Foucault’s (1980; 1991a; 1991d; 1991e; 1998; 2002a; 2006b) findings that the analysis of discourse is fundamental for understanding the nature of reality. This reality reported in this dissertation indicates a discourse that has changed and transformed over the analysed period of time. The discourse of citizenship has developed through the flow of rules and regulations that prohibit and permit what can and cannot be said, thought or spoken about citizenship at particular points in time. This form of normative thought, action and speech is culturally constructed and has been traced in the discourse through a mapping of specific language use related to understandings of citizenship. These types of knowledge constructions are artefacts of culture and reinforce existing power relations. This study has attempted to unmask these relations of power to question the rationality of the practices and experiences of Australian citizenship. The genealogical method allows for the distillation of citizenship discourse as a history of social and political truths as seen in the print media from 1946 – 2007. The genealogy of Australian citizenship presented in this dissertation lays bare the characteristic forms of power/knowledge manifested in the discourse over the post-World War Two period of Australian history to show systems of thought pertaining to citizenship. By doing so it shows that current citizenship practices are not the result of historical inevitabilities but rather the result of the interplay of contingencies. By emphasising citizenship in this way the thesis offers insights into how it can be refashioned to offer greater individual freedom through an understanding of the games of truth that are played throughout all levels of society. The manifestation of power/knowledge in the discourse is further evidence that citizens exist in relations of power. These manifestations produced five distinct thematic discursivities. I labelled them as, ‘The silencing of Aboriginal concerns 1946 – 1969, Authorised voices question the acceptance of poverty and racism 1969 – 1980, Relations of power between Aboriginal Australians and whites 1981 – 1988, Relations of power between Asian immigrants and whites 1989 – 1996, The struggle of cultural dominations 1997 – 2007’. In particular, a discontinuity was identified during the period Relations of power between Aboriginal Australians and whites 1981 – 1988. From this time in the discourse Indigenous Australians were permitted to criticise their treatment by whites. Subsequently this permission has become embedded in systems of thought. This thesis gives details of the products of the genealogical method related to the discourse of citizenship. It pinpoints the moments when individuals and social, cultural, economic and political groups played roles in the production, reproduction and transmission of truth from 1946 - 2007. Based on the products of the research it creates recommendations for minimising the potential dominations of social and political truths. It also suggests ways to re-think Australian citizenship to afford greater freedoms for individual thought, speech and action.

<p>This study examines landownership structures and settlement during the Middle Ages in the province of Östergötland in Sweden. It departs from a critical approach to the established view of social structure and property in the Scandinavian medieval society.</p><p>The investigations are made at two levels. The first level is a cross section of the mid 16th century. This investigation shows that lay aristocrats and ecclesiastical institutions controlled most of the land, especially in the core areas of the parishes. The second level is a detailed investigation at the farm level in six parishes starting from the middle of the 16th century and working retrogresively to the early Middle Ages. This study shows that the landowning structure of the 16th century can be traced back to about AD 1300. For the early Middle Ages reconstructions are made through inheritance successions and genealogies of the aristocratic families. These reconstructions show that, in some parishes, most of the land was probably controlled by a few very rich families or dynasties during the early Middle Ages. The results lead to a question about the Viking Age and medieval society in general. This question is answered in a hypothesis stressing the development of the concept of land ownership in combination with the development of the land tenure system as one of the important factors for reproduction of local power during the Viking Age and early Middle Ages.</p>

Through Foucault’s genealogy and ethics of the self, I examine the experiences of Asian teacher candidates in the K-12 Canadian school system and how those experiences influence what teaching means for them. I look at the connections between race, the body and education and ask, how do the embodied experiences of racialized students inform the formation of the racialized teacher candidate? In my study I reveal that discourses of racism and discrimination are embodied and constitute racialized subjectivity. Through using individual interviews and a focus group, I listen to the narratives of my participants as they recount experiences in education. These stories and my analysis have important implications for educators, scholars, researchers and policy-makers interested in race, the body and education as well as concerns of diversifying the teaching personnel and transforming curriculum.

Through Foucault’s genealogy and ethics of the self, I examine the experiences of Asian teacher candidates in the K-12 Canadian school system and how those experiences influence what teaching means for them. I look at the connections between race, the body and education and ask, how do the embodied experiences of racialized students inform the formation of the racialized teacher candidate? In my study I reveal that discourses of racism and discrimination are embodied and constitute racialized subjectivity. Through using individual interviews and a focus group, I listen to the narratives of my participants as they recount experiences in education. These stories and my analysis have important implications for educators, scholars, researchers and policy-makers interested in race, the body and education as well as concerns of diversifying the teaching personnel and transforming curriculum.

This thesis argues for a new understanding of criticism in Foucauldian genealogy based on the role played by the values of Michel Foucault’s audience in motivating suspicion. Secondary literature on Foucault has been concerned with understanding how Foucault’s works can be critical of cultural practices in the contemporary West when his accounts take the form of descriptive history. Commentaries offered heretofore have been insufficient for explaining the basis of Foucault’s criticism of cultural practices because they have failed to articulate the relation of the genealogist to her present normative context—the social and political values and goals that, in part, define the position of the genealogist within her culture. This thesis shows why previous accounts are insufficient for explaining Foucauldian genealogical critique, and it argues for a simple alternative warranted by Foucault’s writing.

In the following study I explore the role of musical practices in the making of different sensibilities. Beginning with the founding of colonial musical institutions in the late nineteenth century in Canada and ending with a consideration of the ideals and subjectivities embodied in a 2008 concert at the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto, I take up the education of feeling as it is rehearsed into being through various musical practices and juxtapose notions of identity with actual material and social relations. Anchored as it is in particular physical locations, my project draws on spatial analysis, discourse analysis and historical contextualization. The study is a genealogy of music education in Canada with music education referring to the institutional settings in which professional musicians and music educators are taught; public school music programs; and public celebrations of national identity in which music is employed with the goal of enjoining participants in particular historical/political narratives and emotional responses. My concern is to track the production of Imperial subjects and the normalization of hierarchies of the human, for example, rationalities of race, gender and class, as they become embodied and normalized in colonial institutional structures and discourses of national identity. I am particularly concerned with the ways that the displacement of Indigenous peoples, along with narratives of white entitlement, are rationalized and rehearsed into being in musical contexts. I also take up the question of how the discipline of musical training might lead to increased identification of classically- and university-trained musicians with the ruling order, and passivity in “political terms of obedience”—a subjectivity Foucault refers to as “docile bodies.” I identify this mode of being as “terminal naivety” in order to draw attention to personal and societal effects, and costs, that result from positioning ourselves and our artistic endeavours as politically disinterested.

The aim of this paper is to add to the genealogical structure of breeding Black and White cattle, to analyse their productivity and other profitable features of farms by methods of genetic statistics. The Results of Survey. The first line of Black and White bulls in Lithuania were Plessas LT 149, Gulbių Riteris LT 277, Olaf LT 276, Hanmaksas LT 1200, Kraft-Stipruolis LT 1201, Garsas LT 200 and etc. In Lithuania a new period of creation and breeding of Black and White genealogical structure started when Black and White cattle from Holland were used en masse in order to improve the cattle breed. The best Black and White bulls from Holland were chosen as initials. Those breeds were: Annas Adema 30587, Wytsturt Annas Adema 36079, Frizo Wouter 33116, Haubois Annas Adema 44162, Diamant 33251, Haskera Governeur 44506, Hiltjes Adema 37910, Rotterda Paul 36498, Jelsumer Rudolf Jan 42884 and Adema 25473. The evaluation of bull’s inheritable features was done with help of features of descendant’s productivity and cattle’s were chosen and bought very purposefully. From 1967 till 1976 the following breeds were created: B. Pieter LJ 305, Sietse LJ 340, Hildoj 363, Katso LJ 483, Vautero LJ 738 and some lines of Klaso LJ 335, Adema LJ 770. Paulio LJ 771, Imperatoriaus LJ 1160, Burto LJ 2085, LangerioLJ 2523 descent. In thirty latter years Black and White cattle’s in Lithuania were being intensively improved by Black and White breed from Holland, Denmark, England and Germany and by Holsteins... [to full text]

Pieninė galvijininkystė ir toliau išlieka pirmaujančia gyvulininkystės produkcijos gamybos kryptimi, o didėjantys reikalavimai šalies ir užsienio rinkose reikalauja gyvulių produktyvumo ir genetinio potencialo didinimo bei produkcijos kokybės gerinimo. Lietuvos ūkininkų pienininkystės ūkiai yra truputį mažesni nei vidutiniai. Pastaraisiais metais jų skaičius padidėjo, jie stambėjo, o jų veiklos rezultatai gerėjo, nes didėjo pieno kaina, primilžis iš karvės ir valstybės parama. Darbe aprašomos kai kurios galvijų veislės: holšteinai, Švedų žalieji, Danų žalieji, airšyrai, anglerai, švicai, Lietuvos žalieji ir Lietuvos juodmargiai. Taip pat kai kurios bulių linijos, kurių palikuonės yra auginamos mano aprašytuose ūkiuose. Šiame magistriniame darbe analizavau penkių vidutinio stambumo ir stambių Šiaulių rajono pienininkystės ūkių (Vitoldo Norkaus, birutės Plenaitienės, Loretos Gabšienės, Antano Mikaičio, Ligitos Mockienės) reprodukcijos ir produktyvumo duomenis: bandų genealoginė analizė, karvių veislių, linijų aprašymas, karvių sėklinimo ypatumai, atskirų linijų bulių panaudojimo dažnis, sėklinimo rezultatai, ūkių produktyvumo ekonominė analizė. Išanalizavusi šiuos duomenis, įvertinau teigiamus ar neigiamus aspektus, pateikiau siūlymus, kaip spręsti ūkyje esančias problemas suplanavau ir pateikiau ūkininkams sėklinimo planus. / Milk breeding is still the main and advanced tendency in whole breeding production. Because of modern aspect, specifications are used to grow in local and abroad market. This situation demands for more productivity , bigger genetic potential and better quality in production. Lithuanias farmers own dairying farms which are mostly smaller than normal. For the last few years the number of such farms has grown up a bit and the farms which already existed became larger. Because of this progress, situation gives better result – milk price came up, to get more yield is accessible, also helps the State support. In this paper are mentioned such cattle kinds as Hosteins, Swedish Reds, Danish Reds, Airshires, Anglers, Shwics, Lithuanian Reds and Lithuanian Black and Whites. Also are discussed few bull lines, which are cultivated in the farms which i already mentioned. In this graduate paper work i am analysing five normal and large size farms in Siauliai area. Those are farms are owned by farmers: Vitoldas Norkus, Birute Plenaitiene, Loreta Gabsiene, Antanas Mikaitis, Ligita Mockiene. I compared reproduction and production facts such as: herds genealogy schemes, herds line, kinds of cows, semination peculiarity and results, different lines of bulls popuarity, economic condition of each farm productivity. I have examined all these facts, pointed positive and negative aspects as well i made some suggestions how the problems in farms could be solved and made some proposition because... [to full text]