Cette thèse propose d’expliquer le faible taux d’emploi enregistré en France après 55 ans par les risques de fragilité économique, professionnelle, sociale et familiale que révèle le passage à la retraite. Elle repose sur le postulat de la liberté de choix dans la décision de retraite.En 2005, une étude quantitative sur les intentions de départ à la retraite a été menée auprès de 1004 individus en emploi, âgés de 54 à 59 ans. Les trajectoires personnelles comportant leur part d’incertitude et de changements, 31 entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés auprès de membres de l’échantillon initial, cinq ans plus tard, afin de permettre un suivi longitudinal. L’articulation des représentations de la retraite, du parcours professionnel et de la trajectoire familiale vise à cerner les écarts entre les projets et les choix adoptés et à déterminer les facteurs-clés impliqués dans la décision.Cette thèse souligne tout d’abord que la majorité des projets initiaux ne sont pas concrétisés. Le déterminisme du contexte professionnel sur la décision de retraite explique en partie ces réajustements : dégradation des conditions de travail, déclassement en fin de carrière, stigmatisation sont autant d’arguments susceptibles d’inciter les individus à partir à la retraite plus tôt que prévu. Mais les itinéraires familiaux pèsent également sur ces choix : « pivots générationnels » entre des parents âgés et des descendants à soutenir, les jeunes retraités doivent faire face à des charges familiales qui influent sur leur décision. Enfin, cette recherche met en évidence la manière dont les jeunes retraités issus du baby-boom, très attachés à leur liberté individuelle tout au long de leur parcours, défendent la préservation d’espaces personnels (individualisation des pratiques), adoptant ainsi des modèles familiaux et une manière de vivre la retraite inédits. / This thesis seeks to explain the low employment rate in France for people aged 55 years and above in terms of the increasing risk of economic, professional, social and family fragility observed in the transition to retirement. The research is based on the postulate of “free choice” in retirement decisions.In 2005, a quantitative study on the intentions of retirement was conducted among 1,004 employed individuals aged 54-59 years. As personal life courses are marked by change and uncertainties, a longitudinal analysis comprising 31 semi-structured interviews was conducted five years later with participants of the initial sample. The combined study of representations of retirement, end of career and family context allows differences to be identified between plans and the final adopted choices, and the key factors involved in the final decision to be determined.First of all, this thesis demonstrates that most of the initial plans are not realised. The determinism of the professional context on the retirement decision partly explains the observed adjustments: a degradation of working conditions, the assignation of under-qualified tasks at the end of a career, and stigmatisation are all factors that encourage people to retire earlier than expected. But the family environment also influences choices: as "generational pivots" between elderly parents and children to support, young retired people have to face family responsibilities that affect their decisions. Finally, this research highlights how young retirees from the baby boom, for whom individual freedom played a central role in their past life course, adopt new family models and a new way of living (the preservation of “individual spaces” and individualised behaviours) during retirement.

Text in Afrikaans / Preaching is the proclamation of God's Word. This proclamation has an aim - the listeners of the Word. There was a dynamic change in the study field of the homilectics in the sense of a shifting from an one-sided kerugmatic approach to a dialogical approach. According to this approach the preacher no longer preaches without studying the recipients of the message. This model puts the emphasis on the preacher trying his utmost to get to know the contexts of his listeners. In the case of this thesis the contexts of the youth have been studied through the empirical research. During 1991 Prof. J.A. van den Ven and Prof H.J.C. Pieterse expected that there would be new problems awaiting the church in the new dispensation. They believed that, with the change in state and politics, the religious and moral values of the youth would be under pressure. Because, from now on, our children would be in the centre of values regarding ethnically and culturally integrated schools, they decided to launch a scientific study to determine whether their expectations were justified or not. In October 1991 they became partners in a project called: "Moral and Religious Values of the Youth of South Africa". The empirical study is a longitudinal study with a first data collection in 1995/1996, a second in 2000 and a third in 2005. The first collection of data was incorporated into this thesis. When preaching to the youth it is of utmost importance to take listeners (the youth) as strating point in the exegetical work, without neglecting the Biblical text. Practically speaking it is then necessary to pay attention to the following topics: (1) For the understanding and formulating of the message of the Scripture, modern critical hermeneutics are of the greatest importance. (2) A new practical theory for preaching to the youth is essential. In such a theory the following are important: generational differentiation, visual presentations, musical identification and relationship based preaching. (3) The dialogical communication theory is also of great importance and has dialogue before, during and after the preaching in mind. (4) The researcher proposes that the communication theory of Habermas should be dealt with as a means to help dispose of any generational conflict. / Practical Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar, através da memória de idosos e da memória literária, as manifestações culturais presentes no vínculo entre avós e netos. Para tal, foram privilegiadas três obras em que o narrador lembra de sua vida, os excertos das obras literárias representam o trabalho da memória sobre os avós e as relações da memória com a família e a cultura. As obras escolhidas foram: Solo de Clarineta de Érico Verissimo, Menino de Engenho de José Lins do Rego e Infância de Graciliano Ramos. Também foi realizado um estudo qualitativo em que se aplicou a análise de conteúdo nas entrevistas narrativas de idosos-avós que lembravam de seus avós e de seus netos. Dessa análise foram construídas cinco categorias e subcategorias que sintetizaram o conteúdo dos discursos: a primeira categoria chama-se Espaços de Convivência e tem uma subcategoria chamada Retrato dos Lugares; a segunda chama-se Papéis dos Avós e engloba a subcategoria Meios de Proteção; a terceira é Traços Culturais e tem como subcategorias Sabedoria dos Avós e Práticas Religiosas; a quarta categoria chama-se Sentimento de Pertença e tem a subcategoria Histórias de Origem e Marcas e Diferenças, a quinta categoria chama-se Re(-)conhecimento da vida e engloba as idéias de Limites e Possibilidades. O diálogo entre o discurso dos entrevistados e as narrativas literárias possibilitou compreender dinamicamente a memória coletiva no vínculo intergeracional e discutir a importância dos avós como representantes da cultura. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T16:16:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ivi H Minuzzi.pdf: 490052 bytes, checksum: 636580bf3ba3f0ddfc802c7c0de95ecd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-19T16:16:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ivi H Minuzzi.pdf: 490052 bytes, checksum: 636580bf3ba3f0ddfc802c7c0de95ecd (MD5) / This study has the objective of analyzing, through elderly s memories and memory literary, the cultural manifestations present in the ties of grandparents and grandchildren. For that, to prioritize three text where the narrator remembers its life. It was taken excerpts from literatures that represent the memory work about grandparents and the relation of the memory with culture and family. The writings were: Solo de Clarineta from Érico Verissimo, Menino de Engenho from José Lins do Rego and Infância from Graciliano Ramos. Was made a qualitative research, in what it was set the content analysis of narrative interviews of elderly grandparents that remembered of their grandparents and grandchildren. From this analysis, five categories and subcategories were made that synthesize the content of the speeches: the first category is called: Places to be together and it has a subcategory called: Pictures of the places; the second is called: The role of the grandparents and it has the subcategory Protection means; the third is called Cultural features and its subcategories are: Grandparents knowledge and Religion practices; the fourth category is called Belonging feeling and it has the subcategories Origin history and Differences and marks, finally the fifth category, that is called Life recognition and it has the ideas of limits and possibilities. This dialogue between the interviewed and the literary narratives could make it to be understood dynamically the collective memory in the family tie and to discuss the importance of grandparents as cultural representants.

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar, através da memória de idosos e da memória literária, as manifestações culturais presentes no vínculo entre avós e netos. Para tal, foram privilegiadas três obras em que o narrador lembra de sua vida, os excertos das obras literárias representam o trabalho da memória sobre os avós e as relações da memória com a família e a cultura. As obras escolhidas foram: Solo de Clarineta de Érico Verissimo, Menino de Engenho de José Lins do Rego e Infância de Graciliano Ramos. Também foi realizado um estudo qualitativo em que se aplicou a análise de conteúdo nas entrevistas narrativas de idosos-avós que lembravam de seus avós e de seus netos. Dessa análise foram construídas cinco categorias e subcategorias que sintetizaram o conteúdo dos discursos: a primeira categoria chama-se Espaços de Convivência e tem uma subcategoria chamada Retrato dos Lugares; a segunda chama-se Papéis dos Avós e engloba a subcategoria Meios de Proteção; a terceira é Traços Culturais e tem como subcategorias Sabedoria dos Avós e Práticas Religiosas; a quarta categoria chama-se Sentimento de Pertença e tem a subcategoria Histórias de Origem e Marcas e Diferenças, a quinta categoria chama-se Re(-)conhecimento da vida e engloba as idéias de Limites e Possibilidades. O diálogo entre o discurso dos entrevistados e as narrativas literárias possibilitou compreender dinamicamente a memória coletiva no vínculo intergeracional e discutir a importância dos avós como representantes da cultura. / This study has the objective of analyzing, through elderly s memories and memory literary, the cultural manifestations present in the ties of grandparents and grandchildren. For that, to prioritize three text where the narrator remembers its life. It was taken excerpts from literatures that represent the memory work about grandparents and the relation of the memory with culture and family. The writings were: Solo de Clarineta from Érico Verissimo, Menino de Engenho from José Lins do Rego and Infância from Graciliano Ramos. Was made a qualitative research, in what it was set the content analysis of narrative interviews of elderly grandparents that remembered of their grandparents and grandchildren. From this analysis, five categories and subcategories were made that synthesize the content of the speeches: the first category is called: Places to be together and it has a subcategory called: Pictures of the places; the second is called: The role of the grandparents and it has the subcategory Protection means; the third is called Cultural features and its subcategories are: Grandparents knowledge and Religion practices; the fourth category is called Belonging feeling and it has the subcategories Origin history and Differences and marks, finally the fifth category, that is called Life recognition and it has the ideas of limits and possibilities. This dialogue between the interviewed and the literary narratives could make it to be understood dynamically the collective memory in the family tie and to discuss the importance of grandparents as cultural representants.

Submitted by Anderson do Nascimento Ricci (anderson.ricci@fgv.br) on 2018-08-01T19:49:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa.pdf: 2599879 bytes, checksum: 5070d266fa2935b7500eb453201f626a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-08-02T17:39:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa.pdf: 2599879 bytes, checksum: 5070d266fa2935b7500eb453201f626a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T18:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação completa.pdf: 2599879 bytes, checksum: 5070d266fa2935b7500eb453201f626a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-22 / Purpose – In the human quest for meaning, work occupies a central position. Most adults spend the majority of their waking hours at work, which often serves as a primary source of purpose and meaning. As the firm’s workforce constitutes an important source of its success, both scholars and practitioners are paying increasing attention to the recent field of meaning and purpose at work. In the field of the study of Organizational Behaviour, this dissertation focuses on examining the work orientation of Millennials (money, status or purpose). Moreover, it also explores how the four potential drivers (Sense of belongingness, Sense of unity with others, Personal growth and Sense of impact) affect Meaningful work within the generation of Millennials. Design/methodology/approach –158 full-time employed Millennials are studied. The data is collected via an online survey. Findings – The analysis finds (1) Millennials are in the pursuit of purpose at work (2) Millennials value purpose over status and money (3) only sense of belongingness, personal growth and sense of impact affect meaningful work (4) sense of unity with others did not impact meaningful work of Millennials. Finally, (5) Sense of impact is the most influential driver. Research limitations – Due to the lack of mature measurements of sense of purpose and meaning at work, future research, need to develop better-designed and conceptually stronger measures of meaningful work. Millennials in developing countries should also be studied as it could improve the theoretical and practical implications derived from the research. Moreover, there are aspects, which remain to be answered, for example, how this model works for different contexts, such as industries, organisational cultures, and how it evolves through different life moments. Practical implications – The findings emphasise the importance of understanding the work orientation of Millennials as well as the drivers that increase the meaning and purpose at work. It will help managers to develop greater purpose at work by changing the way business practices are approached with a win-win situation. Employees will bring their full set of values and strengths to work and, in turn, the organisation will support the employee in using those values and strengths in service of its mission. Originality – Up to now, no study has focused on studying the drivers of Meaningful work among the Millennials generation. On top of that, some people see work in their lives as solely a source of income or status. Others are oriented to see work as primarily about purpose – personal fulfilment and helping other people. The relatively sparse empirical research published on the Millennials characteristics is confusing and contradictory, and thus, there has been an inconclusive debate about their work orientation. / Objetivo – Na procura humana pelo significado, o trabalho ocupa uma posição central. A maioria dos adultos passa a maior parte das suas horas acordados no seu trabalho, o que deveria tornar o trabalho como uma fonte primária de propósito e significado. No campo do estudo do Comportamento Organizacional, esta dissertação enfoca o exame da orientação do trabalho dos Millennials (dinheiro, status ou propósito). Além disso, também explora como os quatro impulsores potenciais (Senso de pertencer, Sentido de unidade com os outros, Crescimento pessoal e Senso de impacto) afetam o trabalho significativo dentro da geração de Millennials. Metodologia – 158 millennials empregados em período integral foram estudados. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário online. Resultados – A análise concluí que (1) os Millennials procuram um propósito e um sentido no trabalho (2) Millennials sobrevalorizam o propósito e o sentido do trabalho sobre o status e dinheiro (3) apenas o sentimento de pertença, crescimento pessoal e o sentimento de diferença e impacto afetam o trabalho significativamente (4) o sentimento de unidade para com terceiros parece não impactar o trabalho significativo dos Millennials. Finalmente, (5) o sentimento de diferença e impacto (gerar uma diferença no trabalho) é a motivação mais influente no trabalho. Limitações – Devido à falta de medidas sólidas em relação ao sentimento de propósito e significado no trabalho, uma futura pesquisa poderá ser desenvolvida de forma a criar medidas que projetam melhor o trabalho significativo de forma mais estruturada. Seria também interessante estudar a geração dos Millennials nos países em desenvolvimento, pois poderá complementar as resoluções e implicações teóricas e práticas da análise. Por fim, existem aspetos que ainda procuram resposta, por exemplo, o funcionamento do modelo em contextos diversificados, como indústrias, culturas organizacionais, bem como a análise da evolução do conceito ao longo do tempo. Aplicabilidade do trabalho – Os resultados revelam a importância de entender melhor a orientação para o trabalho desta nova geração - Millennials - bem como os fatores que aumentam o seu significado e o seu propósito no trabalho. Adicionalmente, esta dissertação servirá como complemento e uma ajuda adicional para os gerentes das empresas atingirem um propósito maior no trabalho para os seus colaboradores, mudando a forma como as práticas de negócios são abordadas, de modo a gerar uma situação beneficial para ambas as partes. Por outras palavras, os funcionários veram reunidos um conjunto completo de valores e motivações para trabalhar, onde por sua vez, a organização servirá como apoio na melhor aplicação desses valores e motivações, de modo a atingir os objetivos e ambições das duas partes. Originalidade – No entanto, até ao momento, nenhum estudo se focou em analisar as forças por detrás do trabalho significativo da geração dos Millennials. Dado isto, é importante mencionar que algumas pessoas veem o trabalho como um meio de sustento ou um mero status. Outros são levados a identificar o trabalho como um propósito primordial - realização pessoal e ajuda a terceiros. A pesquisa empírica existente é relativamente escassa em relação aos Millennials e às suas características, sendo que muitas vezes é confusa e contraditória. Consequentemente, esta discórdia gera um debate inconclusivo sobre o tópico do trabalho.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka vilka olika religiösa inriktningar som finns bland sverigefinländare idag och vilken religiös bakgrund de har. Ett annat syfte har varit att ta reda på om religionen spelar en primär eller en sekundär roll för identiteten jämfört med kultur och språk hos sverigefinländare, och om det finns skillnader i den religiösa identiteten hos första, andra och tredje generationens sverigefinländare, samt hur dessa förmodade skillnader kan förklaras. En annan målsättning med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur religiositet uttrycks hos första, andra och tredje generationens sverigefinländare genom religiös praktik. Det teoretiska ramverket består av Nancy T. Ammermans and Lori Peeks teorier om religiös identitet and Thomas Hylland Eriksens and Fredrik Barths teorier om gränsdragningsprocesser. Denna studie visar att det finns en stor mångfald vad gäller religiösa inriktningar bland sverigefinländarna och att även deras religiösa bakgrund skiftar. Resultatet av denna studie visar att religiös tro tycks vara viktigare för identiteten för första generationens sverigefinländare jämfört med andra och tredje generationen. En av förklaringarna skulle kunna vara att sverigefinländare av andra och tredje generationen är mer assimilerade i det sekulära, svenska samhället och även att andra och tredje generationens invandrare har en mer otydlig identitet och att de i vissa fall kan bli etniska eller religiösa anomalier. Trots mångfalden vad gäller religiösa inriktningar, visar studien att det även finns likheter, i synnerhet bland första generationens sverigefinländare. Första generationen tycks vara mer konservativ vad gäller bibeltolkning och religiösa värderingar, exempelvis. Ett av skälen kan vara att finsktalande präster från Finland, som arbetar inom Svenska kyrkan, har en bakgrund inom väckelserörelsen, som har haft stark påverkan på Evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i Finland. Denna studie visar också att det finns ett levande och aktivt religiöst liv bland sverigefinländare idag, trots att assimilationstycket har varit stort. / The aim of this study has been to explore what kind of religious directions are to be found among Sweden Finlanders today and what religious background they have. Another aim has been to find out if religion has a primary or a secondary role for the identity compared to culture and language among Sweden Finlanders, and if there are differences in religious identity between the first, the second and the third generation and how these assumed differences can be explained. Another purpose with this study has been to explore how religiosity among Sweden Finlanders of the first, the second and the third generation is shown through religious practice. The theoretical framework consists of Nancy T. Ammerman’s and Lori Peek’s theories about religious identity and Thomas Hylland Eriksen’s and Fredrik Barth’s theories about boundary making processes. This study shows there is a great diversity in religious directions among Sweden Finlanders and their religious background is also shifting. According to the results of this study, religious faith seems to be more important for the identity for religious Sweden Finlanders of the first generation compared to the second and the third generation. One of the explanations could be that Sweden Finlanders of the second and the third generation are more assimilated in the secular, Swedish society and also because second and third generation immigrants’ identity is less clear and in some cases they become an ethnic or a religious anomaly. This study also shows that although there are differences between the religious directions, similarities also exists, especially between Sweden Finlanders of the first generation. The first generation seems to be more conservative when it comes to Bible interpretation and religious values, for example. One of the reasons might be that Finnish speaking priests from Finland, who work within Church of Sweden, have a background in the religious revival movements which has had a strong influence on the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. This study also shows there is a living and active religious life among Sweden Finlanders today, even though the pressure to assimilate has been strong.

Malgré l’enclavement du Tchad, le besoin de développement économique et social a conduit l’Etat à mettre en exploitation les gisements pétrolifères. Ces gisements étant ni « délocalisables », ni « déterritorilisables », leur exploitation dans un contexte on-shore, dans des milieux naturels et à vocation agropastorale pose des problèmes spécifiques que jusque-là le droit international et la plupart des systèmes juridiques des pays en développement peinent à saisir. Il s’agit notamment des problèmes liés à l’empreinte écologique et sociale des industries pétrolières on-shore. La prise en compte des préoccupations environnementales par le droit tchadien du pétrole est très embryonnaire et infime. Le droit tchadien de l’environnement et le droit foncier n’ont pas, non plus, pris en compte les risques liés à la recherche, l’exploitation et le transport par canalisation des hydrocarbures dans leurs dispositifs. Ils n’abordent pas aussi les problématiques relatives à la remise en l’état des sites pétroliers abandonnés ou en fin de vie. Dans un tel contexte, si le législateur ne procède pas à des reformes afin de prendre concomitamment en compte les opérations pétrolières et les préoccupations environnementales dans un dispositif juridique intégré, on risque d’assister à « un second Delta du Niger dans le bassin pétrolier de Doba ». / Despite the isolation of Chad, the need for economic and social development led the government of Chad to explore and produce oil reserves. As these deposits are neither "delocalizable or movable" nor "deteriorisable or destructible", their exploitation in onshore context and natural environments with breeding vocation raises specific problems that international law and most legal systems in developing countries have difficulties to overcome until now. These include issues related to the ecological and social’s footprint of onshore oil industries. The Chadian’s law related to oil is still tiny and is at its embryonic level therefore it doesn’t take into consideration detailed environmental concerns. Chad's environmental law and land’s law didn’t also take into account risks associated with the exploration, exploitation and transport by pipeline of hydrocarbons in their plans. They also didn’t address issues related to the restoration of abandoned or end-of-life’s oilfields. In this context, if the legislator does not carry out reforms in order to simultaneously take into account petroleum operations and environmental concerns in an integrated legal system, there is a risk of "a second Niger Delta in Doba’s oilfield".

Den svenska arbetsmarknaden står inför stora förändringar gällande generationer. Baby boom generationen kommer inom snar framtid att gå i pension och generation X och generation Y tar över arbetsmarknaden. I takt med att baby boomers lämnar arbetsmarknaden går man även miste om viktiga och nödvändiga kunskaper som denna generation erhåller. Ett stort tomrum uppstår som de nästkommande generationerna måste fylla. Däremot har generation X och generation Y andra kunskaper som kommer att vara betydelsefulla. Denna studie syftar till att fördjupa förståelsen för ledarskap i relation till generationer på arbetsplatsen. Syftet är att beskriva och analysera vilka förväntningar generation X och generation Y har på ledarskap samt vilken typ av ledarstil dessa generationer föredrar. Utifrån detta syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats: “Vilka förväntningar har generation X respektive generation Y på ledarskap?” och  “Vilken typ av ledarskapsstil föredrar generation X respektive generation Y på arbetsplatsen?”. Studiens empiriska material har samlats in genom tio stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med en fenomenologisk förståelseansats. Resultatet som framhölls i studien är att det förekommer generationsskillnader kopplat till ledarskap och ledarstilar, men att dessa återfinns i små variationer. Exempelvis förväntade sig generation X mer tydlighet medan generation Y förväntade sig en högre grad av delaktighet. Analysen av det empiriska materialet indikerar på att åldersintervallet man är född inom har präglats av historiska händelser. Detta kan ligga till grund för individens synsätt och uppfattningar men betydelsen av att inkludera yttre faktorer såsom uppväxt och bakgrund är viktiga då ett pålitligt resultat inte endast kan baseras på ålder. Slutsatsen i studien blir således att man inte kan kategorisera in generationerna i enbart ett traditionellt eller modernt ledarskap, inte heller en renodlad auktoritär eller demokratisk ledarstil. Både generation X och generation Y har fler förväntningar som går hand i hand med ett modernt ledarskap, men med inslag av traditionella synsätt. Generationerna föredrar även till stor del en demokratisk ledarstil, däremot med vissa auktoritära inslag. / The Swedish labor market is facing major generational changes. The baby boom generation will soon retire and Generation X and Generation Y will take over the labor market. As baby boomers leave the labor market, important and necessary skills that this generation acquires are also being lost. A great void is created that the next generations must fill. However, Generation X and Generation Y have other skills that will be significant. This study aims to deepen the understanding of leadership in relation to generations in the workplace. The aim is to describe and analyze what expectations generation X and generation Y have for leadership and what type of leadership style these generations prefer. Based on this aim, two questions have been formulated: "What expectations do generation X and generation Y respectively have of leadership?" and "Which type of leadership style do generation X and generation Y prefer in the workplace?". The study's empirical material has been collected through ten semi-structured interviews with a phenomenological understanding approach. The result highlighted in the study is that there are generational differences linked to leadership and leadership styles, but that these are found in small variations. For example, Generation X expected more clarity while Generation Y expected a higher degree of participation. The analysis of the empirical material indicates that the age range one is born into has been marked by historical events. This may be the basis of the individual's approach and perceptions, but the importance of including external factors such as upbringing and background are important as a reliable result cannot be based solely on age. The conclusion of the study is thus that you cannot categorize the generations into only traditional or modern leadership, nor a purely authoritarian or democratic leadership style. Both Generation X and Generation Y have more expectations that go hand in hand with modern leadership, but with elements of traditional approaches. The generations also largely prefer a democratic leadership style, but with some authoritarian elements.

No description available.

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